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CONTENTS, Unit No., , Title, , Page No., , SEMESTER - II, , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., , Solid Waste Management for Sustainable Society, Agricultural and Industrial Development, Tourism in India : Nature, Scope, Potentials, Ecotourism, Environmental Movements and Management, Map Filling, , , , 1, 23, 46, 79, 97

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I, SYLLABUS, ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, SEMESTER - II, 1) Solid Waste Management for Sustainable Society :, Classification of solid wastes – Types and Sources of Solid Waste ;, Effects of Solid Waste Pollution- Health hazards, Environmental, Impacts; Solid Waste Management – solid waste management in, Mumbai- Schemes and initiatives run by MCGM – role of citizens in, waste management in urban and rural areas., 1) Agriculture and Industrial Development :, Environmental Problems Associated with Agriculture: Loss of, Productivity, Land Degradation, desertification - Uneven Food, Production – Hunger, Malnutrition and Food Security – Sustainable, Agricultural practices, Environmental Problems Associated with Industries – pollution Global warming, Ozone Layer Depletion, Acid rain, Sustainable, Industrial practices – Green Business and Green Consumerism,, Corporate Social Responsibility towards environment, 3) Tourism and Environment :, Tourism: Meaning, Nature, Scope and importance – Typology of, tourism- classification; Tourism potentials in India and challenges, before India; New Tourism Policy of India; Consequences of, tourism : Positive and Negative Impacts on Economy, Culture and, environment- Ecotourism., 4) Environmental Movements and Management :, Environmental movements in India: Save Narmada Movement,, Chipko Movement, Appiko Movement, Save Western Ghats, movement; Environmental Management: Concept, need and, relevance; Concept of ISO 14000 and 16000; Concept of Carbon, Bank and Carbon Credit , EIA , ecological footprint; Environment, Protection Acts; Concept and components of Geospatial, Technology- Applications of GST in Environmental Management., 5) Map Filling :, Map filling of World (Environmentally significant features) using, point, line and polygon segment., Map filling of, Konkan, significant features), , and, , Mumbai (Environmentally, , 

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1, , Unit -1, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR, SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY, After going through this chapter, you will be able to understand the, following features:, 1.1, Objectives, 1.2, Introduction, 1.3, Subject discussion, 1.4, Solid Waste, a. Definition of Solid Waste, b. Importance of Solid Waste Management, c. Classification of Solid Waste, d. Sources of Waste & Composition of Waste, 1.5, Effects of Solid Waste Pollution, e. Health Hazards, f. Environmental Impacts, 1.6, Solid Waste Management, a. Solid Waste Management in Mumbai, b. MCGM Schemes and initiatives, 1.7, Citizen Role in waste management, 1.8, Summary, 1.9, Check your Progress/Exercise, 1.10 Answers to the self-learning questions, 1.11 Technical words and their meaning, 1.12 Task, 1.13 References for further study, , 1.1 OBJECTIVES, By the end of this unit you will be able to –,  Understand the definition and classification of solid waste,  Understand the importance of solid waste management in, modern world,  Understand the citizen role in waste management,  Know the different Rules and Regulations that govern Solid, Waste Handling in Maharashtra.

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2, , 1.2 INTRODUCTION, The study of environment is incomplete without, understanding the relevance of waste and how to manage it. Ever, since man started exploring the planet and built a livelihood he has, been generating waste. The wastes in the olden days were mostly, degradable and hence we saw a lot less problem in handling them., , Fig. 1.1 Water - Sustainability, As society became urban and industrial the volumes of, waste increased and began the problems of disposal and, management of the waste. Today globally there is immense, attention being given to manage the waste sustainably. Waste have, also been identified as a major resource source with the ability to, recycle and reuse most of the throwaways. India is one of the, leading waste generators and hence needs to ensure its waste, management is efficient and effective., , 1.3 SUBJECT DISCUSSION, Waste has emerged an important part of the study of, environment. This is due to increase in the population in the, country, which has reached over a billion people. Second the, increase in production and the consumption of goods has resulted, in greater volumes of waste. Urbanisation has also resulted in, increase in quantity of waste and reduction of space to dispose the, garbage., , Fig. 1.2 Problem of Waste

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3, Proper waste management is an essential part of society’s, public and environmental health. It ensures that the waste is, handled scientifically with all regulations in place put by the, governing authorities. Indian wastes are handled on the basis of, some regulations made by the Ministry of Environment and need to, be followed in the country. In order to manage waste in India and, particularly in Mega cities which contribute immensely to the, volume of waste production, the Government has ensured several, regulations for its efficient handling and disposal. The Municipal, Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1999, the 2006, National Environment Policy, the Plastic Waste (Management and, Handling) Rules, 2011, Hazardous Waste (Management Handling), Rules, Electronic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011,, the Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules., , 1.4 SOLID WASTE, a. Definition of Solid Waste, The term solid waste means material such as household, garbage, food wastes, and demolition or construction debris. It also, includes discarded items like household appliances, furniture, scrap, metal, machinery, car parts and other throwable items., , Fig. 1.3 Types of Solid Waste, According to the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and, Handling) Rules 2000, prescribed under the Environment, Protection Act 1986 by the Government of India municipal waste is, defined as, “commercial and residential wastes generated in a, municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form, excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated biomedical wastes.”

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4, , Fig. 1.4 Municipal Solid Waste, Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, “solid wastes are those, undesirable useless and unwanted materials and substances that, arise from animal and human activities”., , Fig. 1.5 Solid Waste Types Pollution Control Board, The OECD, defines Solid waste “as useless and sometimes, hazardous material with low liquid content. Solid wastes include, municipal garbage, industrial and commercial waste, sewage, sludge, wastes resulting from agricultural and animal husbandry, operations and other connected activities, demolition wastes and, mining residues.”, The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),, passed in 1976,defined , "solid waste" as “any garbage or refuse,, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment, plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material,, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural, operations, and from community activities.”, From the above definitions, we learn that:,  Solid waste is loosely called garbage,  Includes commercial and residential waste,  It is generated in a municipal or notified area,  It could be solid or semi solid too and includes treated, biomedical waste.

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5, The generation of solid waste can be from residential and, commercial establishments. The items that are thrown away such, as food waste, packaging material, construction waste are the core, of the waste. Generally organic and compostable materials form, more than half of the municipal solid waste in Indian cities. The, management of solid waste is associated with the control of, generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing,, and disposal of solid wastes with the best methods to enable better, public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics,, and other environmental considerations.., , b. Importance of Solid Waste Study, The waste study is important for the following reasons, a. Growing population which in turn generates more waste, b. Increasing use of materials and products that are difficult to, naturally dispose, c. International and national level consciousness and responsibility, to manage waste through reduction and recycling, d.To identify cleaner and more efficient methods of disposal of the, waste, e. To have cleaner cities, Solid waste or municipal solid waste is a growing problem at, global, regional and local levels. These are created from human, and animal activities and result in discarding useless or unwanted, products. Due to increased demands for goods and services, there, is an increase in production and consumption creating more waste., There are domestic wastes, commercial wastes, institutional, wastes and industrial wastes and medical waste under solid waste, defined by the Indian government.

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6, c. Classification of Waste, , Fig. 1.7 Classification of Waste, 1. Municipal Solid Waste, , Municipal solid waste consists of household waste,, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste, from streets., , This garbage is generated mainly from residential and, commercial complexes. With rising urbanization and change in, lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has, been increasing rapidly and its composition changing., 2. Hazardous wastes, , , These are the toxic, corrosive, poisonous, inflammable and, explosive due to the presence of chemicals in it., , , , Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Amendment, Draft Rules, 2002, defines it as, “ any waste which can by, reason of its physical ,chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable,, explosive or corrosive characteristics causes danger or is likely, to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or, when in contact with other wastes or substances”, , , , These wastes therefore require special care in handling, storing,, transporting and disposing., , 3. E Waste, , , E wastes are electronic waste, which need to be handled, carefully and in a specific manner., , , , Metals like lead, BFR, Chromium, Mercury, Berrylium, non, metals and trace elements all of which can cause immense, health hazard., , , , The e waste in the country is governed by the E waste, (Management and Handling) Rules, 2010, which looks into

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7, handling, transportation, storing, recycling and disposal of, waste., 4. Biomedical, , , Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals used in hospitals is, considered hazardous., , , , These chemicals include formaldehyde and phenols, which are, used as disinfectants, and mercury, which is used in, thermometers or equipment that measure blood pressure., , , , Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or, immunization of human beings or animals or in research, activities in these fields or in the production or testing of, biological products., , , , It may include wastes like sharps, soiled waste, disposables,, anatomical waste, cultures, discarded medicines, chemical, wastes, etc. These are in the form of disposable syringes,, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc., , , , This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat to, human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate, manner., , Fig.1.8 Biomedical Waste, 5 Industrial Waste, , , Industrial waste is considered hazardous as they may contain, toxic substances., , , , Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals,, and plants; are corrosive, highly inflammable, or explosive; and, react when exposed to certain things e.g. gases., , , , India generates around 7 million tonnes of hazardous wastes, every year, most of which is concentrated in four states: Andhra, Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu (CPCB,2006).

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8, , , In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous, waste are the metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining,, and rubber goods industries. Direct exposure to chemicals in, hazardous waste such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal., , Fig. 1.9 Industrial Waste, d. Sources of Waste, The concept of wastes is incomplete without the idea to, locate the different sources of wastes from which they are found., These are the places from where the waste is generated. For the, proper understanding of the waste management, the study of the, source is important. It also ensures that the pollution source can be, understood and tackled., Some of these sources are:-

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9, i., ii., iii., iv., v., vi., vii., viii., , Domestic sources- eg. household, Commercial sources- eg, stores, restaurants, Institutional sources- eg, schools, Construction and demolitionMunicipal-street cleaning, parks cleaning,, Industrial-factories,, Agricultural-crop residue, straw, Sewage-post treatment, , Table given below shows the types of wastes and their sources,, (compiled from MPCB and World Bank), Type, , Sources, , Organic, , Kitchen waste, yard wastes, food process, residue, , Paper, , Paper scrap, newspapers, magazines, shredded paper,, paper cups and plates, , Plastics, , Bottles, cups, packaging, lods, containers, cups, , Glass, , Broken bottles, plates, bulbs, , Metal, , Container, vessels, scrap, , Inerts, , Construction Wastes, , Others, , Textile form old cloth, e waste, appliances, , Composition of Waste, The composition of MSW depends on a large number of, factors like food habit, culture, tradition, lifestyle, climate, and, income. In a study conducted by the World Bank, it has been, shown that developing and underdeveloped nations have a higher, amount of compostable organic waste compared to developed, nations. India shows about 50 % of its wastes to be organic and, compostable. The standard composition of waste is organic, paper,, plastic, metals, inerts, glass and others. According to the Ministry, of Urban Development, “ biodegradables make up 47.4% of the, MSW stream, followed by Metals and glass make up only about 1%, each of the MSW stream because of their high potential for, recycling. The inerts—street sweepings, drain silt, and construction, and demolition (C&D) debris—make up 25% of the MSW stream as, the street sweepings, drain silt, and construction and demolition, debris eventually find their way into municipal solid waste”

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10, , 1.5 EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE POLLUTION, Extensive dumping over a long period can cause, environmental pollution. Toxic releases from the wastes into air,, water and land will cause the contamination of the environment and, damage them beyond repair. Pollutants are found in the dumping of, the unsegregated and untreated wastes which are disposed into, nature. It harms the plants and animals that live in the dumpyard, ecosystem. Also it harms the humans who may suffer from multiple, forms of ailments both long term and short term., a. Health Hazards, Emission of the toxic gases like methane, carbon dioxide,, sulphur gases from the waste may cause respiratory ailments like, breathing problems, asthma, bronchial disorders and in the long, term even clinical respiratory defects. The seepage of the toxic, elements into the water table and to the adjoining surface waters, like rivers, seas cause a widespread health impacts., Gastroenteritis, liver infection, dysentery, diarrhea can be rampant, in the area. Skin infections and allergy to the elements may also be, seen in the vicinity of the polluted waters. Spread of diseases from, vectors like rats and rodents, mosquitoes may also be a threat to, the health of the citizens living in the vicinity of the dumpyards., Handling of waste too needs to be hygienic or else the people tend, to be carriers of infectious diseases by coming in contact with the, waste.

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11, b. Environmental Impacts, Impacts on Land, Degradation of the, land due to direct, contamination from, dumping of waste, , Impacts on Water, , Underground Water:, may affect the water, table due to the, basin effect, Surface, Water:, adjacent, water, Contamination of the, bodies, become, food chain, carriers like rivers, and seas, Rain: Major cause of, the seepage of toxic, material into the soil, , Impacts on Air, Release of Gases, like:- Methane, - Sulphur dioxide, - Carbon dioxide, Highly combustible, and may result in, open fires, Stench and foul, odour, , The collection and dumping of waste cause major, environmental consequences. Land on which waste is dumped, tend to remain contaminated and may over a period of time, become degraded and unusable.Improper SWM in India has, caused the introduction of heavy metals into the food chain., Compost from mixed waste composting plants is highly, contaminated with heavy metals. This used on agricultural fields, result in contamination of the agricultural soil with heavy metals., Food crops grown on them when consumed introduce the heavy, metals into the food chain and lead to a phenomenon called, “biomaginification”., Biomaginification is defined by United States Geological Survey, (USGS) as “ the process whereby the tissue concentrations of a, contaminant (heavy metals) increases as it passes up the food, chain through two or more trophic levels (plants and humans or, plants, cattle and humans)“, Unsanitary landfills can contaminate ground and surface, water resources too, when the leachate produced from the, untreated waste percolates through the soil strata into the, groundwater or is washed as runoff during rains. This leachate is, generally a strong reducing liquid formed under methanogenic, (anaerobic) conditions. The characteristics of leachate depend on, the content of various constituents in the dumped waste., Dioxins and Furans are known carcinogenic agents i.e. they, can cause cancer in case of long term exposure. This is released, when open burning of waste take place or even when accidental, fires start due to methane releases in the dumpyards. The Deonar, fire in Mumbai was an incident in which the fire was unstoppable

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12, and caused health and environmental disorders in the city suburbs., Odour and stench is also a problem in the areas where waste is, collected or disposed., , 1.6. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT, Management of solid waste may be defined as that discipline, associated with the control of generation, storage, collection,, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a, manner that is in best for public health, economics, engineering,, conservation.The study of solid waste management includes all, administrative, financial, legal, planning, and engineering functions, involved in the handling and management . Solid wastes have the, potential to pollute all the components of living environment (i.e.,, air, land and water) both at local and at global levels. The problem, is compounded by trends in consumption and production patterns, and by continuing urbanization of the world. The problem is more, acute in developing nations than in developed nations as the, economic growth as well as urbanization is more rapid., This issue has now received the attention by international, authorities and the national policy makers including the, governments at the state and national level. Today involvement of, the citizens is the manner in which most waste management, techniques have become successful. At the international level the, awareness regarding waste began in 1992 with the Rio, Conference, for the global fraternity even though the developed, nations had already introduced the concept of hierarchy of waste, management and inversion of the waste pyramid.

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13, The hierarchy of waste management stresses on:a. Source Reduction –which includes:-- segregation at source, -- reducing the use of materials and --reusing them, --preventing them from entering the waste stream, Reducing and reusing are the most effective ways to prevent, generation of wastes. Sometimes, reusing can also happen after, collection, example where informal traders collect materials of no, use from households, reshape or repair them and sell in secondhand markets.., b. Recycling, Wastes once generated and collected, is recycled where, the materials generally undergo a chemical transformation. Unlike, reusing a used material, recycling involves using the waste as raw, material to make new products ., c. Composting, United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) defines, composting as “ the biological decomposition of biodegradable solid, waste under predominantly aerobic conditions to a state that is, sufficiently stable for nuisance-free storage and handling and is, satisfactorily matured for safe use in agriculture. “, Composting can also be defined as human intervention into, the natural process of decomposition as noted by Cornell Waste, Management Institute., d. Waste to Energy, Refuse Derived Fuel refers to the segregated high calorific, fraction of processed MSW. RDF can be defined as the final, product from waste materials which have been processed to fulfill, guideline, regulatory or industry specifications mainly to achieve a, high calorific value to be useful as secondary/substitute fuels in the, solid fuel industry (23). RDF is mainly used as a substitute to coal, (a fossil fuel) in high-energy industrial processes like power, production, cement kilns, steel manufacturing, etc. United Nations, Environmental Program (UNEP) defines sanitary landfilling as the, controlled disposal of wastes on land in such a way that contact, between waste and the environment is significantly reduced and, wastes are concentrated in a well defined area. Sanitary landfills, (SLFs) are built to isolate wastes from the environment and render, them innocuous through the biological, chemical and physical, processes of nature. UNEP also recognizes three basic conditions, to be fulfilled to be designated as an SLF:, a) Compaction of the wastes,, b) Daily covering of wastes (with soil or other material) and

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14, c) Control and prevention of negative impacts on public health and, environment, e. Dumping and disposal, The following are the different disposal methods of the solid, waste :Open dump sites-Often most practiced and easiest methods of, disposal of waste. It requires the selection of a site for disposal and, there after successive dumping is undertaken., Landfills- One of the most used technique for waste disposal. It, includes the trenching or removal of some layers on the surface, and dumping of waste there upon. Upon closure the waste pits are, covered and left for reduction naturally. It is one of the techniques,, which have been criticized for environmental pollution of the soil, and ground water. Several countries that have used this technique, have stopped using landfills to prevent further pollution., Incineration-The burning and reduction of the waste is another, method of waste management. The environmental concerns in this, is enhanced with emission of hazardous gases during the process, of reduction. As a method of waste management it is used, exclusively for toxic, harmful and infected waste as the process kills, the microbial contaminant. It was one of the oldest methods to, tackle hospital waste. However, the method emits gases such as, CO2 and CO as well as Carcinogenic gases such as Dioxins and, Furans, due to incomplete combustion of compositions like PVCs., Autoclave today is one the newest methods of medical wastes, treatment which works based on wet disinfection in a controlled, environment. However, the Management of Hazardous Waste Act, has specified the methods of disposal based on the nature of the, products which need to be disinfected prior to disposal or even, elimination., Sanitary disposal pits and compost pits- The method ranges, from covered trenching, organic breakdown with scientific, intervention. The most efficient method for some types of wastes, particularly those involving night soil and organic waste., a. Solid Waste Management in Mumbai, Mumbai as the financial capital has a population of 16.37, million and a garbage collection of 7025 metric tons per day.(BMC)., It has been identified to have the highest generation of e waste per, annum of about 3 lakh tons. To compound it the area of Mumbai is, 437.71 sq kms with a high concentration of people about 46,000, persons / sq km in the city district and 20,000 persons/ sq kms., (Mahadevia,2005). However, out of this 7025 is solid waste out of, which 5000MT is general municipal waste, about 2000 MT is silt

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15, and construction debris and 10 MT is bio medical waste. The, Ministry of Urban Development in its manual on Waste, Management estimated in 2000 , that waste generation of the entire, country is 100,000 MT. The city has 48.5 % area under BMC in, slums( 2001 Census), while including the industrial workers also, called the chawls the numbers are 8.3 million or 70% people. The, problems of over crowding and unsanitary conditions therefore, persist., The MSWM falls under the obligatory duties of the, MCGM.Presently, the SWM department works under the direction, and control of the Chief Engineer (SWM). He is assisted by the, Deputy Chief Engineer, Head Supervisor, Deputy Supervisor,, Assistant Head Supervisor in the Conservancy Wing. The, Transport Wing provides vehicles for transportation of the refuse, and cesspool, health services, encroachment services and other, services. Each Administrative ward is under the control of one, Assistant Head Supervisor. In order to render the services broadly, outlined above, effectively the administrative wards are further, subdivided into 48 conservancy wards. Each sub-ward is under the, control of a Supervisor. Under each Supervisor there are 5 section, Junior Overseers and one Motor Loading Junior Overseer in each, shift. Each section Junior Overseer has 2 Mukadams and 40 to 50, scavengers.There are 24 wards in the city. The city is divided into, island city wards, Eastern suburban wards and the Western, suburban wards.method of collection would need to include a door, to door collection system from all of the above outlets. The initial, systems have been upgraded to include a Clean Up Project, which, ensures that wastes both domestic or otherwise, are collected at, source in dumpers which are compacters., These machines then carry the compacted waste to the, dump yards. These are thereafter loaded in trucks and containers, to the other disposal sites., For the sake of collection of waste the following initiatives, have been taken by the BMC:1. Standardized community bins of the following type have been, purchased, 2. 6000 thousand wheeled bins with lid of 1.1 m3 capacity, 3. Bins of uniform design amenable to mechanical loading and, unloading, 4. 2000 ( Pole mounted ) dual litter bins of 50 liters capacity., 5. Dry waste sorting centres have been created to accept e-waste, and recyclables in each ward. These are being managed by, NGOs.

