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Hey!, , Check out my online store built using Teachmint app:, , https://dedication.teachmint.in, , Watch my Demo Videos and enroll into my ongoing classrooms., , Thank you,, , SUMAN DEY

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A guidance for JELET where all subjects will be taught ONLINE., Facilities & specialties-, 1. All subjects will taught from basic. Students who haven't studied properly in 1st or 2nd, semester, he / she can manage to do by attending the classes., , 2. Regular interval mock test & teacher-parents interaction based on student, performance., , 3. All tests questions will be solved completely in batch., , 4. All previous years question will be solved in batch., , 5. Softcopy study materials will be given ALONG WITH DETAILED, YEARSOLUTION QUESTION ANSWER PDF., , 6. Class recording will be available if anyone misses live class., BY---SUMAN DEY, , CONTACT NO—9593791540/6297012221, , FREE DEMO CLASSES LINK, https://www.facebook.com/100049637280115/videos/110087830655793/, ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-NUMERICAL METHOD (INTERPOLATION), https://www.facebook.com/surya.dey.56614/videos/118234839841092/, STRENGTH OF MATERIALS-MOMENT OF INERTIA, https://www.facebook.com/surya.dey.56614/videos/130741048590471/, ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY-BASICS & DC CIRCUIT, https://www.facebook.com/surya.dey.56614/videos/163287722002470/, , COMPUTER APPLICATION & BASICS IN PROGRAMMING-(INFORMATION, REPRESENTATION), , https://www.facebook.com/surya.dey.56614/videos/191487732515802/, , ENGINEERING MECHANICS-SYSTEM OF FORCES

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Our Environment plays a very significant role in maki, posible the existence of healthy life on the Earth. Lead, ‘water, aif plants, animals, solid wastes and other things, that are surrounding us constitute our Environment., , Meaning of Environment, , + Everything that surrounds or affects an organism, during its life time is collectively known as its, environment, which comprises both living (biotic) and, norliving (abiotic) components., , + Environment is derived from the French word, ‘Environ’ which means our surroundings,, , ¢ The air we breathe, the water that covers most of the, Earth surface, the plants and animals around us and, much more comes in our environment. The totality of, all these components and their interactions constitute, the environment., , « In other words, environment defined 2s ‘the sum total, of living, non-living components; influences and, events, surrounding an organism.’, , + Environment is known by different names like, Ecosphere. Habitat and Geosphere in different, subjects., , + The flora, fauna and microorganisms as well as the, man-made structures in our surroundings havea, bi-directional interaction with us directly or indirectly., , Features of Environment, , « Iris based on the interactive and functional, relationship between biotic and abiotic components., , * The working of an environment and its dependent, systems are governed by the flow of energy., , * Biodiversity, habitat and energy constitute the three, basic components of the structure of an environment., , * Environment generates its own organic matter which, differs in space, from region C0 region and climate to, dimate. Environment tends to maintain an ecologit, balance., , * Environment is a closed system. Natural environment, tytem is controlled by the self-controlled mechanism,, which is called as Homeastatic ., , Basics of Environment, , BY SUMAN DEY, , Aeyee Wi? ., , Types of Environment, Generally we can classify environment into three types, , 1. Natural Environment, , + The natural environment consists of all living and non-living, things, which exist naturally on Earth. The natural environment, consists of two types of components abiotic and biotic,, , + The aboitic components are those, which are non-living, while, the biotic components are the living things in the natural, environment., , + Examples of abiotic components are energy, radiation,, temperature, heat flow, water, atmospheric gases, wind, fire,, gravity, topography, geological substrarum and soil. The biotic, components consist of microbes, plants and animals,, , 2. Man-made Environment, , + Man-made environment consists of those places, which are, artificially made by man by planned manipulation. It includes, crop fields, cities, industrial space, airports, space station, etc., , + With increasing human population and economic development,, some of the man-made environments are becoming bigger in size, and impact compared to the natural environments., , 3. Social Environment, , + Social environment includes cultural