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29, , Unit -2, NATURAL RESOURCES, After going through this chapter, you will be able to understand the, following features:, 2.1, Objectives, 2.2, Introduction, 2.3, Subject discussion, 2.4, Definition, 2.5, Characteristics of Resources, 2.6, Classification and types of Resource, 2.7, Factors Influencing Resource Utilization, 2.8, Conservation Methods of Natural Resource, 2.9, Non-Conventional Resources, 2.10 Problems Associated with and Management of water, forest, and energy resource, 2.11 Resource Utilization and Sustainable Development, 2.12 Summary, 2.13 Check your Progress/Exercise, 2.14 Answers to the self-learning questions, 2.15 Technical words and their meaning, 2.16 Task, 2.17 References for further study, , 2.1, , , , , 2.2, , OBJECTIVES:, To learn different types of resources, To understand the resource utilization pattern, To understand threats and solutions towards resource use, , INTRODUCTION:, , The modern economy is a resource-based economy and the, development of a country or a region is based on its resources,, specially the natural resource. We use a variety of materials, derived from the environment. Nature has given us abundant, resources in the form of water, air, soil, wild animals, metals,, fossils, fuels etc. and man by his technical skill and knowledge, using resource from the dawn of civilization.

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30, , Fig. 2.1 Selected Natural Resources, A resource is anything that is used to satisfy human needs., Typically, resources are materials, energy, services, staff,, knowledge, or other assets that are transformed to produce benefit, and in the process, may be consumed or made unavailable. Proper, utilization of natural resource may use to increased wealth, meeting, needs or wants, proper functioning of a system, or enhanced wellbeing., , Fig. 2.2 What is a Resource, From a human perspective a natural resource is anything, obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and, wants. From a broader biological or ecological perspective, a, resource satisfies the needs of a living organism.

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31, Fig. 2.3 Resource, , 2.3, , SUBJECT DISCUSSION:, , Typically, resources are materials, energy, services, staff,, knowledge, or other assets that are transformed to produce benefit, or satisfaction of the human being. Resource comes from an old, French word meaning "relief" or "recovery," which certainly ties in, with the idea of a resource being something that offers necessary, aid. The exploitation of nature and natural resources can be dated, back to the advent of humankind and the very start of civilization., Some materials are existing in the environment, the use of, which is not known to a man at present. This natural stuff is known, as endowment., , Fig. 2.4 Transformation : From Endowment to Resource, The potential resources are the natural materials that exist in, the environment, whose use is known to man but not using the, material to satisfy the human needs/wants. There are differences in, the level of resource utilization in developed, underdeveloped and, developing countries. As with the help of capital, knowledge and, technology, developed countries are rich using the resources,, backward countries in endowments and developing countries in, potentials. Therefore, knowledge, capital and technology are, important for the level of resource development.

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32, , Water, Fall, , Undeveloped, , Developing, , Developed, , Fig. 2.5 Endowment same - Resources different, , 2.4, , DEFINITION:, , According to Enrich W. Zimmerman,,  “A man-less universe is void of resources; for resources are, inseparable from man and his wants. They are the environment, in service of man.”, , , “Resources does not refer to a thing or a substance but to a, function which a thing or a substance may perform or to an, operation in which it may take part, namely the function or, operation of attaining a given end such as satisfying wants.”, , Resource is the ability to perform the work of satisfying the, needs or wants of human being., , 2.5, , CHARACTERISTICS OF RESOURCES, , Resources, natural as well as human, possess certain, characteristics which are as follows.,  Usefulness: - Usefulness is one of the most important, characteristics of all the resources. All resources are useful., , , Fig. 2.6 Wooden Boat - Useful Resource

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33,  Limitedness: -Resources are limited. Time has the unique, characteristic of being the one resource constant in amount for all., Limitedness of resource is of two types namely Qualitative and, Quantitative. Human Resources are Qualitatively limited where as, Non-human resources are Quantitatively limited., , Fig. 2.7 Human Resources : Qualitatively Limited, , Fig. 2.8,  Dynamic nature of resources: the resource is not a static but, dynamic concept. The types and quality of resources that the man, has been using has changed considerably over time.,  All resources are inter-related: Inter-relatedness of resources, is one of the important characteristics of resources.,  Quality of life is determined by the use of resources: As the, man is knowledgeable and technologically sound can use more, resources. Quality of life can be enhanced by using more amounts, of resources.