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16, Transportation implies conveyance from point of collection to, the point of disposal. Motor loaders work in the city and suburbs, from 6.30 am to 1.30 p.m. in the morning shift and 1.45 p.m. to 8.45, p.m. in the afternoon shift., There are four dump yards in Mumbai for the disposal of, municipal solid wastei) Deonar- is the oldest and is still operational. Most vehicles carry, waste to the yard from all over the city and also from the transfer, stations, ii) Gorai- Started in 1972 and from 2006 is being scientifically, closed. It has earned the MCGM carbon credits for the process of, closure and is a flagship green project for the administration., iii) Mulund- Is almost defunct presently but contributed to huge, dumpings in the last 30 years., iv) Kanjurmarg- A new site in the eastern suburbs of the city and, has a potential to become a very important dumping yard for the, city once even the Deonar grounds close., b. Initiatives taken by the MCGM on Waste Management, The first major initiative was taken by the Honorable, Supreme Court of India in 1998, which resulted in formation of an, expert committee to study the status of SWM in Indian cities. This, Committee identified the deficiencies/gaps in the existing SWM, system in the country and prepared the Interim Report in 1999 on, SWM Practices for few cities. As a second major initiative, in, conformance with Sections 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment, Protection Act of 1986, and on the basis on the recommendations, by the Committee, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), of the Government of India, developed and issued Municipal Solid, Waste (Management and Handling) Rules (MoUD, 2000). These, rules aim at standardization and enforcement of SWM practices in, urban areas., i) Mumbai Initiative – Chakachak Mumbai / Clean up, The garbage of the city is picked up door to door and is, transported in heavy compactors to the transfer stations and, dumping yards. This has reduced the wayside open dumping that, was followed previously. Segregation is also encouraged in housing, and other communities and the Municipality aids in setting up, compost bins., ii) Setting up of Advanced Local Management CommitteeThe ALM is an identified locality or neighborhood, the, residents of which commit themselves to improve the “Quality of, Life” in the locality / neighborhood in close co-operation with the

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17, MCGM. The ALM has grown into a movement since its inception as, more and more citizens in different neighborhoods of the city have, came forward to form ALMs in their localities, driven by the efforts, of the ALM officer of the MCGM and existing active ALM groups., iii) Stree Mukti Sangathan an NGO supported by the MCGM,, started the Parisar Vikas Program since 2002. Under the program, the SMS train the rag pickers to collect, handle and process the, waste collected and organise them into cooperatives., Details of the Initiative-The Parisar Vikas Programme has been, initiated by the Stree Mukti Sanghatana (SMS) which is an NGO, based in Chembur, Mumbai. SMS is a Woman’s Liberation, Organisation and was established in 1975. The organisation has, directed its efforts towards the upliftment of women primarily by, creating awareness in the society about women’s issues. Since its, inception, SMS has made significant contributions to the women’s, movement in Maharashtra through various activities. The SWM, project of the SMS is being funded by ‘War on Want’, a London, based NGO, and the Central Government’s Suvarna Jayanti, Shahari Rojgar Yojna (SJSRY). The duration of the project was, from 2002 upto the end of 2005. The main strategies of the, programme involved the following: • Organisation and training of, the women ragpickers. • Improving the standard of living of women, ragpickers by understanding their problems. • Developing new, techniques for treatment of waste. • Creating zero waste situation in, cities by appropriate waste recycling techniques., iv) Slum Adoption or the Dattak Vasti Yojna-To handle the solid, waste management in the slums., Details of the Initiative- A Community Based Organisation, (CBO) has been involved in work related to SWM in the Prem, Nagar Slum Community since last one and a half years. The, MCGM has provided necessary equipments for the purpose to the, CBO and it also takes care of the salaries of the slum cleaners. The, project has turned out to be successful. This scheme is being put, forward as an example to motivate other slums, to participate in the, scheme. However, SAS is only meant for authorised slums. After, the successful implementation of Prem Nagar Pilot Project, in 1999,, the MCGM formed ‘Slum Adoption Policy’ (Jain 2000). A circular, followed this in 2001 for appointing an Officer on Special Duty to, educate slum dwellers about SWM., , 1.7 CITIZEN INITIATIVES, General citizens can play a very important role through, public participation in the waste management system. Changes in

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18, the habits of segregation, littering, can change the approach, towards wastes., a. Bhagidari Scheme:, Based in Delhi, the government instituted the Bhagidari Scheme for, ensuring close cooperation of the Residents Welfare Association, (RWAs), civic agencies and the government., Highlights, , Based on a court order for compulsory segregation of waste at, the household level from January 1, 2004., , , , In December 2003 (Hindustan Times 26.12.2003), the Municipal, Commissioner of Delhi announced a system by which, segregated garbage from homes would be transported to, municipal bins through specially designed handcarts having two, compartments. He further mentioned that the segregation, system would reduce 50 per cent of the garbage going to, landfills and thereby result in cost reduction., , , , In the initial phase, zones were selected in colonies like Hauz, Khas, Gulmohar Park, Vasant Vihar, Green Park, Safdarjung, Enclave and Sewa Nagar. Due to various reasons, the scheme, has not been very effective except in some colonies, where, RWAs decided to tackle the problem themselves, the scheme is, working., , b. Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF)Highlights, , Solid waste management has been taken up for Bangalore City., , , , The whole operation has been outsourced to private agencies, who provide the infrastructure right from Safai Karamcharis,, their uniforms and caps, bins, trolleys and vehicles (dumpers), that pick up the collected waste and transport it to the, composting site on the city’s outskirts., , , , The Safai Karamcharis have been given strict instructions not to, collect the waste from households if it is not segregated. Their, areas of responsibility are clearly demarcated along with their, collection schedule. These areas are under supervisors of the, contracted agency and hence, it is ensured that every place is, kept clean. This exercise also has a few snags that will be, discussed later., , c. Individual Effort in Rural Maharashtra:, A 39 year old bank cashier, Ms. Asha Shivajirao Bhise, left, her job and took up vermi-composting in a big way (Indian Express,, 16.04.2004). With a total corpus of Rs. 15 lakhs, she set up a, vermi-composting project and harvested 20 tonnes of compost in

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19, 40 days, which was picked up by farmers within days. It is an, example of tapping commercial opportunities in solid waste, management and total commitment by an individual., Role of the Citizens of Mumbai, The citizens of Mumbai have to be trained in the three 'Rs' with, respect to management of wastes., Reduce - As the budget of the Municipal Corporation indicate,, about one quarter of the budget is spent on transportation of, waste. There is an urgent need to reduce the waste by cutting, down on transportation. The reduction of waste can happen only, when we, as citizens of Mumbai, reduce waste generation in the, first place. Also they can segregate and reduce the quantity of, waste to be transported., Reuse – Reuse of products prior to disposal is the way forward., Plastics must be used in as little manner as possible., Recycle - To recycle, we should segregate our garbage at source., Wet garbage can be recycled by composting or vermi-composting, in your backyard or in the vicinity. This will produce good manure, that can be used for gardens and lawns. The dry garbage can be, given to the rag pickers who sell it to re-users., , 1.8 SUMMARY, Since economic reforms in 1992 – 1993, India has, undergone rapid urbanization, which changed material, consumption patterns, and increased the per capita waste, generation rate. Since 2011, India underwent unprecedented, economic growth and the urban per capita waste generation, increased from 440 grams/day to 500 grams/day at a decadal per, capita waste generation growth rate of 13.6%. These have made it, necessary to understand and manage the waste generated in the, country. Waste management is a manner of reducing the pile of, garbage dumped into the environment. There are several methods, such as segregation of the waste, recycling of the waste,, composting of the organic part of the waste, incineration of the, waste and eventual dumping of the waste. Mumbai has attemped, as a city to handle its waste very effectively with door to door, collection and daily transportation of the project through the Project, Clean up.

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20, , 1.9 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS/EXERCISE, 1., True or False, a. Solid waste only includes garbage in a solid state, b. Biomedical Waste is included in the Handling Rules of MSW,, 2000., c. Recycling reduces waste, d. There is a need for water bodies near the dumping yards, e. Deonar is the oldest dumping yard for MSW, 2., Fill in the Blanks, a. The MSW handling Rules followed is for year_______, b. ________is released as a gas from the dump yards, c. ____________is an ailment that is associated with solid waste, pollution, d. ___________dump yard has earned carbon credits for the, MCGM, e. The project to handle MSW in Mumbai is ________________., 3., Multiple Choice Questions, a. Hospital Waste is also called_____, i. MSW, ii. BMW, iii. HW, iv. E Waste, b. Environmental Protection Act was passed in the year_________, i. 1992, ii. 1997, iii. 1985, iv. 1986, c. _____________is also defined as human intervention into the, natural process of decomposition, i. Composting, ii. Recycling, iii. Degradation, iv. Biomagnification, d. The highest % in the composition of MSW is _____, i. Plastics, ii. Glass, iii. Kitchen Waste/ Organic, iv. Inerts, e. ________is the newest dumping site for Mumbai., i. Gorai, ii. Kanjurmarg, iii. Mulund, iv. Deonar

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21, , 1.10 ANSWERS TO THE SELF-LEARNING, QUESTIONS, 1. True or False, 1.a. False, 1.b. True, 1.c. True, 1.d. False, 1.e. True, 2. Fill in the Blanks, 2.a. 2000/ 2016, 2.b. Methane, 2.c. Asthma, 2.d. Gorai, 2e. Project Clean up, 3. Multiple Choice Questions, 3.a. (ii), 3.b. (iv), 3.c. (i), 3.d. (iii), 3.e. (ii), , 1.11 TECHNICAL WORDS AND THEIR MEANINGS, , , Solid Waste- All unwanted thrash that is disposed from, commercial and domestic institutions., , , , Leachate: The pollutants which are carried into the water and, land bodies and cause pollution, , , , Biomagnification: The process whereby the tissue, concentrations of a contaminant (heavy metals) increases as it, passes up the food chain through two or more trophic levels., , 1.12 TASK, , , Visit a Dump yard in your town or city. Write a report on the, collection and disposal of the waste as you see it., , , , Make a scrap book with a week’s record of what you dispose in, your garbage bin.

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22, , 1.13 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY, , , Basics in Environmental Studies, Dr. Pushpendra, , , , Environmental Management, Swapan Deb., , , , The Sage Handbook of Environment and Society, Ward, Hugh, eds., , , , Environment and Sustainable Development, Sundar, I., , 

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23, , Unit -2, AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL, DEVELOPMENT, After going through this chapter, you will be able to understand the, following features:, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, , Objectives, Introduction, Subject discussion, Environmental Problems Associated with Agriculture, A. Loss of Productivity, A1. Causes of Decline in Agricultural Productivity, A2. Effects of Decline in Agricultural Productivity, B. Land Degradation, B1. Causes of Land Degradation, B2. Effects of Land Degradation, B3.Prevention and Control Measures for Land, Degradation, B4. Desertification, B5. Causes of Desertification, B6. Effects of Desertification, B7. Prevention and Control Measures for Desertification, C. Uneven Food Production, D. Hunger, D1. Causes of Hunger, E. Malnutrition and Food Security, E1. Food Security in India, 2.5. Sustainable Agricultural Practices, a. Organic Farming, b. Crop Rotation, c. Soil Enrichment, 2.6. Benefits of Sustainable Agriculture, 2.7. Environmental Problems Associated with Industries, A. Pollution, B. Global Warming, C. Ozone depletion, C1. Impact of Ozone Depletion

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24, D. Acid Rain, D1. Causes of Acid Rain, D2. Effects of Acid Rain, 2.8 Sustainable Industrial Practices, 8A. Green Business, 8B Green Consumption, 2.9 Corporate Social Responsibility towards Environment, 9A. Advantages Corporate Social Responsibility, 9B. Corporate Social Responsibility towards Environment, 2.10. Summary, 2.11. Check your Progress/Exercise, 2.12. Answers to the self-learning questions, 2.13. Technical words and their meaning, 2.14. Task, 2.15. References for further study, , 2.1. OBJECTIVES, By the end of this unit you will be able –,  To understand the environmental problems associated with, agriculture,  To comprehend the ways of sustainable agricultural, practices,  To know environmental problems associated with industries, , 2.2. INTRODUCTION, Environment and agriculture are closely related. Every, agricultural activity has an impact on the environment. From the, prehistoric era, when humans survived by hunting and collecting, food, the human species has intervened in the natural food chains., When human communities became settled and started, domesticating animals and plants, their impact on the environment, assumed new proportions. Since then human agricultural activity, has continued to intensify, and over the last 150 years the rate of, intensification has accelerated dramatically., The negative environmental impact of agricultural practices, cannot be ignored. Inappropriate agricultural practices and land, use can also have an adverse impact on natural resources, like, •, Pollution of soil, water and air, •, Desertification, •, Fragmentation of habitats, •, Loss of wildlife and plant species.

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25, Unsustainable agricultural practices are an immediate threat, to species and ecosystems around the world .Farmed areas, provide important habitats for many wild plants and animals. When, farming operations are sustainably managed, they can help, preserve and restore critical habitats, protect watersheds, and, improve soil health. But when practiced without care, create various, environmental problems and greatest threat to species and, ecosystem., , 2.3 SUBJECT DISCUSSION, This unit brings out the impact of agriculture on environment., The need for farmers today is to follow agricultural practices that, are sustainable. Sustainable agricultural practices do not only, benefit the farmers but also the customers and society as whole., The farmers are encourages to follow simple practices such as, organic farming, crop rotation, soil enrichment etc.to preserve the, land., Further in the unit the impact of industries on the, environment is discussed. New concepts like green business and, green consumption are suggested as sustainable practices., , 2.4, , ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, WITH AGRICULTURE, , ASSOCIATED, , The various environmental problems associated with agriculture are, as follows:, A. Loss of Productivity:, Agricultural productivity declines considerably due to floods, and the climatic change. The degradation of land, siltation of rivers,, pollution of soil from acid rains and industrial wastes are some of, the issues that are associated with urbanisation and, industrialization that are strong causes of land degradation and, decline in agricultural productivity., A1. Causes of Decline in Agricultural Productivity, The causes of the decline in Agricultural Productivity are as, follows:, 1. With the explosion in human population the agricultural land has, gradually been converted into residential and industrial areas., 2. The increasing demand for food has resulted in extensive, farming and commercialization. These practices caused serious, depletion of nutrients causing loss in the agricultural, productivity.

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26, 3. The agricultural production was to be boosted up by the, application of synthetic chemical fertilizers and crops were, protected from pests and diseases by the applications of, pesticides and fungicides. These synthetic chemicals have, resulted in degradation of lands., 4. Vast areas of productive land are destroyed by heavy mining and, quarrying., 5.Frequent floods due to siltation of rivers caused by soil erosion, often leads to damage of the top soil resulting in soil, degradation., A2. Effects of Decline in Agricultural Productivity, 1. The decline in Agricultural Productivity is causing hunger in, major parts of the world. In spite of great improvements in the, food production, still about half million people are still starving, across the world.., 2., , Poor maintenance of irrigation system causes loss of water, through wastage and seepage. The scarcity of water affects, crop production adversely., , 3. The decline in agricultural productivity has no longer left the, agriculture profitable activity for farmers. Hence, large scale, migration of people from rural areas towards cities is increasing, day by day., 4. Declining agricultural productivity compounded with natural, calamities which is aggravated by human factors is creating, acute shortage of food. Many countries have to take loans from, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank to, import food and to feed its people., All the factors mentioned above, heavily contribute to hunger, and poverty together with causing bad effect on local, regional, and national economies., B. Land Degradation, Land degradation is a process in which the value of the, biophysical environment is affected by a combination of humaninduced processes acting upon the land. Land degradation is the, major consequences of direct interference of human activities in the, natural phenomenon. Land degradation means:, 1. Loss of natural fertility of soil because of loss of nutrients., 2. Less vegetation cover, 3. Changes in the characteristic of soil., It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land, perceived to be undesirable. Natural hazards are excluded as a

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27, cause; however human activities can indirectly affect phenomena, such as floods and bush fires. It is estimated that up to 40% of the, world's agricultural land is seriously degraded., B1.Causes of Land Degradation, The various causes of land degradation are as follows:, 1. Deforestation, Deforestation is taking place at a faster rate due to, increasing demands of timber, fuel and forest products which, results into degradation of land resources., 2. Overgrazing, Overgrazing refers to excessive eating of grasses and other, green plants by cattle. It results into reduced growth of vegetation,, reduced diversity of plant species, excessive growth of unwanted, plant species, soil erosion, and degradation of land due to cattle, movement., 3. Agricultural practices, The modern agricultural practices, excessive use of, fertilizers and pesticides has adversely degraded the natural quality, and fertility of the land., 4. Industrialization, Development of industries for the economic growth of the, country leads to excessive deforestation and utilization of land., 5. Urbanization, Increasing growth of population and demand for more, residential areas and commercial sectors is also one of the reasons, for land degradation., B2. Effects of Land Degradation, 1. Land degradation occurs because people are cutting forests,, woodlands and shrublands at a pace exceeding the natural, growth rate., 2. Overgrazing is the grazing of livestock above the livestock, carrying capacity which results in the decrease in the vegetation, cover., 3. Improper agricultural practices, occur when there is saturation of, good lands under population pressure which leads settlers to, cultivate too shallow or too steep soils, plough fallow land before, it has recovered its fertility, or attempt to obtain multiple crops, by irrigating unsuitable soils.