norm and values, Political,, economic and religious institutions constitute an important part, of the social environment and often decide how the, environmental resources will be utilised by people and for whose, benefit these will be utilised,, , + Assuch, these factors put constraints on resource utilisation. The, cultural environment on the Earth is formed on the basis of, language, religious customs, lifestyle, etc,, , Structure of Environment, Earth’s environment can be further sub-divided into the following, , four segments, Environment, , 1, Litesphere 2. Hydrosphere 3. Atmosphere 4. Biosphere, — ‘Topesphere, — Stratespnere, — Mesosphere, {_ Thermasphere, lonosphere, Exosphere, , Scanned by CamScanner

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BY SUMAN DEY ’, , * The lithosphere h living engines in two ways. On one, hail provides yt to the living organisms, on the other, hand, it acts as a source of minerals for the living Dene:, The lithos; can be broadly divided into two categories, ah gary is the hard part of the lithosphere. Soil, is formed by the weathering of rocks., , 2. Hydrosphere :, , + Water is an important factor of environment because it, makes life possible on the Earth. This comprises all water, resources both surface and ground water., , * The world's water is found in oceans and seas, lakes and, reservoirs, rivers and streams, glaciers and snowcaps in the, polar regions in addition to ground water below the land, areas., , * Organisms use water for their metabolic functions. The, most important factor of protoplasm is water., , * The water locked up in the oceans and seas is too salty and, cannot be used directly for human consumption, domestic,, agricultural or industrial purposes,, , + Fresh water is mainly stored in the form of rivers, glaciers or, ground water. Only less than 1% of water resources are, available for human exploitation,, , 3. Atmosphere, , Atmosphere is one of the essential components of life on the, , Earth. Life can nor be imagined without atmosphere., , The composition of the atmosphere is given below, , Mixture of different gases in Atmosphere, , , , , , , , , , Component _ Constituent Volume (%), Nitrogen 78.8, , Onygen 095”, ‘Argon 0.93, , Carbon Dioxide 1“ 5, Neon 0.002, , Helium 0.0005, , Krypron 0.0001, , Xenon 0.00009, Hydrogen 0.00005, , , , The atmosphere is broadly divided into four major zones,, , these are discussed below, , * Troposphere This is the lowest layer of atmosphere, thus, laying closest to the Earth's surface. It extends roughly to a, height of 8 km near the poles and about 18 km at the, equator. It is thickest at the equator as heat is transporced to, great heights by strong conventional currents,, , cure in this layer decreases with increasing hej, bin re rate of 1°C for 165 metres of ascent. These, , known as normal lapse rate. f, , osphere A of the Earth’s atmosphere, above, , — eels from about 20 to 30 km shove ae,, , level. Temperature increases throughout the layer of, , stratosphere. The hear source is the functional layer, calleg, , the ozonosphere. ,, , + Mesosphere The mesosphere is the area from 50 upto 99, km, Its upper boundary, mesopause is the coldest portion of, the atmosphere, averaging -90°C and has a very low, pressure., , * Thermosphere The sphere beyond 80 km is called as, Thermosphere, In this, temperature increases with hei, High temperature is generated because the gas molecules, absorb shortwave solar radiation ar, UV rays). Despite high temperature in this zone,, septecabeie oe rs because the air is dispersed at this, height., , Thermosphere can be broadly divided into two parts, , (i) lonosphere Ir is located berween 80 and 640 km. In this, layer, there is excess of charged particles. In this layer,, different magnetic and electric events take place., lonosphere is the lowest layer of thermosphere,, , (ii) Exosphere Ir is extended upto 640 km height. It is also, sometimes considered as the part of outer space. The, lower boundary of exosphere is called as thermopause,, while the outer boundary stretches upto half the, distance to the Moon., , 4, Biosphere, , Biosphere is a part of the Earth where life can exist. It consists, of the lower atmosphere, the land and the oceans, rivers and, lakes, where living organisms are found. It is a narrow layer, around the surface of the Earth,, , Components of Environment, , The components of the environment are broadly divided into, , two parts, , Biotic Components, , Biotic components include living organisms like plants,, , animals and decomposers and are classified into different, , categories according to their function in an ecosystem. Thest, include primary producers and consumers., , * Primary Producers (Autotrophs) These are basically green, plants (and certain bacteria and algae). They eke the, own food from compounds and energy obtained from theit, environment, Plants use solar energy to photosynthesise, , organic food substances and oth organic chemicals from, carbon dioxide and water. ., , i — (Heterotrophs or Phagotrophs) Apart from, producers, all other organisms in an ecos are, consumers or heterotrophs (other feeders) that get the, , Scanned by CamScanner