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34, , Fig. 2.9 Conversion of Endowment into Resources, , 2.6, , CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES OF RESOURCE:, , Resource can be classified on the basis of their nature,, durability, ownership and distribution pattern. All the resources are, derived from the environment. Many natural resources are essential, for human survival, while others are used for satisfying human, desire., , , Natural Resources:, A natural resource is anything that people can use which, comes from nature. People do not make natural resources, but, gather them from the earth.Resources can be categorized on the, basis of origin:, A., , On the basis of Origin of Resource:, , Abiotic resources comprise non-living things (e.g., land,, water, air and minerals such as gold, iron, copper, silver)., , , Fig. 2.10 Abiotic Resources, Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere. Forests, and their products, animals, birds and their products, fish and other, marine organisms are important examples. Minerals such as coal, and petroleum are sometimes included in this category because, 

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35, they were formed from fossilized organic matter, though over long, periods of time., , Fig. 2.11 Biotic Resources, B., , On the basis of Stage of Development:, , , , Potential resources are known to exist and may be used in, the future. For example, petroleum may exist in many parts of India, and Kuwait that have sedimentary rocks, but until the time it is, actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource., , Fig. 2.12 Potential Resources & Actual Resource, , , Actual resources are those that have been surveyed, their, quantity and quality determined, and are being used in present, times. For example, petroleum and natural gas is actively being, obtained from the Mumbai High Fields. The development of an, actual resource, such as wood processing depends upon the, technology available and the cost involved. That part of the actual, resource that can be developed profitably with available technology, is called a reserve resource, while that part that cannot be, developed profitably because of lack of technology is called a stock, resource.

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36, , , Stock resources are those that have been surveyed but, cannot be used due to lack of technology available for the proper, use of resource. Example: Hydrogen., C., , On the Basis of Renewability:, , Non-renewable resources are formed over very long, geological periods. Minerals and fossils are included in this, category. Since their rate of formation is extremely slow, they, cannot be replenished, once they are depleted. They are limited, resource and once they are used reproduction is not possible. As, these resources are known as Exhaustible or Fund resources., The exhaustible resources are recyclable and non-recyclable. The, recyclable resources are those who’s reproduction is not possible, but the product can be recycled again and again. Some examples, of recyclable resources are newspapers, cardboard, office paper,, iron, steel, metal products and glass., , , Some of the exhaustible resources are non-recyclable., They are of single use. Once they are used cannot be used again, and again. The examples of non-recyclable resources are coal,, natural oil, natural gas etc. All the fossil and fuel are the examples, of non-recyclable resources. They are creating problems for the, economic development of any nation as the growing, industrialization and urbanization depends on the use of fossil fuels., , Fig. 2.13 Non-Renewable Resources

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37, Renewable resources, such as forests and fisheries, can, be replenished or reproduced relatively quickly. The highest rate at, which a resource can be used sustainably is the sustainable yield., Some resources, like sunlight, air, and wind, are called perpetual, resources because they are available continuously, though at a, limited rate., , , Fig. 2.14 Renewable Resources (Flow Resources), These types of resources are also known as inexhaustible, or flow resource. Their quantity is not affected by human, consumption. Many renewable resources can be depleted by, human use, but may also be replenished, thus maintaining a flow., Some of these, like agricultural crops, take a short time for renewal;, others, like water, take a comparatively longer time, while still, others, like forests, take even longer. But at present we are facing, the problems related to the quality of renewable resources like air,, water. As air and water pollution is increasing every day, many, countries facing a big problem to solve the problems. Dependent, upon the speed and quantity of consumption, over consumption, can lead to depletion or total and everlasting destruction of a, renewable resources. Important examples are agricultural areas,, fish and other animals, forests, healthy water and soil, cultivated, and natural landscapes. Such conditionally renewable resources, are sometimes classified as a third kind of resource, or as a, subtype of renewable resources. Conditionally renewable, resources are presently subject to excess human consumption and, the only sustainable long-term use of such resources is within the, so-called zero ecological footprint, wherein human use less than, the Earth's ecological capacity to regenerate., , , D., , On the Basis of Distribution Pattern:, , Ubiquitous resources are found everywhere (e.g., air, light, and water). These resources occur everywhere., 

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38, , Fig. 2.15 Ubiquitous Resources, Localized resources are found only in certain parts of the, world (e.g., copper and iron ore, geothermal power).These, resources are found in some specific places on earth and much, valuable and also help in the economic development of any, country., , , Fig. 2.16 Localized Resources, E., , On the Basis of Ownership Pattern:, , , Individual resources are also known as personal, resources. As this type of resources are completely utilize or, enjoyed by any individual or family. For example, land, house etc.