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28, 4. Land degradation rsults in the displacement of people from their, natural habitat., 5. Severe land degradation affects the economic development of, nations. When the land is less productive, the food availability is, compromised which results in scarcity of food., B3. Prevention and Control Measures for Land Degradation, Some practices for controlling land degradation are as follows:, 1. Strip farming, It is a practice in which cultivated crops are sown in, alternative strips to prevent water movement., 2. Crop Rotation, It is one of the agricultural practice in which different crops, are grown in same area following a rotation system which helps in, replenishment of the soil., 3. Ridge and Furrow Formation, Soil erosion is one of the factors responsible for land, degradation. It can be prevented by formation of ridge and furrow, during irrigation which lessens run off., 4. Construction of Dams, Dams usually checks or reduces the velocity of run off so, that soil support vegetation., 5. Contour Farming, This type of farming is usually practiced across the hill side, and is useful in collecting and diverting the run off to avoid erosion., B4. Desertification, Desertification is a type of land degradation in which, relatively dry area of land becomes increasingly arid, typically, losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. It is, caused by a variety of factors, such as climate change and human, activities like agriculture, mining, over grazing etc., Desertification is a significant global ecological and, environmental problem. Deserification occurs on all continents, except Antarctica and affects the livelihoods of millions of people,, including a large proportion of the poor in dry lands. Desertification, takes place worldwide in dry lands, and its effects are experienced, locally, nationally, regionally, and globally.

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29, B5. Causes of Desertification, 1. Overgrazing: Animal grazing is a huge problem for many areas, that are starting to become desert. If there are too many animals, that are overgrazing in certain spots, it makes it difficult for the, plants to grow back, which hurts the land and makes it lose its, former green glory., 2. Deforestation: Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the, removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter, converted to a non-forest use. Examples of deforestation include, conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use., 3. Improper Farming Practices: Some farmers do not know how, to use the land effectively. They may essentially strip the land of, everything that it has., 4. Urbanization and other types of land development:, Development can cause people to invade forest land and kill the, plant life. As areas become more urbanized, there are less places, for plants to grow, thus causing desertification., 5. Climate Change: Climate change plays a huge role in, desertification. As the days get warmer and periods of drought, become more frequent, desertification becomes more and more, eminent. Unless climate change is slowed down, huge areas of, land will become desert; some of those areas may even become, uninhabitable as time goes on., B6.Effects of Desertification, 1. Farming becomes very difficult. If an area becomes a desert,, then it’s almost impossible to grow substantial crops there without, special technologies., 2. Hunger: Areas which suffer from desertification do not have, productive land and hence these areas don’t have enough food, available for people living in these areas., 3. Flooding: Without the plant life in an area, flooding is a lot more, eminent. Not all deserts are dry; those that are wet could, experience a lot of flooding because there is nothing to stop the, water from gathering and going all over the place., 4. Poor Water Quality: If an area becomes a desert, the water, quality is going to become a lot worse than it would have been, otherwise. This is because the plant life plays a significant role in, keeping the water clean and clear; without its presence, it becomes, a lot more difficult for you to be able to do that.

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30, 5. Overpopulation: When areas becomes desert, people start, shifting to other areas and this results in overpopulation in these, areas., B7. Prevention and Control Measures for Desertification, 1. Reforestation is one of the easiest ways to eliminate, desertification from its root cause. Environmental Organizations, work in places where deforestation and desertification are, contributing to extreme poverty. There they focus primarily on, educating the local population about the dangers of deforestation., 2. Another technique that is useful is contour trenching. This, involves the digging of 150m long, 1m deep trenches in the soil., The trenches are made parallel to the height lines of the landscape,, preventing the water from flowing within the trenches and causing, erosion. Stone walls are placed around the trenches to prevent the, trenches from closing up again., C. Uneven Food Production, Globally, the production of food is unequal. This is because, there are two main components which are the environmental, capacity of the area, and the human capacity. Environmental, capacity is its ability ‘to accommodate a particular activity or rate of, an activity without unacceptable impact’. The climate, soil types,, and availability of water affect it. Human capacity, in relation to food, production, is the size of the population and the amount of, agricultural skill within that population., Increasing world population, climatic change, political unrest,, social, economic and environmental problems lead to world food, problems. There are many associated reasons of food problems., Each problem is interconnected, so if there is an influence, it will, affect all., D. Hunger, Hunger is a condition in which a person, for a sustained, period, is unable to eat sufficient food to meet basic nutritional, needs., D1. Causes of Hunger, 1. Poverty, Poverty is the main cause of hunger in the world. This is true, in rich and poor countries alike. The largest groups of people in, extreme poverty are small farmers in developing countries. They, do not have land to grow enough food, hence their earning are very, low.

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31, 2. Food Shortages and Waste, Food shortages in developing countries are common. The, people most affected are small farmers and their families who, depend on their own surplus to survive between harvests., 3. Poor infrastructure, Poor infrastructure may be a reason for hunger. Sometimes, it is impossible to transport food to areas where there are, shortages. The roads were so poor it was not possible to reach all, who needed the food to survive., 4. Climate Change, Climate change is affecting the supply of food world over, though nothing can be done by people about climate change, directly. They are affecting the environment indirectly., 5. War and Conflict, Hunger is both a cause and effect of war and conflict. Widescale poverty and hunger lead to frustration and resentment with, governments that appear to ignore hungry people’s plight., 6. Nutritional Quality, People require certain nutrients to lead a healthy life, and, when they don’t consume sufficient amounts, they can become sick, and even die. Infants and young children are most vulnerable to the, harmful effects of hunger., E. Malnutrition and Food Security, Malnutrition is a lack or excess of energy and nutrients,, essential vitamins and minerals in any one diet and it does not, mean starvation. Malnutrition increases the risk of infection and, infectious diseases., Food Security refers to the availability of food and one’s, access to it. A family is considered food-secure when its members, are able to consume a minimum adequate and balanced diet on, regular basis. Availability and affordability of such diet, in an, environmentally sustainable scenario will enable a person to lead a, healthy life., The term food security first originated in the mid of 1970s,, when the World Food Conference (1974) defined food security in, terms of food supply assuring the availability and price stability of, basic foodstuffs at the international and national level., E1. Food Security in India, The Green Revolution resulted in the increase in the, production of grain in India. Therefore we were not facing any, problems of food availability. The main problem today is

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32, affordability, by the poor people of the country. In this concept, we, can interpret food security as livelihood security and also the, economic capacity to buy the food., , 2.5 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES, Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways based, on an understanding of ecosystem services, the study of, relationships between organisms and their environment. The main, objectives of sustainable agriculture practices are:, •Satisfy human food and fiber needs., •Enhance environmental quality, •Make the most efficient use of non-renewable resources ., •Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole., Some important sustainable measures taken up by the, agricultural sector are as follows:, a. Organic Farming, Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system which, originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing, farming practices. It relies on fertilizers of organic origin such as, compost, manure, green manure, and bone meal and places, emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and companion, planting. Biological pest control, mixed cropping and the fostering of, insect predators are encouraged. In general, organic standards are, designed to allow the use of naturally occurring substances while, prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances., b. Crop Rotation, Crop rotation is one of the most powerful techniques of, sustainable agriculture. Its purpose is to avoid the consequences, that come with planting the same crops in the same soil for years in, a row. During rotation, farmers can plant certain crops, which, replenish plant nutrients. These crops reduce the need for chemical, fertilizers., c. Soil Enrichment, Healthy soil is full of life, which can often be killed by the, overuse of pesticides. Good soils can increase yields as well as, creating more robust crops. It is possible to maintain and enhance, the quality of soil in many ways. Some examples include leaving, crop residue in the field after a harvest, and the use of composted, plant material or animal manure.

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33, , 2.6 BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, 1. Contributes to Environmental Conservation, Sustainable agriculture helps to replenish the land as well as, other natural resources such as water and air. This replenishment, ensures that these natural resources will be able for future, generations to sustain life., 2. Public Health Safety, Sustainable agriculture avoids hazardous pesticides and, fertilizers. As a result, farmers are able to produce fruits, vegetables, and other crops that are safer for consumers, workers, and, surrounding communities., 3. Prevents Pollution, Sustainable agriculture means that any waste a farm, produces remains inside the farms ecosystem. In this way the, waste cannot cause pollution., 4. Biodiversity, Sustainable farms produce a wide variety of plants and, animals resulting in biodiversity. During crop rotation, plants are, seasonally rotated and this results in soil enrichment, prevention of, diseases, and pest outbreaks., 5. Economically Beneficial for Farmers, In exchange for undertaking sustainable farming methods,, farmers receive a fair wage for their produce. This greatly reduces, their reliance on government subsidies and strengthens rural, communities., 6. Beneficial for Environment, Sustainable agriculture reduces the need for use of nonrenewable energy resources and as a result benefits the, environment., , 2.7, , ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, WITH INDUSTRIES, , ASSOCIATED, , An industry is a collection of companies that operate in a, related set of goods or services, which are eventually sold to, purchasers. In any country, numerous industries work together to, produce the necessary goods and services needed and desired for, its people. By convention, industries are divided into three groups:, • Primary industries are involved in the collection, utilizing, and, harvesting of resources directly produced by physical processes, (e.g., mining and smelting).

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34, • Secondary industries deal with manufacturing as they take raw, materials, convert them in various ways, and produce tangible, goods (e.g., automobile factories)., • Tertiary industries produce services for individuals and groups, (e.g., advertising)., These three groups are distinctive regarding the amount of, pollution produced in their operations. Some sectors (such as, tourism) have a close relationship with the environment, whereas, others have adopted a particularly proactive environmental, response (such as the automobile industry with regard to recycling, old cars) and still others continue to have a noticeable detrimental, impact on the environment (such as the automobile industry with, regard to exhaust emissions). Since the largest impact from, pollution (and associated waste products) is produced within the, secondary industries, this sector will be the subject of discussion., Most economists commonly refer to the secondary industries (the, manufacturing sector) as a factory emitting large amounts of smoke, into the air., However big or small, environmental groups help to publicize, industries that pollute. In every case, industry has important, decisions to make regarding how it conducts business. The, industrialization of the world has had a profound effect on its people, and environment. Industry has not always performed admirably with, respect to its responsibility for the pollution it expels into the, ecosystem. Nonetheless, with current governmental regulations,, the efforts of individuals and environmental groups, and the, realization by leaders of industry, themselves, that a healthy, environment is good for business and profits, the industrial, community is more effectively balancing profits with its, environmental responsibility to the general satisfaction of most, people., A. Pollution, Environmental pollution is the condition when the natural, cycle of our environment gets disturbed and harms us. Some, harmful environmental contaminants in the form of smoke, solid or, liquid wastes get intermingled into the environment and pollute it., Humans can keep a check on environmental pollution by limiting, their bad activities., Pollution is classified into many categories according to the, natural resources getting affected such as air pollution, soil, pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, etc. Rate of pollution is, increasing due to the greediness of the human being to earn more, money and to fulfill their never ending desires.

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35, Some types of pollution affecting our day to day life are:, 1. Water pollution, Water is one of the most important natural resources on the, planet which is one of the necessary elements to sustain life on, earth. Addition of harmful products to water which make is, unusable is commonly known as Water Pollution. These products, could be chemical, biological or physical materials that deteriorate, the quality of water and the lives associated with it. Some of the, most common water pollutants include industrial wastes (which are, directly dumped into the sea or lakes making the water unfit for, fishes and other organisms living in the water), domestic and farm, wastes, oil spills, pesticides, as well as mining and agricultural, wastes. (Pollution, Water Pollution, Air Pollution)., 2. Noise pollution, It is the excessive harshness in the environment, primarily, due to sounds created by machines. It is generally caused by, loudspeakers, microphones, loud music, noise from industries, from, construction and civil engineering works etc., 3. Land Pollution, Degrading the earth's surface by improper commercial,, industrial, agricultural and domestic activities is known as land, pollution. Dumping of e-wastes and other industrial wastes into the, land causes land pollution. Insecticides, pesticides etc also harm, the agricultural land and the soil. Mining, deforestation, oil refineries, construction debris, etc are the most common land pollutants., B. Global Warming, Global warming is a major atmospheric issue all over the, world. Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and, other air pollutants and greenhouse gasses collect in the, atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have, bounced off the earth’s surface. Normally, this radiation would, escape into space—but these pollutants, trap the heat and cause, the planet to get hotter. That's what's known as the greenhouse, effect., The effects of Global Warming are as follows:, 1. Climate Change, Global warming is causing climate change. The world’s is, becoming warmer., 2. Sea Level Change, One major consequence of global warming arising out of, greenhouse effect is the rise in sea level. Four major changes take, place prior to this. They are: Thermal expansion, mountain glacier, melting, Greenland ice sheet melting and Polar (Arctic and

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36, Antarctic) ice sheet melting. Thus, the coastal cities and ports may, be submerged under sea-water. Many islands may vanish from the, earth surface as well as from the world map., 3. Water Balance, Although changes in sea-level have received much publicity,, problems of water availability are likely to be more serious and, perhaps more expensive to solve. In future, warmer world will face, water crisis in some parts while in other regions it will be wetter, than it is now., 4. Human Health, The human health is put at risk because of Global warming., In recent years, there have been reports of spread of major tropical, diseases with changing climate. As the earth becomes warmer,, more and more people are likely to be affected by tropical diseases., C. Ozone depletion, Ozone layer depletion, is simply the wearing out (reduction), of the amount of ozone in the stratosphere. Unlike pollution, which, has many types and causes, Ozone depletion has been pinned, down to one major human activity i.e. industries that manufacture, things like insulating foams, solvents, soaps, cooling things like Air, Conditioners, Refrigerators and ‘Take-Away’ containers use, something called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). These substances, are heavier than air, but over time, (2-5years) they are carried high, into the stratosphere by wind action., Depletion begins when CFC’s get into the stratosphere. Ultra, violet radiation from the sun breaks up these CFCs. The breaking, up action releases Chlorine atoms. Chlorine atoms react with, Ozone, starting a chemical cycle that destroys the good ozone in, that area. One chlorine atom can break apart more than 100,000, ozone molecules.

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37, , Understanding Ozone Depletion, C1. Impact of Ozone Depletion, 1. Skin cancer: Exposure to ultraviolet rays poses an increased, risk of developing several types of skin cancers, including, malignant melanoma, and basal and squamous cell carcinoma., 2. Eye damage: Direct exposure to UV radiations can result in, photokeratitis (snow blindness), and cataracts., 3. Immune system damage: Effects of UV rays include, impairment of the immune system. Increased exposure to UV rays, weakens the response of the immune system., 4. Accelerated aging of skin: Constant exposure to UV radiation, can cause photo allergy, which results in the outbreak of rashes in, fair-skinned people., 5. Other effects: Ozone chemicals can cause difficulty in, breathing, chest pain, throat irritation, and hamper lung functioning., 6. Effects on Marine Ecosystems: Plankton (phytoplankton and, bacterioplankton) are threatened by increased UV radiation. Marine, phytoplankton play a fundamental role in both the food chain as, well as the oceanic carbon cycle. It plays an important role in, converting atmospheric carbon dioxide into oxygen. Ultraviolet rays, can influence the survival rates of these microscopic organisms, by, affecting their orientation and mobility. This eventually disturbs and, affects the entire ecosystem.

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38, 7. Impact on Plants: In some species of plants, UV radiation can, alter the time of flowering, as well as the number of flowers, produced by a plant. Plant growth can be directly affected by UV-B, radiation. Despite mechanisms to reduce or repair these effects,, physiological and developmental processes of plants are affected., D. Acid Rain, Acid rain is a matter of great global concern and has become, one of the major environmental problems. The term acid rain used, first by Robert Angus Smith, the Chief Inspector of UK in 1872,, describes the “acidic nature of rain falling around Manchester. Acid, rain can describe as a condition in which natural precipitation, becomes acidic after reacting chemically with pollutants in the air”., Acid rain is any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic,, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low, pH)., D1. Causes of Acid Rain, Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and, nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the, atmosphere to produce acids. The principal cause of acid rain is, sulfur and nitrogen compounds from human sources, such as, electricity generation, factories, and motor vehicles. Some, governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the, release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere, with positive results., D2. Effects of Acid Rain, It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and, infrastructure. The chemicals in acid rain can cause paint to peel,, corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and weathering of, stone buildings and statues. The adverse effects of acid rain can be, seen on vegetation, soil, marine resource, monuments as well as, on man. Its reaction includes change in color of leaves, premature, drops of leaves, trees die. In soil, rate of decomposition of organic, matter and formation of nitrogen fixing organisms is reduced by, acids., Acid rain is an increasing problem in the industrial region, and effects the environment. Only developed technology can save, the world from this., , 2.8 SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES, Sustainable business practices mean the application of, sustainability principles to business operations. Sustainability can, mean a variety of things – ecological sustainability, social, sustainability or even sustained economic growth.