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BY SUMAN DEY, , AGE, , , , esi dae, , and nutricnts they need by feeding on other, isis OF their remains, They are macto and micro, .,, mo es of consumers, T hey feed on plants or animals or, bath and are categorised on the basis of their food sources., The consumers are further sub-divided according to their, diet into, w Herbivores are the primary consumers that feed on, US. ', w Carnivores (meat cater) are secondary consumers that, feed on herbivores. Carnivores (generalist) can feed on, both plants and other animals,, ai) Oninivores cat plant and animal material and can be, primary. secondary and tertiary consumer, Simultaneously, A human being is a good example of, omnivores., , + Decomposers Some microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and protozoa secrete enzymes that digest or biodegrade, living or dead organisms into simpler inorganic, substances. The nutrition of decomposers is said 10 be, saprophytic, that is associated with rotten and decaying, matter., , 2. Abiotic Components, , Abiotic components includes non-living things like, , temperature, water, energy, air, ete. They act on the living, , organisms at any part of their life,, , + Light Sun is the ultimate source of light for most of the, organisms on Earth directly oF indirectly. Light affects the, processes like flowering and fruiting in plants,, , + Precipitation Ir is water released from clouds in the form, of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow of hail. lr is the primary, connection in the water cycle that provides for the, delivery of atmospheric water 10 the Earth. Most, precipitation falls as rain., , + Temperature It is a critical factor of the environment, which greatly influences survival of organisms., Organisms can tolerate only a certain range &, temperature for their growth., , * Humidity and Water Humidity is an important aspect of, the atmosphere because it affects both weather and, climate, Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the, air. Water vapour in the air comes from water on fa), and in the oceans., , Basics of Environ, , ment and Pollution Control ~ 05, , influence on an area's temperacurey, , + Latitude ft haya strong j t, fmine, , resulting in change of climates and these climates, different natural biomes., « Altitude From sca level to highest peaks, wildlife is influenced, by altiende, Ax the altitude increases, the air becomes colder, anal drier, affecting, wildlife accordingly., « Rellef/Topography It is detailed map of surface features of, land, It edude the mountains, hills, creeks and other lumps, ona particular chunk of Earth, It represents a particular area, in detail, including, everything natural and man-made, hills,, , valleys, roads or fakes., Environmental Studies, , ‘The science of environmental studies is a multi-disciplinary, science because it comprises various branches of studies like, chemistry, physics, medical science, life science, agriculture,, public health, sanitary engincering, etc., , ‘The environmental studies enlighten us about the importance, of protection and conservation of our environment., , Importance of the Environmental Studies, , « Tnorder to maintain the existence of human being on the, Earth, it is required to protect the biodiversity. In this, context, environmental study is necessary., , + Environmental studies is required for the establishment of, favourable relationship berween population and resources,, , * With the help of environmental studies, the sustainable, development and economic development can be achieved by, spreading environmental awareness,, , + To minimise the negative effect of uncontrolled development, and industrialisation on environment, the understanding of, environment is required., , Areas of Environmental Studies, , + The temperature rise and climate change brought by human, activities., , + Depletion of ozone layer and air pollution in cities., , « Studies of Disaster Management and the destruction of forests, by human being., , « Utilisation of resources and their conservation., , * Loss of biodiversity., , + To prepare account of natural resources and to make possible, access of benefits of biodiversity by the society,, , BY SUMAN DEY, , Scanned by CamScanner