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REFERENCES, , TRUEMAN’S ELEMENTARY, BIOLOGY, VOL. 1, , PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND, PHYSIOLOGY, (GERARD J. TORTORA), , NCERT BIOLOGY, CLASS - XI
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COORDINATION, , Process through which two or more organs interact and complement the, function of each other., , INTEGRATION, , Process which makes two or more organs to work as a functional unit in, harmony.
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SPONGES - NO neurons, , COELENTRATE – nerve net (primitive NS), , FLATWORM – two nerve cords (bundles), , ANNELIDS – well developed ventral, nerve cord, paired segmental ganglia and, segmental nerves., , INSECTS – a brain is present along with a, number of ganglia and nerves., , VERTEBRATES – Brain is most complex and, advanced in primates, particularly in, human beings.
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HUMAN NEURAL SYSTEM, The Neural system is the control system of the, body which consist of highly specialized cells, called neurons., , SENSORY, FUNCTIONS, , INTEGRATIVE, MOTOR, , detection, , Integrations, Stimulation of effectors, , GANGLIA. (swelling or knot) are small masses, of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron, cell bodies, located outside of brain & spinal, cord.
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HISTOLOGY OF NERVOUS TISSUE, , Neurons, , Sensing, thinking remembering, controlling muscular, activity and regulating glandular secretions., , Neuroglia, , Support, nourish and protect the neurons and, maintain homeostasis in the interstitial fluid that, bathes them., , CELLS, , STRUCTURAL DIVERSITY OF NEURONS, , Diameter of CYTON - 5 µm – 135 µm., Variation in dendritic branching., A few small neurons lack an axon, and, many other have very short axons.
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• Structural and functional unit of the neural tissue., • Certain neurons may almost equal to the length of body, itself (example - from foot to lower portion of brain)., • Nerve impulse speed – 0.5 to 130 meters/second., • Human neural system = 100 billion neurons., • Fully formed neurons never divide and remain in, interphase throughout life., CYTON, , PARTS OF NEURON, , NEURITES
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Structural CLASSIFICATION of NEURONS, , Non - Polar, Unipolar, , Pseudo-unipolar, , Bipolar, , Multipolar, , Rare in vertebrates but occur in Cnidarians (Hydra), , Usually in the embryonic stage., , Dorsal root ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves, , Retina of eye, inner ear and in olfactory area of brain, , Most neurons in the brain and spinal cord
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EXTRA CONCEPTS, , PURKINJE and PYRAMIDAL cells, , Some neurons are named for the histologist who first, described them or for an aspect of their shape or, appearance., Example - Purkinje and pyramidal cells., •, •, , Purkinje – cerebellum, Pyramidal – cerebral cortex of brain.
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Functional CLASSIFICATION of NEURONS, , AFFRENT NEURON, , EFFERENT NEURON, , They conduct impulses from the, receptor to CNS., , They conduct impulses from CNS to, the effectors., , The terminals of dendrites/dendrons, become modified to form receptors., , The axon terminals come in contact, with the motor end plate (part of, sarcolemma) to form neuromotor, junction., , They are sensory in nature., , ASSOCIATION NEURON, Or INTER NEURONS are, mainly located within the, CNS between sensory and, motor neurons., -, , Integrate (process), incoming sensory, information and then, elicit a motor response., , -, , mostly multipolar., , They are motor in nature.
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NEURAL CONTROL & COORDINATION, LECTURE - 2, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, ISHWAR VISHWAS SIR