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39, A sustainable business is any organization that participates, in environment friendly or green activities to ensure that all, processes, products, and manufacturing activities adequately, address current environmental concerns while maintaining a profit., In other words, it is a business that “meets the needs of the present, world without compromising the ability of the future generations to, meet their own needs.” It is the process of assessing how to design, products that will take advantage of the current environmental, situation and how well a company’s products perform with, renewable resources., Some ways of making business sustainable are as follows:, 2.8A. Green Business, The business which is concerned about the environment, becomes a Green Business. Sustainable business, or green, business, is an enterprise that has minimal negative impact on the, global or local environment, community, society, or economy. In, general, business is described as green if it matches the following, four criteria:, 1.It incorporates principles of sustainability into each of its business, decisions., 2.It supplies environment friendly products or services that replace, demand for non green products and/or services., 3.It is greener than traditional competition., 4.It has made an enduring commitment to environmental principles, in its business operations., Green businesses ensure that they use the safest, ingredients, to keep their customers and clients and their families, healthy. They also provide green living alternatives to improve, quality of life, with products and services that help in areas like, affordable housing, sustainable agriculture, education, clean energy, and efficiency, fair trade, healthy air, clean water, and more. This, business use “Three-R’s” to manage waste - Reduce, Reuse, and, Recycle., Becoming a green business involves a learning curve where, business owners learn how other businesses have changed their, business practices, then make changes to their own practices that, are appropriate to their line of business., 2.8B.Green Consumption, Green consumerism creates a balance between the, expectations of consumer behavior and businesses' profit motives within the realm of environmental protection. It increasingly looks at

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40, the entire life cycle of a consumer's purchases - because a, consumer does not just buy a product, but also everything that, goes into its production, and everything that will happen in the, future as a result of that product., Consumers need to realize that all products have an, environmental impact, however small. The concept of green, consumers also focuses on businesses and their survivability as, they respond quickly to demands of consumers for products and, services that are also environment friendly., Green consumerism creates a balance between the, expectations of consumer behavior and businesses' profit motives., To highlight the balance the following points are made:, , , Businesses that innovate and respond quickly to consumer, demands survive best., , , , Everyone has a part to play, at various levels of administration,, manufacture and use., , , , A consumer has to realize that he/she not just buys 'a' product,, but understand everything that goes into its production, and, everything that will happen in the future as a result of that, product., , , , All products have an environmental impact, however small. The, idea is to reduce it to the minimum., , The impacts of green products are as follows:, , , There is a rise in demand for such products., , , , Businesses have looked into the green process - generating, corporate environmental profiles, monitoring and evaluating, green performance, and improving corporate image as a result., , , , Green products have also increased competition among, businesses to generate more environmentally friendly products., , , , Eco-labeling networks that monitor and evaluate green products, have been developed in many countries.., , , , Governments have also taken several measures that have, supported and facilitated such businesses., , , , Well-informed consumers are emerging as a new force to create, an environmentally sustainable world.

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41, , 2.9 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR), TOWARDS ENVIRONMENT, Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept whereby, companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their, business operations and in their interaction with the stakeholders, on a voluntary basis., The concept of CSR goes beyond charity and requires the, company to act beyond its legal obligations and to integrate social,, environmental and ethical concerns into company’s business, process. What is generally understood by CSR is that the business, has a responsibility – towards its stakeholders and society at large, – that extends beyond its legal and enforceable obligations., The triple bottom line approach to CSR emphasizes a, company’s commitment to operating in an economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable manner., 2.9A. Advantages of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), The advantages of CSR are as follows:, 1. Improvement in the image of the Corporation, Corporates that implement CSR policies have increased, goodwill. People always want to be associated with the best and, the most popular company’s product and services, so in that, respect, the corporation rises in stature and becomes an important, player in its market., 2. Increased Attraction and Retention of Employees, Companies having solid CSR commitments find it easier to, recruit and retain employees. People want to work for companies, that care about the well-being of their employees and provide good, working conditions., 3. Attracts more Capital Inflow from Various Sources, A company’s image plays a huge role in attracting investors., If the company is engaged in CSR programs, its image gets a, massive boost, and so, people invest in its operations heavily., 4. Positive Publicity, A good CSR program will always give good publicity and, even act as an advertisement for the company. It also sets the, company apart from its competitors.

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42, 2.9B. Corporate Social Responsibility towards Environment, Companies while creating profit should also be aware that, they can contribute to managing their operations in a sustainable, manner in such a way as to enhance economic growth and, increase competitiveness whilst ensuring environmental protection, and promoting social responsibility, including consumer interest., Leading corporations that have achieved CSR success with, environmental initiatives can motivate their contemporaries to, improve operational efficiency, rethink product designs, and seek, out new and innovative technology. Effective resource, management and energy efficiency are major environmental CSR, goals that are relevant for every business. This creates, opportunities for cost savings, revenue generation, and can even, influence overall brand strength through positive environmental, reputation., , 2.10 SUMMARY, Conserving the environment is the need of the hour., Development of mankind is necessary, however it should not, compromise on environment. While doing agriculture if sustainable, practices are not followed, it can result harming the land and, untimely the land may become unusable. If care is not taken while, doing agriculture the following problems may occur to the land loss of productivity, land degradation, desertification, uneven food, production, hunger and malnutrition., Similarly industries also have to take the necessary steps to, protect the environment. The environmental problems associated, with industries are pollution, global warming, ozone depletion and, acid rain. Industries can help to conserve the environment by, practicing green business, i.e. making eco-friendly products., Similarly consumers can also help to conserve the environment by, practicing green consumerism. It means consumers become, cautious and consume only those products which are eco-friendly., Corporates can help conserve the environment by taking up, the issue as a part of the Corporate Social Responsibility. Today,, customers have a better image for companies that work on, conserving the environment. Corporates can adopt technology, which is eco-friendly.

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43, , 2.11 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS/EXERCISE, A. True or False, 1. There is no relationship between environment and agriculture., 2. Agricultural productivity declines considerably due to floods and, the climatic change., 3. Healthy soil is full of life, which cannot be killed by the overuse, of pesticides., 4. Global warming is a major atmospheric issue all over the world., 5. Corporate Social Responsibility does not increase the goodwill if, the company practicing it., B. Fill in the Blanks, 1._____________ pollution is the excessive harshness in the, environment, primarily due to sounds created by machines., 2. The business which is concern about the environment becomes, a __________ Business., 3.____________ farming relies on fertilizers of organic origin such, as compost, manure, green manure, and bone meal and places, emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and companion, planting., 4. ______________ is a type of land degradation in which relatively, dry area of land becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its, bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife., 5. Increasing growth of population and demand for more residential, areas and commercial sectors is also one of the reasons for, ___________ degradation., C. Multiple Choice Questions, 1. Agricultural productivity declines, __________________ ., a. Floods, b. Hunger, c. Crop production, d. Poverty, , considerably, , due, , to, , 2., _________________refers to excessive eating of grasses and, other green plants by cattle., a. Deforestation, b. Land Degradation, c. Overgrazing, d. Overboard

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44, 3. _______________ is a lack or excess of energy and nutrients,, essential vitamins and minerals in any one diet., a. Starvation, b. Infection, c. Minerals, d. Malnutrition, 4. Addition of harmful products to water which make is unusable is, commonly known as ____________ Pollution., a. Soil, b. Water, c. Air, d. Noise, 5. _________________ is when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air, pollutants and greenhouse gasses collect in the atmosphere and, absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the, earth’s surface., a. Global warming, b. Acid Rain, c. Ozone Depletion, d. Pollution, , 2.12 ANSWERS TO THE SELF-LEARNING, QUESTIONS, A. True or False, 1. False, 2. True, 3. False, 4. True, 5. False, B. Fill in the Blanks, 1. Noise, 2. Green, 3. Organic, 4. Desertification, 5. Land, C. Multiple Choice Questions, 1. Floods, 2. Overgrazing, 3. Malnutrition, 4. Water, 5. Global warming

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45, , 2.13 TECHNICAL WORDS AND THEIR MEANINGS, a. Land degradation: It is a process in which the value of the, biophysical environment is affected by a combination of humaninduced processes acting upon the land., b. Desertification: It is a type of land degradation in which, relatively dry area of land becomes increasingly arid, typically, losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife., c. Sustainable agriculture: It is farming in sustainable ways, based on an understanding of ecosystem services, the study of, relationships between organisms and their environment., d. Environmental pollution: It is the condition when the natural, cycle of our environment gets disturbed and harms us., e. Global warming: It occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other, air pollutants and greenhouse gasses collect in the atmosphere and, absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the, earth’s surface., f. Acid rain: It is a condition in which natural precipitation becomes, acidic after reacting chemically with pollutants in the air., g. Green Business: The business which is concern about the, environment becomes a Green Business., h. Corporate social responsibility (CSR): It is a concept whereby, companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their, business operations and in their interaction with the stakeholders, on a voluntary basis., , 2.14 TASK, Find out from three Industries, the sustainable practices they, have adopted to conserve the environment., , 2.15 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY, , , , , , Environmental Studies, Bagad Anjali, Sustainable Urban Environments: An Ecosystem Approach,, Beuren, Allan et. Al., The Sage Handbook of Environment and Society, Ward,, Hugh eds., Environment and Sustainable Development, Sundar, I., , 

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46, , Unit -3, TOURISM IN INDIA: NATURE, SCOPE,, POTENTIALS, ECOTOURISM., After going through this chapter, you will be able to understand the, following features:, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 3.18, 3.19, 3.20, 3.21, 3.22, 3.23, 3.24, 3.25, , Objectives, Introduction, Subject discussion, Definitions and Meanings, Nature, Scope and Importance of Tourism, Typology of Tourism: Classification, Tourism potential in India and Challenges, National Tourism Policy, Impacts of Tourism, Ecotourism in India, History of Ecotourism in India, Importance of Ecotourism in India, Effects of Eco Tourism in India, Major Eco-Tourism Destinations in India, Promoting Eco-Tourism in India:, Recent Initiatives in Eco-Tourism in India, National Eco-Tourism Policy and Guidelines, Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues:, Eco Tourism Society of India, Summary, Check your Progress/Exercise, Answers to the self-learning questions, Technical words and their meaning, Task, References for further study

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47, , 3.1. OBJECTIVES, By the end of this unit you will be able to –, , Understand the nature and scope of tourism, , Understand the concept of ecotourism, , Understand types and potentials of tourism, , 3.2. INTRODUCTION, Economic, geographical and social studies include the study, of all those sectors which affect the economy, nature and mankind, respectively. Various sectors like banking, research, education and, many more play a vital role in the development of mankind and, countries. A sector which is recently recognized is the Tourism, sector. Though tourism is only about exploring new places and, rejuvenation, in true sense it is a lot more. It has the potential to, develop a country by contributing economically and socially to the, country and serve the mankind by offering facilities of leisure,, pleasure, recreation and vacation. However, tourism is largely, based on geographical factors as geographical factors provide, resources for tourism like topography, natural beauty, culture,, traditions and a lot more. Hence, it forms an important component, of geographical studies. On the other hand, it is a highly labour, intensive industry. This makes tourism important in social and, economic studies too. In developing countries like India, which has, a huge diversity in natural and manmade factors, tourism plays an, important role in its growth and development., , 3.3. SUBJECT DISCUSSION, The tourist, the businesses providing tourist goods and, services, the government of the host community, and the host, community tourism is the processes, activities, and outcomes, arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists,, tourism suppliers, host governments, host communities, and the, surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and, hosting of visitors. Tourism, therefore, is a composite of activities,, services, and industries that deliver a travel experience:, transportation, accommodations, foodservices, and attractions., Definitions of tourism and tourists vary as the basis of distance, travelled, length of time spent, and purpose of the trip., , 3.4. DEFINITIONS AND MEANING, Theobald (1994) suggested that etymologically, the word, ‘tour’ is derived from the Latin word‘tornare’ and the Greek word

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48, ‘tornos’ which means ‘a lathe or a circle’. In simpler words, it, means to move around a central point or axis., , Fig.3.1 Tourism, One of the earliest definitions of tourism was given by an, Australian economist. Hermann V Schullard, in the year 1910 who, defined it as, “the sum total of operators, mainly of economic nature, which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners, inside and outside a certain country, city or region”., In 1942 Swiss Professors Hunziker and Krapf defined, tourism as “tourism is the totality of the relationship and, phenomenon arising from the travel and stay of strangers, provided, the stay does not imply the establishment of permanent residence, and is not connected with a remunerative activity.”, In 1976, the Tourism Society of England’s definition was, “Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to, destination outside the places where they normally work and live, and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes, movements of all purposes”, “Tourism is therefore, a composite phenomenon which, embraces the incidence of mobile population of travellers who are, strangers to the places they visit. It is essentially a pleasure activity, in which money earned is one’s normal domicile is spent in the, place visited”., According to W.T.O. recommendations, Tourism comprises of all the activities related to a person’s, travelling to and staying in places outside his/her usual environment, for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and, other purposes., From the above definitions, it is clear that tourism represents, various types of short-term travel and is variably defined for, particular purpose of the journey, its duration and other criteria.

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49, Tourism is broadly understood with the help of three major, aspects viz. Leisure, Pleasure, and Recreation., , , , , Leisure: use of free time for enjoyment., Pleasure: a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment., Recreation: done for enjoyment when one is not working., , Thus, a synoptic definition of tourism could be ‘travel for, leisure, pleasure, recreation or business purposes’., , Fig.3.2 Major causes of Tourism, , 3.5. NATURE, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF, TOURISM, , , Nature of Tourism, The nature of tourism is dynamic. It has the ability to change, and grow with the changing environment., , , Scope of Tourism, The scope of the tourist industry is vast. It includes all, sectors of the economy and may be governed by public sector and, private sector in coherence. It is supported by sectors like, transportation and telecommunication, financial sector and, educational sector at a large scale. It is a highly labour intensive, industry, thus, Research and Development and Human Resource, activities form a major component of the industry., With increasing demand for international and national, tourism, the need to discover or invent new destinations and ideas, of tourism is also increasing. Thus, newer forms of tourism are, being added every day to the existing list., For example: Slum Tourism in Mumbai, Many foreign tourists belonging to the affluent and rich, countries of the world visit India every year. There is an increasing, trend of visiting the slum areas of India especially Mumbai to, experience the unique slum culture in the country. This is more, prominent in Mumbai because of the presence of the Dahravi Slum, which is Asia’s largest slum that has gained popularity through, cinema and other media. Movies like Slumdog Millionaire and, Bhootnath returns have contributed to its popularity.

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50, , Fig.3.3 Slum Tourism, In short it can be said that the scope of tourism is unlimited, as it every small and big purpose of tourism which satisfies the, tourists in their own way and here lies the importance of tourism., , , Importance of Tourism, Tourism industry has the potential to benefit the economy on, a large scale by providing foreign exchange, exchange of goods, and services and through cultural exchange. It helps in building, image of the country in the global market and has a huge potential, for employment., , Fig.3.4 Importance of Tourism, , 3.6 TYPOLOGY OF TOURISM: CLASSIFICATION, Tourism can be broadly classified into the following three types:, , Domestic Tourism: It involves visiting tourist destinations, within the country of residence. For example: Citizens of India, visiting tourist destinations of India., , Inbound Tourism: It involves tourism from one country to, another country where none of the countries is a resident country., For example: Citizens of India going on a world tour where they, travel from one to another country besides India.

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51, , Outbound Tourism: It involves tourism to another country, besides the residing country. For example: Residents of India, visiting Dubai., All the above forms of tourism can be combined to form, three more types of tourism, , Internal Tourism which involves movement within a country, and is a combination of domestic tourism and inbound tourism, , National Tourism which involves movement between, countries and is a combination of domestic tourism and outbound, tourism, , Fig. 3.5 Internal & International Tourism, , International Tourism which involves tourism within the, countries but is a combination of inbound tourism and outbound, tourism., Tourism Based on Purpose, Recently many new types of tourism based on the purpose of travel, and/or tourism have evolved. The list is exhausting, however, following are some of the prominent new types of tourism:, a), Religious Tourism: Visits to religious places, places of, worship and holy locations. For example: trip to the holy caves of, Amarnath, the Golden Temple at Amritsar, Mecca and Madina, etc., b), Adventure/ Sports Tourism: Travel for the purpose of, experiencing adventure. It involves trekking, adventurous sports, etc. For example: a trip to Uttarakhand may include spots of, adventure tourism like river rafting, paragliding, river crossing,, trekking etc.

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52, , Fig. 3.6 Adventure Tourism, c), Cultural Tourism: Travel to places of entertainment and, landmarks of a particular country or a place. It includes man made, events like tourism festivals, museums, musical concerts, famous, locations etc. For example: travelling to Delhi to enjoy the Qutub, Minar festival which is organized in November-December every, year., d), Medical Tourism: Travel for medical and health purposes., In India, Kerala has observed a rise in Medical tourism particularly, for Ayurveda in the last decade. Medical tourism is practiced due to, two reasons viz. non availability of medical infrastructure in the, place of residence and cheapness of the treatments in other, locations. India receives a large number of patients from all over, the world due to the relative lower costs of best treatments here., Mumbai is famous for Allopathic treatments especially for cancer, and heart related problems., e), Rural Tourism: Traveling to rural areas to experience the, lifestyle of a village is called rural tourism. It is prominent in mega, cities like Mumbai where people move to destinations in the, periphery to enjoy the bounty of nature and a life free from all the, urban stresses and tensions. Karjat is a famous rural tourism, destination arround Mumbai. When visting agricultural areas is, included in rural tourism, it may also be called as Agrotourism., f), Geotourism: Tourism to geologically important and, extravagant places is geotourism. It includes visits to places of, visible landforms and geologically active locations like crater lakes,, fossil parks, active plate boundary locations, etc. The Siwalik Fossil, Park in Himachal Pradesh and the Lonar Crater Lake in, Maharashtra are good examples., g), Dark Tourism: Visits to places that involve danger to life at, present or have a history brutality are a part of dark tourism. Places, that are abandoned or have been struck by a massive disaster in, the past are also visited in this of tourism. The Jallianwala Baugh, Massacre site and the site of Chernobyl disaster are most suited, examples.

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53, h), Historical Tourism: Historical tourism involves travel to, places of historical importance. Visits to forts, palaces, important, locations in history, caves, etc. is included in this. In India, the Red, Fort in Delhi, the Taj Mahal in Agra and the Victoria Memorial in, Kolkata are some of the famous examples., i), Disaster Tourism: It is visiting the site of disaster to study, or observe the effects of a disaster either occurred recently or in the, past. The effects of the disaster in this case may not be as, detrimental as in the case of dark tourism. Also, disaster tourism is, often observed at the sites of natural disasters. Tourists may, include people ranging from politicians who visit to express, sympathy and offer help to local people who visit for research and, observation purposes., j), Slum Tourism: When people from affluent backgrounds, visit slum areas to experience their poor conditions, conduct, research related activities and extend social service activities, it is, termed as slum tourism. It is observed in the developing countries, of the third world like India, Brazil and many African countries. In, India, the Dharavi slum in Mumbai is famous for its increasing slum, tourism due to its popularity as being the largest slum in Asia., k), Business Tourism: Travel to other places for business, purposes is called as business tourism. Economically proliferating, places like country and state capitals, other business centres,, industrial development zones, etc. are famous business tourism, destinations. In India, all the four metropolitan cities of Delhi,, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai along with Bangalore, Pune,, Nagpur, etc. are famous business tourism centres., l), Coastal Tourism: Many coastal areas are experiencing, particular pressure from growth in lifestyles and grooming number, of tourists. Coastal environment is limited extent consisting of only, a narrow strip along the edge of the ocean. Coastal areas are, becoming popular as health resorts, beach resorts and water, resorts facilities e.g.: - Wind – surfing, Scuba diving etc. The 7500sq. km coastline of India offers several beaches and related, attractions., m), Yoga Tourism: India’s Greater contribution is its ancient, system of yoga and aerobics. Several short term courses or crash, courses are also offered to the tourists who come for a short visit., For the last ten years, international yoga week is being organised at, Rishikesh. (21st June International Yoga Day)

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54, , 3.7, TOURISM, CHALLENGES, , POTENTIAL, , IN, , INDIA, , AND, , Although India has progressed a lot since 1950s with respect, to tourism, she is still way behind the developed or even the, developing countries. India’s share in the tourist arrival has been, growing at a snail’s pace from 0.23 per cent in 1975 to 0.28 per, cent in 1980 and 0.42 per cent in 2004. This small percentage, comes under sharp focus when we see that in 2004, India received, only 2.9 million foreign tourists. Compared with this, the foreign, tourist arrivals were 6.5 million in Singapore, 9.6 million in Thailand,, 10.0 million in Malaysia, 13.1 million in Hong Kong and 31.2 million, in China. West is doing better getting 29 per cent of the tourist, inflow. South, despite its beaches, temples, hills, etc. gets only 18, per cent of foreign and domestic tourists. Thus, there is great, potential for development of tourism, particularly in east and south,, which require proper tapping with immediate effect. Foreign tourists, often fail to get suitable accommodation in hotels and go back as a, dissatisfied lot. At the beginning of the millennium, India’s shortage, was estimated at 30,000 rooms. Today, the requirement is much, larger, considering rapid increase in the inflow of foreign tourists, after 2002. There is lack of appreciation of the holistic approach to, tourism development which takes into account the linkages, between environment and pressure of tourists. The result is that,, almost all the popular tourist centres are groaning under the, pressure of annual visitors and quite often facing difficult situation., , , Natural Potentials:, India has a large variety of natural phenomena and, resources of tourism. With its diverse geographical features ranging, from high mountains to low lying plains and waterbodies, India has, a lot to offer. It has the potential to satisfy all the tourism purposes, demanded by different types of tourists., The natural potentials of tourism in India can be studied by, dividing them into three viz. high mountainous regions, plains and, waterbodies., a), High Mountainous Regions: India has many mountain, ranges which are present in all its directions. The Himalayan, Mountains in the North and East, Eastern Ghats on the Eastern, coast, Western Ghats on the western coast, the Aravallis in the, West and Vindhya and Satpuda ranges in the Central part., Mountains have a cooler climate and wilderness that attract, tourists. Due to altitude and topography, mountains serve as, hotspots for adventurous activities like trekking and other sports., Hence, many hill stations and adventure spots have developed in, the mountainous regions of the country. For example: Mount Abu in

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55, the Aravallis Ranges of Rajasthan, Shimla in Himalayan Ranges in, Himachal Pradesh, Darjeeling in Assam and Coorg in Karnataka, are some of the famous hill station in India., , Fig. 3.7 Sports Tourism, b), Plains: Plains include natural features like rivers, forests and, sites of unique natural beauty like deserts. India is a country of rich, natural phenomena. There are many major and minor rivers which, are attractive from tourism point of view. Most of them also offer, sites for water sports and research. The landforms created by rivers, is a major attraction. The dams established on these rivers are also, attractive to the tourists. Forest resources like the diversity in, species of flora and fauna attract the tourists. Photographers,, wildlife researchers and students visit forests quite often. In India,, the holy rivers of Ganga and Yamuna in the North receive, maximum tourists, river Godavari, Krishna and Bhima are also, famous for tourism. The forests of Chhattisgarh and Western Ghats, are frequently visited by tourists. The Thar Desert in Rajasthan and, Rann of Kutchtch in Gujarat are all time favourite tourist attractions., , Fig. 3.8 Relief divisions, c), Water Bodies: Water bodies include oceans, seas, rivers, and associated features like waterfall and plunge pool and natural, lakes and ponds. Water bodies carve the landscape to form special, landforms and thus, attract tourist from interdisciplinary fields. The

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56, coastal tourism and island tourism are a result of the actions of the, ocean and resultant attractions. Waterfalls are a major attraction, worldwide. Even a small waterfall can attract tourists and fulfill their, purpose of tourism. On the other hand, glaciers which is frozen, water also attract people, however, not all can reach the site due to, problems associated with altitude and health. The Dhuandhar falls, in Madhya Pradesh, the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand and all the, beaches and landforms created by the Arabian Sea and Bay of, Bengal are good examples., , , Man-Made Tourism Potentials:, Along with natural resources of tourism, India has developed, a large number of man-made tourist sites also. Man-made tourist, sites may include all those establishments that are created by man, with a view to boost tourism or have become famous tourism, destinations over time. This is due to the unique characteristics or, distinctive history., The man-made tourism potentials in India can be studied by, dividing them into the following three broad categories:, a), Religious/Cultural sites: The pilgrimage sites and sites of, cultural showcase or exchange are all considered a part of manmade tourism attractions. This is because though cultures and, religions are influenced by natural environment, they are ultimately, created or established by mankind. Since India is a country of, almost all religions residing within its boundaries with respective, cultures, it is obvious to have a variety of religious places here., There are innumerous religious places spread across the country., The Vaishnodevi Temple in Jammu and Kashmir, Jagannathpuri on, Odhisa and the twelve Jyotirlinga Temples across India are some, of the examples of Hindu religious places. The Golden temple in, Amritsar, Punjab; the Jama Masjid in Delhi, the Churches in Goa, are some famous examples of religious places belonging to other, religions in India. Similarly, many cultural programmes are, organized to attract tourists from all over the world. These shows, showcase India’s varied cultural regimes that are not very known to, the people. For example: The Jaisalmer Desert Festival in, Rajasthan, Khajuraho Dance Festival at Madhya Pradesh and, Rann Utsav in Gujarat which are held every year to boost tourism., b), Historical sites: Historical sites include monuments and, places of historical importance. History has been created by, mankind, hence, all structures, places and historically important, objects are also considered to be the product of mankind’s, interaction with time. In India, there are several such monuments,, places and objects that depict its mythological and post, mythological history. These places satisfy the curiosity and, explorative attitude of researchers, historians and other interested

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57, people. The Qutub Minar in Delhi, The Victoria Palace in Kolkata,, The Stupa of Ranchi at Ranchi, Ram Bhoomi in Uttar Pradesh, forts, of Great Shivaji, all the caves like Ajanta and Ellora Caves in, Maharashtra and the site of Jallianwala Baug massacre in Punjab, are good examples of historical sites of tourism in India. One of the, seven wonders of the World- The Taj Mahal, c), Amusement/Entertainment sites: Man has always been a, curious animal and keeps finding out newer ways of satisfying and, entertaining himself. An outcome of this is the amusement parks, and other sites of entertainment. In india there are several, amusement parks like AdlabsImagica and Essel world in, Maharashtra, Akshardham in Delhi, Wonderla parks at Bangalore,, Kochi and Hyderabad and many more. Other sites of entertainment, may include examples like Ramoji Fim studio in Hyderabad, Film, city in Mumbai and Kingdom of Dreams in Gurgaon., Overall, it can be said that India is a rich country with all tourism, potentials present here., , Challenges Faced by India:, The challenges that are faced by the tourism industry in India are, as follows:, a), Over population and pressure on resources: India is the, second most populous country in the world. The pressure on, resources is therefore huge. The resources that India has, are, already insufficient to meet the basic needs of the population. Thus,, shelling out extra resources for an additional demand laid by the, tourism industry is a difficult task for India., b), Lack of Infrastructure: Due to insufficient capital and, shortage of resources the tourism infrastructure is inadequate in, India. Tourism infrastructure includes transportation facilities,, accommodation facilities, availability of hygienic and multi cuisine, food and beverages and a huge manpower to extend hospitality to, the tourists. Lack of planning and expertise required by quality, development is the main cause of inadequate tourism infrastructure, in the country., c), Political Instability: India is a politically very active nation. It, has many political parties, so the incidences of fights and riots are a, common feature here. When such incidences take place in the, country, tourists believe that it is unsafe to travel here and the trend, of tourism is badly affected., d), Unforeseen Events: Natural or man-made disasters are, considered as unforeseen events. Recently, many disasters have, occurred in India either due to man-made causes or natural causes.

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58, Once a disaster occurs, it takes a long time for the country to, recover from the situations and bring everything back to normal., The difficult situations of the disaster affected places do not allow, tourist to visit them and tourism is affected., , Fig. 3.9 Challenges faced by India, e), Government Policies: The role of Government is crucial in, the development of any industry. If the policies laid down by the, Government are strict, applicable and supportive the concerned, industry can develop very well, but, in India, the policies laid for the, development of tourism industry are not so strict and supportive, giving a setback to industry., f), Lack of skilled manpower: Tourism is a highly labour, intensive industry requiring skilled labour on a large scale. Due to, lack of awareness about the scope of industry and lack of training, institutes, only a few people are able to get the training required to, suit the tourism industry. Hence, the industry is dependent on a, limited man power and is having a tough time expanding it further., , 3.8 NATIONAL TOURISM POLICY, In 1982, the Indian Government presented its first tourism, policy. It took the government until 2002 to present an updated, policy document., In the early days of independent India, quite rationally, the, Government didn't pay much attention to tourism. The first public, milestone in the history of tourism was the creation of the Indian, Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC), in 1966. This federal, organization was meant to develop tourist infrastructure and, services. On a state level, similar Corporations were established,, although unwillingly and after considerable delay. Their budgets, were small and the scales of their operations were limited., Moreover, the tourist services they offered were generally, considered substandard and indifferent.

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59, , , The first Tourism Policy (1982), The first significant policy initiatives were taken in the early, 1980s. With the prospect of hosting the Asian Games of 1982, the, Indian Government had to start thinking about accommodating,, transporting and entertaining the large number of visitors attracted, by the event. This awakened a serious public interest in tourism,, which was enhanced by the fact that tourism was India's largest, earner of foreign currency. The objectives of this policy is to, develop tourism industry in such a way that it:, 1. Becomes a unifying force nationally and internationally fostering, better understanding;, 2. Helps preserving Indian heritage and culture and projecting the, same to the world., 3. Brings socio-economic benefits in terms of employment, income, generation, revenue generation, foreign exchange etc., 4. Gives direction and opportunity to the youth of the country to, understand the aspirations and view point of others and helps in, greater national integration;, 5. Offers opportunities to the youth of country, not only for, employment but also for taking up activities for nation- building, and character building like sports, adventure, etc., The national tourism policy, 1982 gave a boost to tourism, and suggested improvements on various aspects like infrastructure, to support increasing tourist arrivals in India, promotion of tourism, so that India’s tourism destinations become popular worldwide and, focus on the various types of tourism potential in the country., , , The New Tourism Policy (2002), In the Chief Minister’s Conference held on October 30, 2001,, the then Prime Minister of India, Shri. Atal Bihari Vajpayee had, highlighted the importance of tourism for the growth and, development of the country. Following this, a new tourism policy, was formulated in 2002. The Government announced the policy, with an aim to project India as a worldwide brand so as to ensure, benefits from escalating travel and trade globally and the infinite, potential in India that has not been tapped as a tourist destination., The objectives of the National Tourism Policy, 2002 are as follows:, 1. Placing tourism as a main economic growth engine;, 2. Harnessing multiplier effects of tourism besides direct effects for, generating employment, development of economy providing, momentum to rural tourism;, 3. As a main tourism growth driver, more focus is being laid on, domestic tourism.

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60, 4. Placing India as a worldwide brand so as to benefit from, escalating travel and trade globally and the infinite potential in, India that has not been tapped as a tourist destination;, 5. Private sector’s critical role is acknowledged with administration, working as a catalyst and pro-active facilitator;, 6. Developing and creating integrated circuits of tourism on the, basis on heritage, culture and unique civilization in India in, partnership with private sector, states and other agencies; and, 7. Ensure that tourists coming to India get mentally rejuvenated,, physically invigorated, spiritually elevated, culturally enriched, and “feel India from within”., The policy takes into consideration seven keys that will, provide the thrust to tourism development. These are :, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Swagat (welcome), Soochna (information), Suvidha (facilitation), Suraksha(safety), Sahyog(cooperation), Samrachana (infrastructure development), Safai(cleanliness), , Fig. 3.10 New Tourism Policy, The policy suggests the following:, a), Improving and Expanding Product Development: The, policy has made suggestions for the development of tourism, destinations in India by giving region specific applicable ideas. For, example: Develop sustainable beach and coastal tourism resort, products based on a more flexible approach to developments in the, coastal zone. These sites should be primarily in the regions of Goa,, Kerala, Karnataka. The unique fairs and festivals of India like the, KumbhMela should be promoted as unique tourism product of India, as “Festivals of India”

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61, b), Creation of World- Class Infrastructure: The infrastructure, ranges from ports of entry, to modes of transport to destinations, to, urban infrastructure supporting tourism facilities such as access, roads, power electricity, water supply, sewage etc. New Tourism, Policy suggests to improve the same so that tourism can be, supported well., c), Strategies for Effective Marketing: To effectively compete, in tourism markets India will have to shift its current traditional, marketing approach to one that is more aggressive and, competitive., d), Creating an India Tourism Brand Position: In the, international market India requires a positioning statement that, captures the essence of its tourism product to convey an image of, the product to a potential consumer and which will become brand, India. For e.g.: “Amazing Thailand”, “Malaysia, truly Asia.”. Thus,, India came up with its campaign called ‘Incredible India’, Incredible India Campaign, In 2002, India's Ministry of Tourism launched a campaign to, promote India as a popular tourist destination. The phrase, "Incredible India" was adopted as a slogan by the ministry. The, campaign projected India as an attractive tourist destination by, showcasing different aspects of Indian culture and history like yoga,, spirituality, etc. The campaign was conducted globally and received, appreciation from tourism industry observers and travellers alike., Iconic Indian actor Amitabh Bachchan and former Miss, World Priyanka Chopra have replaced Aamir Khan as the brand, ambassador of Incredible India., , 3.9 IMPACTS OF TOURISM, Like ever industry tourism too has its positive and negative, impacts on all the dimensions of our soundings. These impacts can, be observed at both places-place of remuneration and place of, destination., We shall study the positive and negative impacts of tourism, on the following aspects: , Economy, , Culture, , Environment, On one hand, tourism wields tremendous economic positive, outcomes: it is one of the world’s most significant sources of, economic outcomes and employment. However, tourism is a very, complex industry involving numerous stakeholders (sometimes with

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62, opposite interests) and requiring significant amount of resources., As such, tourism can have very opposite effects according to the, way activities are managed. Managed well, tourism can play a, positive role in the socio, cultural, economic, environmental and, political development of the destination and as such represents a, significant development opportunity for many countries and, communities. On the contrary, unchecked tourism development can, lead to very damageable impacts., , , Impacts of Tourism on Economy:, Tourism has a high potential to impact the economy in, several ways. Following are the positive and negative impacts of, tourism on economy:, , , , Positive Impacts:, , a), Increased domestic income and foreign currency, earnings: the travel and tourism sector generates income and, wealth for private individuals, companies and national, Governments. At international level, the money that tourists spend, in a country can make a considerable contribution to the economic, output of the country. Many developing countries are therefore, turning to tourism as a way of increasing their foreign currency, earnings which they use to improve the status of health, education, and social facilities., b), Economic multiplier effect: At local level, revenue, generated by tourism development leads to multiplier effect. The, money that is spent by visitors in the destination area is recirculated in the local economy and is actually worth more to the, area than its face value. This is because the owners of travel, business are likely to spend their money locally which is actually, earned from tourists outside that area., , Fig. 3.11 Positive impacts of Tourism, c), Increased employment: Tourism’s ability to create jobs is, one of the main reasons of encouraging its development. It is a, highly labour intensive industry which has the potential to create, direct and indirect employment opportunities on a very large scale.

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63, Direct employment is offered in hotels, travel agencies and as tour, guides whereas indirect employment is offered in the associated, sectors like construction, banking and transport companies., d), Improved infrastructure: there exists a directly relationship, between tourism and infrastructure. Tourism development, contributes to infrastructure improvements in destination areas, ranging from basic supplies like water and electricity to luxuries, facilities like airport and telecommunications., , , , Negative Impacts:, a), Leakage: A leakage occurs in tourism when money is lost, from a destination area. This could be because the hotels are, owned by companies that operate in other countries and the profits, are taken away from the local area. Further, local suppliers are, often over-looked and larger travel and tourism companies buy their, goods and services centrally in order to get best prices., Responsible tourism can help reduce the leakage., b), Decline in traditional employment: Tourism development, can lead to the loss of traditional jobs when workers move from, industries such as farming, forestry, mining and fishing into service, jobs in tourism. This is a major problem faced by the developing, countries where people engaged in the primary activities are getting, attracted to service sector jobs for economic gains., , Fig.3.12 Negative impacts of Tourism, c), Seasonal unemployment: Seasonal unemployment can be, a problem in tourist destinations that are not active all year round,, putting extra strain on local and national government resources., However, measures to extent the tourist season not only will create, extra revenue for business but will also increase employment., d), Increased living costs: An influx of visitors to a holiday can, push up the price of goods and services particularly when demand, is high in peak season. This affects local people which may be to, pay higher prices for food, drinks, entertainment, transportation,

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64, etc... Extra charges may be levied on the local community to, finance facilities and services for visitors. This, makes it difficult for, the local community to survive. Regulations of prices in such areas, can prove to be beneficial., , , Impacts of Tourism on Culture:, , , , Positive Impacts:, , a), Better leisure facilities: Demand for tourism and related, activities in a destination leads to the development of leisure and, recreational facilities which were not present earlier. This gives an, advantage to the local community as even they can enjoy the, facilities to the fullest., b), Frequent social events: To boost tourism, the frequency, and variety of social events increases in the destination. This not, only attracts tourists from other areas but also helps the local, culture to grow., c), Conservation of local heritage: Besides natural beauty,, cultural features like monuments and cultural landmarks also attract, tourists. Hence, local and state Government take extra efforts to, conserve the heritage structures so that they remain as attractive, as always., , Fig. 3.13 Positive impact of tourism on culture, d), Improved lifestyle: With additional leisure and economic, opportunities, the lifestyle of local people improves. An increase in, the income leads to an increased educational and health status., This also improves the standard of living style of living., e), Restricts brain drain: Brain drain is a result of lack of, employment and educational opportunities in the place of, residence. Tourism brings in development leading to infrastructural, development making education and employment available. People

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65, therefore do not need to travel to other countries, restricting brain, drain., , , , Negative Impacts:, a), Overcrowding: Sometimes, in certain destinations, the, number of people visiting exceeds the capacity it can hold. This not, only puts pressure on resources but may also irritate the local, community as their day to day activities may get restricted and life, may not remain a simple as it was., b), Poor sanitation: Due to insufficient infrastructural facilities, and overcrowding, the sanitation facilities are poorly managed. This, is evident especially in the case of religious tourism destinations as, people from different socio-economic-educational backgrounds, gather there and sanitation is poorly managed., , Fig. 3.14 Negative impact of tourism on culture, c), Intrusion of outsiders: People visiting a destination belong, to different societies. They are outsiders for the destination., Sometimes, they settle there or start interfering in the local activities, which may not be accepted by the local people., d), Demonstration effect: The local community observes the, various cultural and social values demonstrated by the visitors. The, visitors often try to portray their affluent side and this influences the, local people the youth in particular. Demonstration effect may lead, to positive and negative changes. Positive changes may include the, urge to get educated and negative changes may include the urge to, get richer through unfair means, establish liquor shops and, imitation of other cultures., e), Increased crime and anti-social activities: Demonstration, effect may lead to crimes and anti-social activities. The, comparatively poor local community may indulge in robbery, theft, and murders of visitors to acquire their valuables or engage in, crimes against women.

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66, f), Loss of native culture: There is assimilation of the local, culture with several other cultures when visitors visit the, destination. This may lead to the loss of native culture and, associated values., , Impacts of Tourism on Environment:, The impacts of tourism on environment are only negative which are, as follows:, a), Depletion of natural resources: Tourism leads to, overcrowding and higher demand for natural resources like water,, food and land. As more and more is supplied, the stocks start, depleting and natural resources begin to become scarce., b), Pollution: Destinations which were earlier clean and green,, undergo pollution of all types. Increased use of technology and, luxurious products, leads to air, water, land and noise pollution., , Fig. 3.15 Impact of Tourism on Environment, c), Loss of biodiversity: Tourism areas develop tourism, activities for which they need land. Deforestation is carried on a, large scale causing loss of floral biodiversity. Faunal biodiversity is, lost due to intrusion of people in their habitat and due to loss of, their habitat in the form of individual trees and forests., d), Depletion of ozone layer: Increased quantities of, greenhouse gases from air conditioners, refrigerators and less use, of conventional sources of energy cause depletion of the ozone, layer. In coastal tourism destinations, depletion of mangroves is, causing depletion of ozone layer., e), Climate change: Depletion of natural resources, loss of bio, diversity and ozone depletion is leading to climate change. This not, only is affecting the local community and their indigenous activities,, but, tourism is also getting affected due to unreliable climate, patterns.

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67, , 3.10 ECOTOURISM IN INDIA, Ecotourism is entirely a new approach in tourism. It involves, travel to natural areas to appreciate the cultural and natural history, of the environment in such a way that care is taken not to disturb, the integrity of the ecosystem, while creating economic, opportunities that make conservation and protection of natural, resources advantageous to the local people. In other words,, ecotourism is an integrated programme that is “Nature based,, ecologically sustainable, where education and interpretation is a, major constituent and where local people are benefited.", Simply put, it is tourism with an ecological conscience. It, involves visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively untouched natural, areas, with the intention to support conservation efforts. One, observes the flora and fauna in their natural environment and cause, as little impact as possible. It is often done on a small scale and is a, great alternative to the mainstream commercial tourism. Ecotourism, is critical. We have far left behind the years when this was simply, ‘important’- today it is critical. Today each one of us must contribute, towards nature. Nature has all the resources to satisfy man’s need., Although humans have become increasingly greedy (our ‘needs’, remain the same, our ‘wants’ spiral out of control), we need, we, want but no one gives back. No one replenishes what they take., , 3.11 HISTORY OF ECOTOURISM IN INDIA, Since ages, nature worship and the conservation ethics have, been an inseparable part of Indian thought and traditions. The, Indian tradition has always taught that, humankind is a part of, nature and one should look upon all creation with love and respect., India, the land of varied geographical features, offers several, tourist destinations that not just de-stress but also rejuvenates the, tourists. India offers several ways to enjoy Mother Nature in most, pristine way. The few places like the Himalayan Region, Kerala, the, northeast India, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep, Islands are some of the places where one can enjoy the treasured, wealth of the Mother Nature. Thenmala in Kerala is the first planned, ecotourism destination in India created to cater to the Eco-tourists, and nature lovers., The Indian topography offers an abundant source of flora &, fauna. India has numerous rare and endangered species in its, surroundings. The declaration of several wildlife areas and wildlife, hunt by several kings in the past. Today, India has many wildlife, sanctuaries and protection laws. Currently, there are about 80, national parks and 441 sanctuaries in India, which work for the

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68, protection, , and, , conservation, , of, , wildlife, , resource, , in, , India., , The major national parks in India for ecotourism are:, i., Corbett National Park in Uttar Pradesh, ii., Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradesh, iii., Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh, iv., Gir National Park and Sanctuary in Gujarat, v., Ranthambore National Park in Rajasthan., , Fig. 3.16 Balance of Trade & Tourism, There are numerous Botanical and Zoological Gardens in, India, which are working towards the enhancement of the, Ecosystem. Poaching has stopped to large extent. There are, severe punishments for poachers, hunters and illegal traders of, animals and trees. Tree plantation drives are taking place in several, places. There are several animal & plant rights organisations, who, fight for the rights of the animals and plants. Numerous, organisations and NGOs are coming forward to provide, environmental education to the common people at the grass root, level., , 3.12 IMPORTANCE OF ECOTOURISM IN INDIA, In India, the emergence of alternative tourism promotes, natural and cultural events and others. Few promising alternative, tourism paths include green tourism, ecotourism, eco cultural, tourism, heritage tourism etc. Ecotourism developed in India in, 1970s and 1980s. Ecotourism was globally identified as a means of, achieving twin goals of bio diversity conservation and sustainable, development. Both short-term goals and long-term goals can be, achieved without sacrificing one’s own interests. Sustainable

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69, tourism and nature tourism are umbrella concepts that include, ecotourism. The return on investment in tourism from the point of, view of employment generation is much higher compared to, agriculture and manufacturing sector., The most significant feature of the ecotourism industry in, India is its capacity to generate large scale employment, opportunities, particularly in remote and underdeveloped area. It, offers enormous potential for utilising natural resources like, landscapes, mountains, bio-diversity areas, rivers etc. for the, benefit of people. Ecotourism is not only a travel statement; it gives, the message of our relationship with nature and its own inhabitants., India became a very common name for ecotourism, because of its, natural resources and beauty. Ecotourism focuses on Indian local, cultures, wilderness, adventures, and environmental protection. In, India, the movement is gathering momentum with more travel and, travel related organisations for addressing the needs of the eco, tourists and promoting ecotourism in the country., , 3.13 EFFECTS OF ECO TOURISM IN INDIA, Increase foreign exchange: - Ecotourism is one of the important, industries that earn foreign exchange for a country without actually, exporting any material goods. The income from ecotourism has, tended to increase at a higher rate than merchandise export in a, number of countries. Hence Tourism is considered as the invisible, form of export., To help in the development of infrastructure facilities: Development and improvement of infrastructure facilities are, another important benefit offered by the ecotourism industry. A, variety of secondary industries may be promoted which may not, serve the needs of ecotourism. Thus, indirectly; tourist expenditure, may be responsible for stimulating other economic activities of a, country., 1), To help in balanced regional development: - Tourism, development greatly benefits underdeveloped regions of a country., These economically backward regions mostly have places of high, scenic beauty which if developed for the tourism industry, will help, to bring a lot of prosperity to the local people., 2), To help in generating employment: - Tourism industry is, highly labour intensive service industry that generates employment, for highly skilled, semiskilled and unskilled labour in sectors like, hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, tourism offices, shops etc., 3), To help in maintaining peace and understanding: Tourism plays an important role in promoting international goodwill.

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70, It creates awareness and appreciation of other countries culture, and nature., A fundamental requirement for ecotourism to be practiced is, control on access to an area. Various hill stations or beaches, therefore do not get categorised as ecotourism destinations, because it is impossible to control access to them. National parks, and wildlife sanctuaries are on the other hand most amenable to, regulate access and thus most suitable as eco-tourist destinations., The Protected Area Network in the country therefore becomes the, most logical starting point for development of ecotourism. Most eco, tourists are from Europe, North America and Japan., , 3.14 MAJOR ECO-TOURISM DESTINATIONS IN INDIA, 1., , Eco-Tourism in Kerala-A Paradise for Tourist, Kerala, which is known as ‘God’s Own Country’ is situated in, the lap of southwestern coast of India. Eco-visitors found Kerala as, a green heaven. Sandy beaches, tropical dense forests etc., enhance the natural attraction to the nature lovers. Here we can, witness several animal species and thousands of plant species., The Nilgiri mountain range will definitely draw tourist’s attention., There are many wildlife sanctuaries in Kerala. In Kerala, tourism, activities are mainly based on nature and its facilities. The first, planned ecotourism destination in Asia was the Thenmala, Ecotourism Project in Kerala.Idukki is one of the districts in Kerala,, which has abundance of wide scale tourist attractions. There is, wide scope for ecotourism in Idukki., 2., , Sundarban Eco-Tour- World’s Largest Natural Delta, In West Bengal, Sundarban is a place that introduces us the, real meaning of ecotourism. The world’s largest natural delta is a, name of Royal Bengal Tigers. Wildlife sanctuary, bird sanctuary,, crocodile projects are the main attractions for the eco-visitors. The, tidal rivers, water channels, large mangrove trees etc. will give us, the feeling of adventure with the essence of freshness. The, mangrove swamp in the south of West Bengal is the place where, the Royal Bengal Tigers rule. These majestic big cuts are, fascinatingly beautiful and extremely dangerous. Unfortunately, these animals are now on the verge of extinction. This marsh land, has become a sanctuary for these magnificent creatures in yellow, and black strips. Deer, antelopes, gaur and wild pigs also have, made this marsh land their home., 3., , Himalayas, The whole mountain range of North India will give the, tourists a perfect picture of an eco-tour. Several places like Kulu,, Manali, Ladak, Dharmashala, Dalhosietc are specially known for its, natural beauty to the nature lovers. The eco-visitors can witness the

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71, magical glow of sunrise and sunset from the different corner of, mountain range. Himalaya ranges are famous for trekking and, camping. In different colours, shapes and heights, valleys of, mountains impress the ecovisitors by their inherent qualities., , 3.15 PROMOTING ECO-TOURISM IN INDIA, The key players in the ecotourism business are Government,, local authorities, developers and operators, visitors and local, community. Each one of them has to be sensitive to the, environment and local traditions and follow a set of guidelines for, the successful development of ecotourism. In addition,, governmental organisations and scientific and research institutions, also have to play key role in development of ecotourism. Special, officers have been designated to coordinate activities regarding, ecotourism. The Forest and Tourism Departments of the states like, Karnataka, Kerala, Sikkim, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh have, specifically announced a policy for the development of ecotourism, laying special emphasis to the involvement of the local, communities. A management plan for each ecotourism area should, be prepared by professional landscape architects and urban, planners in consultation with the local community as well as others, directly concerned. Integrated planning should be adopted to avoid, inter-sectoral and cross-sectoral conflict. A first step should be to, prepare 20-year master plans for each state., The architectural programme for ecotourism centres should, include controlled access points, roads, self-guided nature trails,, transportation options, interpretation centers, signs and adequate, but unpretentious lodging and dining facilities, docks, garbage, disposal facilities and other utilities as needed. If required, suitable, living quarters and facilities for project personnel should be, provided., , 3.16 RECENT INITIATIVES IN ECO-TOURISM IN INDIA, , , A project of ecotourism for development of Horsely Hill in Chittor, district of Andhra Pradesh has been sanctioned., , , , The project of development of Satkosi in Orissa (Rs.4.25 crore), has been sanctioned in which interpretation centre; landscaping,, elephant camps, trekking park, watch towers and parking, facilities etc. are proposed to be developed., , , , Ministry of Tourism (MOT) has sanctioned a project for, development of ecotourism in Morni-Pinjore Hills and Sultanpur, National Park in Haryana for which Rs2.63 crore have been, sanctioned.

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72, , , The project of integrated development of tribal circuit with, special focus on ecotourism in Himachal Pradesh has been, approved for Rs.6.98 crore., , , , Development of Wayanad in Kerala for an amount of Rs.2.01, crore., , 3.17 NATIONAL, GUIDELINES, , ECO-TOURISM, , POLICY, , AND, , , , The National Ecotourism Policy and Guidelines of the Ministry of, Tourism after considering the national policy on tourism has, identified the following cardinal principles for the development of, ecotourism:-, , , , It should involve the local community and lead to the overall, economic development of the area, , , , It should identify the likely conflicts between resource use for, tourism and the livelihood of local inhabitants and attempt to, minimise such conflicts, , , , The type and scale of tourism development should be, compatible with the environment and socio-cultural, characteristics of the local community and, , , , It should be planned as a part of the overall area development, strategy, guided by an integrated land use plan while avoiding, inter sectorial conflicts and ensuring sectorial integration,, associated with commensurate expansion of public services., , 3.18 ENVIRONMENTAL, ISSUES, , AND, , SOCIO-ECONOMIC, , , Environmental Issues: - One of the most disturbing facts, about ecotourism is that it is mainly promoting the intrusion into, wilderness area, national parks, isolated tribal areas and even the, areas having no trace of any permanent settlement. Tourists opting, for such tourism often belong to the prosperous strata of society, and are capable and ready to pay for everything they wish, so, consumerism becomes focal theme here. Tour operators surrender, to ever increasing demands made by visitors and to facilitate and, entertain them, they build completely artificial landscape in the, area, which have mega-resorts, luxury hotels, and shopping, centers. Such changes cost almost the entire eco system, many of, flora and fauna species lose their natural habitat and in the long run, this may even lead to species extinction. Tourism competes with, other forms of development and human activity for natural, resources, especially land and water. The use of natural resources

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73, subsequently leads to the transformation of ecological habitats and, loss of flora and fauna. Land transformation for tourism, development can directly destroy ecological habitats. The use of, resources for tourism involves an ‘opportunity cost’ as they are, denied to other sectors of economic development., , Socio-Economic Issues: - Just because something is, marketed as ecotourism, it does not necessarily mean that the, long-term motto of providing socio-economic benefit with protection, of environment to the host areas will be achieved., , 3.19 ECO TOURISM SOCIETY OF INDIA, Ecotourism Society of India (ESOI) is a non-profit, organisation with the sole aim to promote and ensure, environmentally responsible and sustainable practices in the, tourism industry. The society was formed in 2008 by a group of, eminent professionals from the tourism industry, as well, as, environmentalists under the advice of the Ministry of Tourism., ESOI works closely with the central and state government bodies, responsible for sustainable tourism and a network of like-minded, regional / state players across the country to facilitate and support, synergy of policies, initiatives and activities at the national and state, level. The Ecotourism Society of India is dedicated to the promotion, of sustainable and responsible tourism practices within the tourism, industry. All funds/income generated are utilised towards achieving, the following objectives of the society:, , , Tabulate eco-sensitive areas where tourism will have an impact, on the social, cultural and natural environment., , , , Make strategies and efforts to ensure long-term (perpetual), sustenance of the environment., , , , Work with empowered bodies to establish carrying capacity and, sustainable tourism practices which include conservation of, nature and wildlife, and allow local communities to benefit from, tourism., , , , Tourists and visitors’ numbers and tourism practices must allow, nature to re-generate itself., , , , To work with government bodies to develop policies and codes, of conduct for promotion of sustainable tourism, and help, implement the same., , , , To work towards certification of tourism service providers.

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74, , 3.20 SUMMARY, A synoptic definition of tourism could be travel for leisure,, pleasure, recreation or business purposes. The nature of tourism is, dynamic. It has the ability to change and grow with the changing, environment. The scope of the tourist industry is vast. It includes all, sectors of the economy and may be governed by public sector and, private sector in coherence. Tourism industry has the potential to, benefit the economy on a large scale by providing foreign, exchange, exchange of goods and services and through cultural, exchange. Tourism can be broadly classified into Domestic, Tourism, Inbound Tourism and Outbound Tourism. All these forms, of tourism can be combined to form three more types of tourism viz., Internal Tourism, National Tourism and International Tourism. The, challenges that are faced by the tourism industry in India include, over population, lack of infrastructure and expertise and many, more. However, the national tourism policies of 1982 and 2002 are, trying to solve the problems. Ecotourism is entirely a new approach, in tourism. It involves travel to natural areas to appreciate the, cultural and natural history of the environment in such a way that, care is taken not to disturb the integrity of the ecosystem, while, creating economic opportunities that make conservation and, protection of natural resources advantageous to the local people. In, India, the emergence of alternative tourism promotes natural and, cultural events and others. Few promising alternative tourism paths, include green tourism, ecotourism, eco cultural tourism, heritage, tourism etc. Ecotourism developed in India in 1970s and 1980s., Ecotourism was globally identified as a means of achieving twin, goals of bio diversity conservation and sustainable development., Ecotourism Society of India (ESOI) is a non-profit organisation with, the sole aim to promote and ensure environmentally responsible, and sustainable practices in the tourism industry., , 3.21 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS/EXERCISE, 1., , True or False, , a. Pleasure isa feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment., b. Many foreign tourists belonging to the affluent and rich countries, of the world visit India every year to enjoy its rich culture, c. Internal Tourism which involves movement within a country and, is a combination of domestic tourism and inbound tourism, d. The scope of tourism is very limited, e. Tourism helps in building image of the country in the global, market and has a huge potential for employment.

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75, 2., , Fill in the Blanks, , a. __________(Safety) is one of the seven keys of National, Tourism Policy, 2002, b. The first significant policy initiatives were taken in the early, 1980s with the prospect of hosting the _________________., c., , In the Chief Minister’s Conference held on October 30, 2001,, the then Prime Minister of India, ____________________had, highlighted the importance of tourism for the growth and, development of the country, , d. Due to altitude and topography, ____________serve as, hotspots for adventurous activities like trekking and other sports, e. Along with natural resources of tourism, India has developed a, large number of _____________tourist sites also., 3., Match the columns, A, Type of tourism based on, purpose, , B, Examples, , a., , Religious, , 1., , Western Ghats, , b., , Medical, , 2., , Uttarakhand after Floods, , c., , Eco tourism, , 3., , Rishikesh, India, , d., , Disaster, , 4., , Lonar lake, Maharashtra, , e., , Slum, , 5., , Bhangarh, Rajasthan, , f., , Dark, , 6., , Dharavi Slum, Mumbai, , g., , Yoga, , 7., , Paris, , h., , Cultural, , 8., , Shri AmarnathYatra, , i., , Geotourism, , 9., , QutubMinar, , j., , Fashion, , 10., , Kerala, , 4., , Multiple choice questions:, , a., What out of the following is a positive impact of tourism on, the economy?, i., Leakage, ii., Decline in traditional employment, iii. Seasonal unemployment, iv. Increased employment

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76, b., What out of the following is a positive impact of tourism on, the culture?, i., Overcrowding, ii., Poor sanitation, iii., Frequent social events, iv., Intrusion of outsiders, c., What out of the following is a negative impact of tourism on, the economy?, i., Increased living costs, ii., Increased domestic income and foreign currency earnings, iii., Economic multiplier effect, iv., Improved infrastructure, d., What out of the following is a negative impact of tourism on, the culture?, i., Better leisure facilities, ii., Conservation of local heritage, iii., Restricts brain drain, iv., Poor sanitation, e., What out of the following is an impact of tourism on the, environment?, i., Frequent social events, ii., Increased living costs, iii., Better leisure facilities, iv., Depletion of ozone layer, , 3.22, ANSWERS, QUESTIONS, , TO, , 1., a., b., c., d., e., , True or False, True, False, True, False, True, , 2., a., b., c., d., e., , Fill in the Blanks, Suraksha, Asian Games of 1982, Shri. AtalBihari Vajpayee, Mountains, Man-made, , 3., a., b., c., d., , Match the columns, 8, 10, 1, 2, , THE, , SELF-LEARNING

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77, e., f., g., h., i., j., , 6, 5, 3, 9, 4, 7, , 4., a., b., c., d., e., , Multiple choice questions:, Increased employment, Frequent social events, Increased living costs, Poor sanitation, Depletion of ozone layer, , 3.23 TECHNICAL WORDS AND THEIR MEANINGS, , Tourism: Tourism comprises of all the activities related to a, person’s travelling to and staying in places outside his/her usual, environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure,, business and other purposes., , , , , , , , , , , , , Host community: The people of tourism destinations are, termed as host community, Leisure: Use of free time for enjoyment, Pleasure: A feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment, Recreation: Done for enjoyment when one is not working., Purposes of tourism: The aim for which tourism is undertaken, Resources: A stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and, other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization, in order to function effectively, Tourism potentials: Resources having potential to develop as, tourist destinations, Plains: Geographically, a plain is a flat landmass that generally, does not change much in elevation., National Park:An area of countryside, or occasionally sea or, fresh water, protected by the state for the enjoyment of the, general public or the preservation of wildlife., Ministry of Tourism: The Ministry of Tourism, a branch of the, Government of India, is the apex body for formulation and

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78, administration of the rules, regulations and laws relating to the, development and promotion of tourism in India., , , , , NGOs: A non-profit organization that operates independently of, any government, typically one whose purpose is to address a, social or political issue., Eco-sensitive areas: Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) or, Ecologically Fragile Areas (EFAs) are areas notified by the, Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, (MoEFCC), Government of India around Protected Areas,, National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries., , 3.24 TASK, Make a travel diary with pictures of your travels so far and, differentiate the types of tourism potentials in India you visited., , 3.25 REFERENCES, , , , , , , , , , , , Nature and Scope of Tourism, Sethi, Praveen, Tourism: A Community Approach, Murphy, Peter, Geography of Transport, Tourism and Management, Patel,, I et. al., Opportunities and Challenges for Tourism and Hospitality in the, BRIC Nations, Dhiman, Mohindereds., Tourism in India, Vijaya, K eds., Tourism in India and India's Economic Development, Roy, Kartik, Indian ecotourism, Singh, R., Ecotourism Development in India: Communities, Capital, and, Conservation, Bhatt, S., The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism, Weaver, D. ed., , 

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79, , Unit -4, ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS AND, MANAGEMENT, After going through this chapter, you will be able to understand the, following features:, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, , 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, , 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, , Objectives, Introduction, Subject discussion, Environmental movements in India, A. Save Narmada Movement / Narmada Bachao Andolan, (NBA), B. Chipko Movement, C. Appiko Movement, D. Save Western Ghats Movement, E. Silent Valley Movement, Concept of Environmental Management, A. Need and relevance for Environmental Management, Concept of ISO 14000 and 16000, Concepts of Carbon Credit and Carbon Bank, A. Carbon Bank, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), A. The EIA Process, B. Objectives of EIA, C. Methodology of EIA, Ecological Footprints, Environment Protection Act, 1986, Concept and components of Geospatial Technology, A. Components of Geo- Spatial Technology (GST), Application of GST in environmental management, Summary, Check your Progress/Exercise, Answers to the self-learning questions, Technical words and their meaning, Task, References for further study

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80, , 4.1 OBJECTIVES, By the end of this unit you will be able –, , , To understand the Environmental Movements in India, , , , To comprehend the need and relevance of Environmental, Management, , , , To explain the concept of ISO 14000 and 16000, Carbon Bank, and Carbon Credit, EIA and ecological footprint, , , , To understand the Environment Protection Act, , , , To know the concept and, Technology and applications, Management, , components of Geospatial, of GST in Environmental, , 4.2 INTRODUCTION, An environmental movement can be defined as a social or, political movement, for the conservation of environment or for the, improvement of the state of the environment. The terms ‘green, movement’ or ‘conservation movement’ is alternatively used to, denoted the same., The environmental movements favor the sustainable, management of natural resources. The movements often stress the, protection of the environment via changes in public policy. Many, movements are centered on ecology, health and human rights., , 4.3 SUBJECT DISCUSSION, This Unit concentrates on the Environmental Movements in, India. Some of the movements highlighted in this session are Save, Narmada Movement, Chipko Movement, Appiko Movement and, Save Western Ghats movement. The unit further throws light on, Environmental Management and it need and relevance in today’s, times., The unit further familiarizes the learner to concepts like ISO, 14000 and 16000, Carbon Bank and Carbon Credit, EIA and, ecological footprint. The student is also introduced to, Environmental Protection Act and the need to protect the, environment. Finally the unit concludes with an understanding of, the concept and components of Geospatial Technology and, applications of GST in Environmental Management.

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81, , 4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS IN INDIA, Environmental movements range from the highly organized, and formally institutionalized ones to the radically informal activities., Exploitation of resources by people in India has resulted in the, disruption of balance of nature. These disruptions have led to many, conflicts in the society. The major environmental movements in, India are as follows:, A. Save Narmada Movement / Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA), Narmada Bachao Andolan is a powerful mass movement,, started in 1985, against the construction of huge dam on the, Narmada River. Narmada is the India's largest west flowing river,, which supports a large variety of people with distinguished culture, and tradition ranging from the indigenous (tribal) people inhabited in, the jungles to the large number of rural population. The proposed, Sardar Sarovar Dam and Narmada Sagar will displace more than, 250,000 people., The movement first started as a protest for not providing, proper rehabilitation and resettlement for the people who have, been displaced by the construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam. Later, on, the movement turned its focus on the preservation of the, environment and the eco-systems of the valley. Activists also, demanded the height of the dam to be reduced to 88 m from the, proposed height of 130m., The environmental issue was taken into court. In October, 2000, the Supreme Court gave a judgment approving the, construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam with a condition that height, of the dam could be raised to 90 m. This height is much higher than, the 88 m which anti-dam activists demanded, but it is definitely, lower than the proposed height of 130 m. The project is now largely, financed by the state governments and market borrowings. The, project is expected to be fully com-pleted by 2025., Although not successful, as the dam could not be prevented,, the NBA has created an anti-big dam opinion in India and outside. It, questioned the paradigm of development. As a democratic, movement, it followed the Gandhian way.

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82, Save Narmada Movement at a Glance, Year: 1985, Place: Narmada River, which flows through the states of, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra., Leaders: Medha Patker, Baba Amte, adivasis, farmers,, environmentalists and human rights activists., Aim: A social movement against a number of large dams being, built across the Narmada River., B. Chipko Movement, In the 1970s, an organized resistance to the destruction of, forests spread throughout India and came to be known as the, Chipko movement. The name of the movement comes from the, word 'embrace', as the villagers hugged the trees, and prevented, the contractors' from felling them., In the 20th century, in the hills the forests are the main, source of livelihood, since agricultural activities cannot be carried, out easily. The first Chipko action took place in April 1973 in the, village of Mandal in upper Alakananda valley and over the next five, years spread to many districts of the Himalayas in Uttar Pradesh. It, was sparked off by the government's decision to allot a plot of, forest area in the Alaknanda valley to a sports goods company., This angered the villagers because their similar demand to use, wood for making agricultural tools had been earlier denied. With, encouragement from a local NGO (non-governmental organization),, DGSS (Dasoli Gram Swarajya Sangh), the women of the area,, under the leadership of an activist, Chandi Prasad Bhatt, went into, the forest and formed a circle around the trees preventing the men, from cutting them down., The success achieved by this protest led to similar protests, in other parts of the country. From their origins as a spontaneous, protest against logging abuses in Uttar Pradesh in the Himalayas,, supporters of the Chipko movement, mainly village women, have, successfully banned the felling of trees in a number of regions and, influenced natural resource policy in India. Dhoom Singh Negi,, Bachni Devi and many other village women, were the first to save, trees by hugging them. They coined the slogan: 'What do the, forests bear? Soil, water and pure air'. The success of the Chipko, movement in the hills saved thousands of trees from being felled., Some other persons have also been involved in this, movement and have given it proper direction. Mr Sunderlal

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83, Bahuguna, a Gandhian activist and philosopher, whose appeal to, Mrs Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, resulted in the, green-felling ban. Mr Bahuguna coined the Chipko slogan: 'ecology, is permanent economy'. Mr Chandi Prasad Bhatt, is another leader, of the Chipko movement. He encouraged the development of local, industries based on the conservation and sustainable use of forest, wealth for local benefit., The Chipko protests in Uttar Pradesh achieved a major, victory in 1980 with a 15-year ban on green felling in the Himalayan, forests of that state by the order of Mrs Indira Gandhi, the then, Prime Minister of India. Since then, the movement has spread to, many states in the country. In addition to the 15-year ban in Uttar, Pradesh, the movement has stopped felling in the Western Ghats, and the Vindhyas and has generated pressure for a natural, resource policy that is more sensitive to people's needs and, ecological requirements., Chipko Movement, Year: 1973, Place: In Chamoli district and later at Tehri-Garhwal district of, Uttarakhand., Leaders: Sundarlal Bahuguna, Gaura Devi, Sudesha Devi,, Bachni Devi, Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Govind Singh Rawat,, Dhoom Singh Negi, Shamsher Singh Bisht and Ghanasyam, Raturi., Aim: The main objective was to protect the trees on the, Himalayan slopes from the axes of contractors of the forest., C. Appiko Movement, Appiko movement is the southern version of the Chipko movement., The Appiko Movement was locally known as “Appiko Chaluvali”., The locals embraced the trees which were to be felled by, contractors of the forest department. The Appiko movement used, various techniques to raise awareness such as foot marches in the, interior forest, slide shows, folk dances, street plays etc. The, second area of the movement’s work was to promote afforestation, on denuded lands. The movement later focused on the rational use, of ecosphere through introducing alternative energy resources to, reduce pressure on the forest.

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84, Appiko Movement,, Year: 1983, Place: Uttara Kannada and Shimoga districts, State, , of Karnataka, , Leaders: Appiko’s greatest strengths lie in it being neither driven, by a personality nor having been formally institutionalised., However, it does have a facilitator in Pandurang Hegde. He, helped launch the movement in 1983., Aim: Against the felling and commercialization of natural forest, and the ruin of ancient livelihood., D. Save Western Ghats Movement, The Western Ghats in India cover six states and have an, incredible diversity of species as also some of the finest examples, of moist deciduous and tropical forests. Preventing the ecological, degradation due to construction and other activities is the main, concern of the environmentalists., Environmentalists in Bangalore, are reviving a plan to, conserve the vast hilly, forested region running parallel to the west, coast of peninsular India (Western Ghats), recognized as a global, biodiversity hotspot., The ‘Save Western Ghats’ movement of the 1980s involved, over 20 local and regional people’s movements who got together to, march the length of the sector between November 1987 and, February 1988, in an awareness-building protest against the, construction of dams and power stations that destroy one of the, world’s richest habitats., Movements under this banner influenced government policy, to stop the felling of trees in Karnataka and cancel plans for a dam, in the Silent Valley which was declared a patch of undisturbed, tropical forest and converted into a national park in 1984., The Indian government also set up the Western Ghats, Development Programme in 1981 to ensure policies maintained, ecological balance, preserved genetic diversity and created, awareness for eco-restoration for the damage already done. But, those successful environmental movements of the 1980s had, in, subsequent decades, died down., The Western Ghats cover 159,000 sq. km, traverse 1,600, km through six west coast states – Gujarat, Goa, Maharashtra,

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85, Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu – and house an incredible, diversity of species and some of the finest examples of moist, deciduous and tropical forests., The Ghats, also known as Sahyadri in Maharashtra,, 5,000 species of flowering plants, 139 mammal species, 508, species and 179 amphibian species. At least 325 of these, globally threatened species. It’s a complex network of 22 rivers, provides nearly 40% of India’s water-catchment systems., , has, bird, are, that, , Currently the best stretch of wilderness exists in the, Nagarahole-Bandipur--Mudumalai national park belt of Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu states and the adjoining Wynad region of North, Kerala, holding India’s largest protected population of 1,500, elephants., In Maharashtra, private urban townships, steel and power, plants are posing a fresh set of threats to this biodiversity. Mining,, diversion of rivers, wildlife tourism and monoculture plantations in, Goa have conservationists worried., Dams, power plants, mining and violent leftwing guerillas, threaten the ghats in Karnataka. Encroachments from agricultural, plantations, urbanisation and pollution threaten the forests in Tamil, Nadu and Kerala., Environmentalists have decided to have a summit involving, all the stakeholders in the Western Ghats to decide upon a course, of action., A., Silent Valley Movement, Silent Valley in Kerala has a rich 89 sq. km biological treasure, drove in the vast expanse of tropical virgin forests on the green, rolling hills. In 1980s, a 200 MW hydroelectric dam on the crystal, clear river Kunthi puzha under the Kundremukh project was to, come up. The proposed project was not ecologically viable, as it, would drown a chunk of the valuable rainforest of the valley and, threaten the life of a host of endangered species of both flora and, fauna. The Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad (KSSP) an NGO, started the campaign to save Silent Valley. This movement, turned out to be a public education programme in many respects., The movement in many ways saved the ecosystem of Silent Valley, area., , 4.5 CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, The ecological balance and ecosystem stability are duly, maintained by the nature itself but the emergence of modern, industrial era has disturbed the ecological balance through heavy

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86, industrialization, technological revolution, faster growth of means of, transportation, exploitation of resources, unplanned urbanization, etc., The modern day activities of people have disturbed the, harmonious relationships between the environment and human, beings. Environmental management is thus, the process to improve, the relationship between the human beings and environment which, may be achieved through check on destructive activities of man,, conservation, protection, regulation and regeneration of nature., A. Need and relevance for Environmental Management, The need and relevance of environmental management are, as follows:,  To recognize that there are more sustainable ways of living,  To use natural resources more efficiently,  To know the behavior of organism under natural conditions,  To know the interrelationship between organisms in populations, and communities;  To aware and educate people regarding environmental issues, and problems at local, national and international levels., Environmental management is vital to conform to, environmental safety and thereby ensure sustainable economic, development.It helps the planning and allows the management to, take long term measures for effective management as well as, environment conservation., , 4.6 CONCEPT OF ISO 14000 AND 16000, ISO 14000 is a series of environmental management, standards developed and published by the International, Organization for Standardization (ISO) for organizations. The ISO, 14000 standards provide a guideline or framework for organizations, that need to systematize and improve their environmental, management efforts. The ISO 14000 standards are not designed to, aid the enforcement of environmental laws and do not regulate the, environmental activities of organizations. Following these standards, is voluntary for organizations., The ISO 14001 standard is the most important standard, within the ISO 14000 series. ISO 14001 specifies the requirements, of an environmental management system (EMS) for small to large, organizations. An EMS is a systemic approach to handling, environmental issues within an organization.

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87, ISO 14000 is similar to ISO 9000 quality management in that, both pertain to the process of how a product is produced, rather, than to the product itself. As with ISO 9001, certification is, performed by third-party organizations rather than being awarded, by ISO directly., ISO 16000-25: It specifies a test method for determination of the, area specific emission rate of semi-volatile organic compounds, (SVOCs) from newly produced building products or furnishings, under defined climate conditions. The objectives of ISO 16000 are:, , , , , , To provide manufacturers, builders, and end users with, emission data useful for the evaluation of the impact of building, products on the indoor air quality;, To promote the development of improved products;, On-site investigation of building product surfaces., , The method can be used for most building products used, indoors., , 4.7 CONCEPT OF CARBON CREDIT AND CARBON, BANK, A carbon credit is a financial instrument that allows the holder,, usually an energy company, to emit one ton of carbon dioxide., Credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced their, greenhouse gases below their emission quota. Carbon credits can, be legally traded in the international market at their current market, price., The carbon credit system was a solution that came about, near the end of the 20th century, as people became more aware, that human industrial activity is potentially responsible for global, warming and environmental degradation. The premise of the, system is that a government or another body can regulate the total, tons of carbon dioxide emitted but is given some flexibility as to, how exactly the regulation is accomplished., Carbon credit systems place a cost on carbon emissions by, creating credits valued against one ton of hydrocarbon fuel. A, carbon credit, then, is essentially a permit that allows the receiver, to burn a specified amount of hydrocarbon fuel over a specified, period of time. Credits are granted to companies or other groups, that take action to measurably reduce carbon emissions., An Example of Carbon Credits :, An environmentalist group that works to reduce megatons of, greenhouse gases from the atmosphere plants enough trees to

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88, reduce emissions by one ton and is awarded a credit. If a steel, producer, has an emissions quota of 10 tons but is expected to, produce 11 tons, it can purchase the carbon credit from the, environmental group. The carbon credit system looks to reduce, emissions by ensuring that all countries keep their overall carbon, emissions in check., A. Carbon Bank :, Trading in carbons credits is regarded as an economically, efficient mechanismto facilitate the transition to a low-carbon, economy; price volatility can underminethe system’s ability to meet, its economic and environmental goals. Experience - such as that of, the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EUETS) - has, shown that emissions trading systems face a number of, challengesrelated to the perceived stability of the system,, particularly price volatility., To maintain confidence in the system and ensure, manageable compliance costs, price volatility in a cap-and-trade, system must be minimized and managed. Setting up Carbon Bank, by the government, can intervene in the carbon market to ensure, price stability, minimize manipulation and speculation, and provide, market oversight., , 4.8 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA), The term Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) were coined in USA, when, the preparation of these documents became compulsory in the, USA under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA),, The purpose of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is, to identify and evaluate the potential impacts (beneficial and, adverse) of development and projects on the environmental, system. It is a useful aid for decision making based on, understanding of the environment implications including social,, cultural and aesthetic concerns which could be integrated with the, analysis of the project costs and benefits. This exercise should be, undertaken early enough in the planning stage of projects for, selection of environmentally compatible sites, process technologies, and such other environmental safeguards., While all industrial projects may have some environmental, impacts all of them may not be significant enough to warrant, elaborate assessment procedures. The need for such exercises will, have to be decided after initial evaluation of the possible, implications of a particular project and its location. The projects, which could have an Environment Impact Assessment include the, following:-

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89, , , Those which can significantly alter the landscape, land use, pattern and lead to concentration of working and service, population;, , , , Those which need upstream development activity like assured, mineral and forest products supply or downstream industrial, process development;, , , , Those involving manufacture, handling and use of hazardous, materials;, , , , Those which are sited near ecologically sensitive areas, urban, centers, hill resorts, places of scientific and religious, importance., , , , Industrial Estates with constituent units of various types which, could cumulatively cause significant environmental damage., , In India, the Environment Impact Assessment, requirement for major projects started in the early 80s., , (EIA, , A. The EIA Process :, There are five stages in the EIA process:, Stage 1: Defining the present environment., Stage 2: Study of the different components of the project., Stage 3: Measurement of the quantum and character of the, pollutant discharged., Stage 4: Assessment of the impact of the pollutants discharged on, various aspects of the environment., Stage 5: Recommendation of some measures to reduce the impact, of pollutants., B. Objectives of EIA :, The objectives of EIA are to define the existing, environmental conditions of each area of the study. Generally the, area following within 10 to 15 Km radius of the project is studied in, detail and the area within 30 to 50 Km radius of the project is, studied only for major features., C. Methodology of EIA, The methodology used for EIA is as follows:, 1. Land Use: Land use maps are prepared., 2. Water uses: As study of the prevailing ground and surface water, used is done.

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90, 3. Geology: Preparation of the geological map of the area is done., 4. Soil: Important soils are identified., 5. Hydrology: Information about surface and ground water is, collected., 6. Water Quality: Information about the water quality of surface, and ground water is collected around the area of the project., , 4.9 ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT, All of the resources which people use for their daily needs, and activities come from somewhere, even if not from their, immediate surroundings. Food, electricity, and other basic, amenities for survival must be produced within the confines of, nature, using raw natural resources. Based on this relationship, between humanity and the biosphere, an ecological footprint is a, measurement of the land area required to sustain a population of, any size. Under prevailing technology, it measures the amount of, arable land and aquatic resources that must be used to, continuously sustain a population, based on its consumption levels, at a given point in time. To the fullest extent possible, this, measurement incorporates water and energy use, uses of land for, infrastructure and different forms of agriculture, forests, and all, other forms of energy and material "inputs" that people require in, their day-to-day lives. It also accounts for the land area required for, waste assimilation., Footprints can be measured at an individual level, or for, cities, regions, countries, or the entire planet. Through specialized, adjustments, EF analysis can also be used for specific activities, or, to measure the ecological requirements of producing specific goods, or services., Analysts examine the quantity and different types of natural, and manufactured materials and services used, and then use a, variety of calculations to convert this into a land area. Footprints, indicate how much "nature" is available for a defined population to, use, compared to how much it needs to maintain its current, activities. Obviously, the size of a footprint will vary depending on, the volume and different types of natural resources consumed by a, population, which will in turn depend on lifestyle choices, income, levels, and technology., , 4.10 ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT, 1986, Environment Protection Act, 1986 is an Act of the Parliament, of India. In the wake of the Bhopal Tragedy, the Government of, India enacted the Environment Protection Act of 1986 under Article

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91, 253 of the Constitution. Passed in March 1986, it came into force, on 19 November 1986.It has 26 sections. The purpose of the Act is, to implement the decisions of the United Nations Conference on the, Human Environments they relate to the protection and, improvement of the human environment and the prevention of, hazards to human beings, other living creatures, plants and, property. The Act is an “umbrella” legislation designed to provide a, framework for central government coordination of the activities of, various central and state authorities established under previous, laws, such as the Water Act and the Air Act., , 4.11 CONCEPT AND COMPONENTS OF GEOSPATIAL, TECHNOLOGY, Geospatial technology refers to a combination of equipment, used in visualization, measurement, and analysis of earth’s, features. It includes the broad range of services, technical and, manufacturing professions, and products within the fields of, geography, surveying and mapping, computer science, information, science and other specialized areas of application., A. Components of Geo- Spatial Technology (GST) :, GST comprises of three important components viz. Remote, sensing, GIS and GPS. Each of these components has a similar, base which is a product of geospatial technological processes., There are now a variety of types of geospatial technologies, potentially applicable to human rights, including the following:, •Remote Sensing : imagery and data collected from space- or, airborne camera and sensor platforms. Some commercial satellite, image providers now offer images showing details of one-meter or, smaller, making these images appropriate for monitoring, humanitarian needs and human rights abuses., •Geographic Information Systems (GIS): a suite of software tools, for mapping and analysing data which is georeferenced (assigned a, specific location on the surface of the Earth, otherwise known as, geospatial data). GIS can be used to detect geographic patterns in, other data, such as disease clusters resulting from toxins, suboptimal water access, etc., •Global Positioning System (GPS): a network of U.S. Department, of Defense satellites which can give precise coordinate locations to, civilian and military users with proper receiving equipment.

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92, , 4.12 APPLICATION OF GST IN ENVIRONMENTAL, MANAGEMENT, With the help of GST, the environmental phenomena can be, properly acquired and analysed so that degradation of environment, can be minimised and its management be maximized., Following are the specific, environmental management:, , applications, , of, , GST, , in, , a. Land use and land cover analysis: Changes in the land use, and land cover is the major concern in environmental management, as it is the first step in degrading the environment. With the help of, remote sensing, images of the earth may be acquired to represent, the levels of degradation so that it can be minimised in the, endangered areas., b. Groundwater analysis: Groundwater is essential to the living of, human beings, agriculture and natural vegetation. Due to, withdrawal of the same through wells and tube wells, it is declining, day by day. GST helps to capture the levels and control the same., c. Watershed management: With developing concrete jungles, the, size of the watershed is declining. GST helps to analyse the same., It helps to identify the deficit areas and gives an overview of the, prevalent conditions., d. NDVI: NDVI stands for Normalized Difference Vegetation Index., It is an indicator to determine the declining number and species of, vegetation in an area. It is a highly professional and reliable source, of information which can be done only by using GST., e. Disaster management: GST helps to track the upcoming, disasters and analyse the affected areas from one distant location, itself. This helps in giving early warnings and mitigation of the, affected areas., f. Biological conservation: With the analysis of routes of, migration of animals and natural hazards like forest fires and floods,, conservation plans for the natural areas like forests, marshy lands, and even oceans can be formulated., g. Pollution analysis: By mapping pollution data, one can, understand the major areas struck by pollution and vice versa. This, may help in regional planning and policy formulation to protect the, environment.

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93, , 4.13 SUMMARY, This Unit throws light on the various environmental, movements in India ranging from Save Narmada Movement to, Chipko Movement to Appiko Movement and Save Western Ghats, movement. Further the learner is familarised with the concept of, environmental management and its need and relevance., The learner was also made aware about new concepts in, environmental management like ISO 14000 and 16000, Carbon, Bank and Carbon Credit, EIA, ecological footprint and Environment, Protection Act. Finally the unit concluded with the understanding of, the concept and components of Geospatial Technology and the, applications of GST in environmental management., , 4.14 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS/EXERCISE, A. True or False, 1. Environmental movements range from the highly organized and, formally institutionalized ones to the radically informal activities., 2. Appiko movement is the northern version of the Chipko, movement., 3. Trading of carbon credits in the international market at their, current price is illegal., 4. Geospatial technology refers to a combination of equipment used, in visualization, measurement, and analysis of earth’s features., 5. The need of Environmental Management is to use natural, resources more efficiently., B. Fill in the Blanks, 1. Narmada Bachao Andolan is a powerful mass movement, started, in 1985, against the construction of huge _____________ on the, Narmada River., 2. ______________ management is the process to improve the, relationship between the human beings and environment which, may be achieved through check on destructive activities of man,, conservation, protection, regulation and regeneration of nature., 3. Based on this relationship between humanity and the biosphere,, an ecological ____________ is a measurement of the land area, required to sustain a population of any size.

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94, 4. The main objective of the Chipko Movement was to protect the, trees on the _____________ slopes from the axes of contractors of, the forest., 5. A carbon credit is a ______________ instrument that allows the, holder, usually an energy company, to emit one ton of carbon, dioxide., C. Multiple Choice Questions, 1. The name of the ____________ movement comes from the word, 'embrace', as the villagers hugged the trees, and prevented the, contractors' from felling them., a. Chipko, b. Appiko, c. Save Western Ghats, d. Save Narmada, 2. The ISO ____________ standards provide a guideline or, framework for organizations that need to systematize and improve, their environmental management efforts., a. 9000, b. 16000, c. 14000, d. 10000, 3. The purpose of _____________ is to identify and evaluate the, potential impacts (beneficial and adverse) of development and, projects on the environmental system., a. GIS, b. GST, c. Carbon Banks, d. EIA, 4. GST can be used for __________________ in environmental, management., a. Motivational analysis, b. Stress analysis, c. Groundwater analysis, d. EIA, 5. The Narmada Movement first started as a protest for not, providing proper ________________ and resettlement for the, people who have been displaced by the construction of Sardar, Sarovar Dam., a. Preservation, b. Rehabilitation, c. Water, d. Atmosphere

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95, , 4.15, ANSWERS, QUESTIONS, , TO, , THE, , SELF-LEARNING, , A. True or False, 1. True, 2. False, 3. False, 4. True, 5. True, B. Fill in the Blanks, 1. Dam, 2. Environmental, 3. Footprint, 4. Himalayan, 5. Financial, C. Multiple Choice Questions, 1. Chipko, 2. 14000, 3. EIA, 4. Groundwater analysis, 5. Rehabilitation, , 4.16 TECHNICAL WORDS AND THEIR MEANING, 1. Environmental management: It is the process to improve the, relationship between the human beings and environment which, may be achieved through check on destructive activities of man,, conservation, protection, regulation and regeneration of nature., 2. ISO 14000: It is a series of environmental management, standards developed and published by the International, Organization for Standardization (ISO) for organizations., 3. ISO 16000: It specifies a test method for determination of the, area specific emission rate of semi-volatile organic compounds, (SVOCs) from newly produced building products or furnishings, under defined climate conditions., 4. A carbon credit: It is a permit that allows the receiver to burn a, specified amount of hydrocarbon fuel over a specified period of, time., 5. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Its purpose is to, identify and evaluate the potential impacts (beneficial and adverse), of development and projects on the environmental system

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96, 6. Ecological Footprint: Based on this relationship between, humanity and the biosphere, an ecological footprint is a, measurement of the land area required to sustain a population of, any size., 7. Geospatial technology: It refers to a combination of equipment, used in visualization, measurement, and analysis of earth’s, features., , 4.17 TASK, Identify the process of obtaining ISO 14000 certification for, an educational institute. Explain the process through a diagram and, suggest the advantages of implementing the same to an, educational institute., , 4.18 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY, , , Environmental Studies, Bagad Anjali, , , , Sustainable Urban Environments: An Ecosystem Approach,, Beuren, Allan et. Al., , , , The Sage Handbook of Environment and Society, Ward, Hugh, eds., , , , Environment and Sustainable Development, Sundar, I., , 

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97, , Unit -5, MAP FILLING, KONKAN, Use different appropriate Colours for various symbols marked in the, Maps, ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS, , DISTRICTS, M.S. = Mumbai Surban District, M.C. = Mumbai City District

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109, Kalyan Railway Station (Map 5), Roha Railway Station (Map 5), National Highway from Panvel to Sawantwadi (Map 5), Konkan Railway (Map 5), National Highway No. 17 (Map 5), Major Port in Palghar District (Satpati) (Map 6), Southernmost Port of Konkan (Redi) (Map 6), Port mainly used for the export of minerals (Redi) (Map 6), Major Dock along east coast of Mumbai (Sasoon Dock) (Map 6), Dabhol Port (Map 6), Jaigad Port (Map 6), Ratnagiri Port (Map 6), Vasai Port (Map 6), Murud Port (Map 6), Devgad Port (Map 6), Malvan Port (Map 6), Vengurla Port (Map 6), Harne Port (Map 6), Rice mills in Palghar District (Map 7), Canning near Chiplun (Map 7), Canning near Ratnagiri (Map 7), Canning near Deogad (Map 7), Canning near Vengurla (Map 7), Utensil factories in the Raigad district (Pali, Roha, Tala, Mahad), (Map 7), Utensil factories to the north of Mumbai (Bhayander) (Map 7), Rice mills in the Thane District (Map 7), Rice mills in the Raigad District (Map 7), Ship building in Sindhudurg District (Devgad, Malvan) (Map 8), Ship building near Mumbai (Uttan) (Map 8), Industrial estates in Palghar District (Map 8), Industrial estates in Thane District (Map 8), Industrial estates in Raigad District (Map 8), Industrial estates in Ratnagiri District (Map 8), Industrial estates in Sindhudurg District (Map 8), Atomic power station (Tarapur) (Map 9), Hydel power station in Ratnagiri District (Pophali) (Map 9), Thermal power station in Mumbai (Trombay) (Map 9), Thermal power station in Raigad (Uran) (Map 9)

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111, ADDITIONAL EXERCISE MAP OF KONKAN, Mark and Name the following on the outline Map of Konkan, supplied to you, Southern most district of Konkan., Mark the railway station on Konkan railway located in between, Rajapur Road and Kudal Railway Station., The port of Ratnagiri district experiences the problem of marine, erosion., The area famous for horticulture in Thane District., A famous hill station of Raigad District., Mark and name the following on the outline map of Konkan :, A place of hot spring, A port in Sindhudurg district, Fruit and vegetable market, Most polluted river, A tourist place in Ratnagiri District, i) Northernmost district of Konkan., Famous hill station in Raigad., Famous religious centre at the coast of Ratnagiri., Fishing port in Sindhudurg District., Most polluted river in Raigad., Mark and Name the following features in the outline Map of Konkan, Mumbai Suburban District, Amboli Ghat, Ratnagiri to Kudal Konkan Railway, Distrit Raigad, National Highway No. 17, Thane City

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119, ADDITIONAL EXERCISES MAP OF MUMBAI, 7., , a), i), ii), iii), iv), v), , 7), , 7), , 7), , a), , Mark and name the following on the outline map of, Mumbai supplied to you : (5), Creek lies between Mumbai suburb and the main land., The northern most hill of Mumbai., Highly polluted river flowing nearer from International, Airport of Mumbai., Locate any one suburban railway station on central railway, between C.S.T. and Kurla stations., Mark the largest lake of Mumbai., , i), , Mark and name the following on the outline map of, MUMBAI :, Lake Vihar, , ii), iii), iv), , An area of bird sanctuary Forest area of Mumbai, Area of air pollution due to chemical industry A place well, known for dumping of solid waste, , a), i), , Mark and name the following on the outline map of, MUMBAI :, Railway route from Churchgate to Andheri, , ii), iii), iv), , Sahar, Kanheri Caves Elephanta, Haji Ali Thane Creek, , a), i), ii), iii), iv), , Mark and name following efn the map of MUMBAI : Creek, between Mumbai City and Suburban, Hill at the Northern Border of Greater Mumbai Large, Green Forest to the North of Mumbai Famous Sea-beach, at N.W. Mumbai., International Airport of Mumbai., , EXERCISES - MUMBAI, Mark & Name following features in the Map of Mumbai., City area (Mumbai City District) (Map 1), Mumbai Suburban District (Map 1), Kanheri hills (Map 1), Largest lake in Mumbai Suburban District (Virar) (Map 2), Tulsi Lake (Map 2)

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120, Powai Lake (Map 2), Manori Creek (Map 2), Malad Creek (Map 2), Gilbert Hill (Map 2), Bandra Headland (Map 2), Cumbala Hill (Map 2), Malabar Hill (Map 2), Elephanta (Map 2), Antop Hill (Map 2), Worli Headland (Map 2), Hill near Andheri Railway Station (Gilbert) (Map 2), Hills at Trombay (Map 2), Major river in the Central Part (Mithi) (Map 3), Mahin Bay (Map 3), Back Bay (Map 3), Creek to the East of Mumbai (Map 3), River Dahisar (Map 3), River Poisar (Map 3), Largest Green area in Mumbai Suburban (National Park) (Map 4), Largest Green area in Mumbai City (Jijamata Udyan) (Map 4), Largest Green area in the northern part of greater Mumbai, (National Park) (Map 4), Goregaon Film City (Map 4), Kamla Nehru Udyan (Map 4), Golf Club (Map 4), Shivaji Park (Map 4), Green area near Mahim bay (Shivaji Park) (Map 4), Green area between CST and Churchgate (Azad Maidan or Cross, Maidan) (Map 4), Terminal Station of Central Railway (CST) (Map 5), Terminal Station of Western Railway (Churchgate) (Map 5), Metro - Connecting Andheri and Ghatkopar (Map 5), Railway Route from Dahisar to Bandra (Map 5), Railway Route from Mulund to Ghatkopar (Map 5), International Airport (Map 6), Eastern Express Highway (Map 6), S.V. Road (Map 6), Ali Yavar Jung Marg (Map 6), Mazgaon Dock (Map 6), Sasoon Dock (Map 6), Ballard Pier (Map 6)

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121, Girgaum Beach (Map 7), Juhu Beach (Map 7), Jogeshwari Caves (Map 7), Mahakali Caves (Map 7), Shivaji Park Beach (Map 7), Aksa Beach (Map 7), Largest entertainment centre in the Northern part of Mumbai (Essel, World) (Map 8), Bird Sanctuary in the Central part of Mumbai (Mahim Bird, Sanctuary) (Map 8), Important tourist places to the South of Churchgate (Jehangir Art, Gallery & Museum) (Map 8), Haji Ali (Map 8), Mount Mary (Map 8), Mahalaxmi Mandir (Map 8), Nehru Science Centre (Map 8), Planetarium (Map 8), Major Pilgrim Centre for Christans (Mount Mary) (Map 8), Major Pilgrim Centre for Muslims (Haji Ali) (Map 8), Major Pilgrim Centre for Hindus (Siddhivinayak Mandir) (Map 8), Flood affected area near Kurla (Map 9), Flood affected areas in the Mumbai City (Matunga & Hindmata), (Map 9), Quarrying in North Mumbai (Borivali) (Map 9), Landslide area near Central Railway (Ghatkopar) (Map 9), Saki Naka (Map 10), Slum area near Ghatkopar (Ramabai Colony) (Map 10), Largest Slum in Asia (Dharavi) (Map 10), Mankhurd (Map 10), Shivaji Nagar (Map 10), Air Pollution in the Eastern Suburbs (Chembur) (Map 10), Water Pollution near Mankhurd (Map 11), Noise Pollution near Bandra (Map 11), Noise Pollution near Dadar (Map 11), Noise Pollution near South Mumbai (Map 11)

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128, , 