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39, , Fig. 2.17 Individual and Natural Resources, , National resources are the resources which can be, collectively used by the people of any nation or country. They are, used for the benefit of all the nation. e.g. river, forest etc., , International resources are all the natural resources in the, world which are common resources for every living being. e.g., atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere., , Fig. 2.18 International Resources, F., , On the Basis of Physical Existence:, , Tangible resources such as equipments which have actual, physical existence, , , Intangible resources such as corporate images, brands, and patents, and other intellectual property exist in abstraction., , , , , Human or Cultural Resources:, Human Resources refer to the individuals or personnel or, workforce within an organization responsible for performing the, tasks given to them for the purpose of achievement of goals and, objectives of the organization which is possible only through proper, recruitment and selection, providing proper orientation an induction,, training, skill developments, proper assessment of employees

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40, (performance appraisal), providing appropriate compensation and, benefits, maintaining proper labor relations and ultimately, maintaining safety, welfare and health concern of employees, which, is process of the human resource management. Human resources, like skill, knowledge etc. are very important. Many times, we are not, aware of these resources. This group of resources are very, important to the family, for not only are they the means of, accomplishing desired ends, but in using them well the group acts, together in such a way that common goals seem more real and, attainable and the quality of interpersonal relations can be lifted., , 2.7, , FACTORS INFLUENCING RESOURCE, UTILIZATION:, , The amounts of resources utilized vary from one region to, other. Many factors play important role in the process of resource, utilization. Many problems have been experienced by developed, and developing countries in the development and use of natural, resources. Some of the important factors are:, , Fig. 2.19 Factors influencing resource utilization, , Technological skill: One limitation to maximize resources is, technology. Many countries still lack the technology to tap new, resources. Our country is blessed with natural resources. However,, not all of them are being harnessed because some remain, undiscovered, while others such as mineral resources are difficult, to tap., , Financial Limitations: This problem is also brought about, by the lack of funds to support projects for discovering new, resources. Exploitation of new resources depends on the

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41, availability of capital. Most of the time developing countries not able, to explore the new resources due to low amount of financial, support., , Cost Benefit Ratio: Production cost of the resource is an, important factor in utilization process. In the areas where, production cost is high resources are not exploited. Generally, the, snow capped mountains and forest areas are not exploited up to, optimum level due to high cost ratio., , Availability of Substitutes: Availability of the substitute, products is a factor for less utilization of resources. Sometimes, cheap substitutes are available in market. For example, natural, rubber is not use much as synthetic rubber which is cheap., , Availability of Skilled Labours: Proper resource, exploitation depends on the availability of skilled and unskilled, labours. In underdeveloped and developing countries many, potential and endowment resources are available but due to not, availability of skilled manpower, they are not converted into, resource., , Level of Demand: Economic development and our, expanding needs and wants result in an increase in the use of, resources to produce goods and services. One example is the, increased consumption of coal and oil brought about by the rise of, electrical energy consumption (which is used to run appliances like, television sets, and refrigerators)., , Level of pollution: Pollution can limit the potential of, resources. Because of pollution natural resources are being, degraded, making it difficult to harness them to their fullest, potential. For instance, when bodies of water are polluted, the, organisms living in it are affected. Air pollution, on the other hand,, degrades air quality and may cause illnesses to human beings and, animals and damage the environment., , Government Policy: Governmental policies play an, important role in resource development. Different countries follow, different resource exploitation policies., , 2.8, , CONSERVATION, RESOURCES:, , METHODS, , OF, , NATURAL, , Conservation is the protection, improvement, and wise, use of natural resources to provide the greatest social and, economic value for the present and the future. Conservation is the, management of natural resources with the goal of sustainability., Resources are features of environment that are important and

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42, value of to human in one form or the other. However, the, advancement of modern civilization has had a great impact on our, planet's natural resources. So, conserving natural resources is very, essential today. There are many ways that one can conserve, natural resources. All you need to do is to look around and see, what natural resources you are using and find out ways to limit your, usage., Recycling: Many products such as paper, cardboards, and, cups come from trees. In fact, trees are our natural assets, you can, converse trees by recycling the paper products we can minimize, the number of trees cut down a year. This is one form of waste, recycling. One should understand and know the importance of, recycling waste materials. One simple benefit of recycling is it, saves our resources. It will be wise to reuse metal item as metal, reserves may be depleting. You can sell old metal items for, recycling. As mentioned earlier, recycling of waste papers can save, our forests. Recycling waste not only save our natural resources, but also help to save energy., , , Fig. 2.20 Recycling of paper products, By simply recycling an item or making a basic fix to it, we, can save all the energy that would have been consumed in the, process of making it. The same example can be taken with plastic, items. A large amount of energy can be saved by simply reusing, the plastic items. To recycle waste is to simply reduce pollution. By, recycling plastic material, we can reduce air pollution as well as, water pollution. Plastic factories produced large amount of smoke, when producing plastic material at the same time if we don’t have, proper waste disposal system those waste emissions will cause, water pollution. Recycling waste in a way helps to reduce, pollution.In simple words, recycling or recycling waste is essential, to both natural environment and humans., 

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43, , 2.9, , NON-CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES:, , Energy generated by using wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat, and, biomass including farm and animal waste as well as human excreta, is known as non-conventional energy. All these sources are, renewable or inexhaustible and do not cause environmental, pollution. Moreover, they do not require heavy expenditure., 1. Wind Energy:, Wind power is harnessed by setting up a windmill which is, used for pumping water, grinding grain and generating electricity., Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines, to mechanically power generators for electricity. The India has been, rated as one of the most promising countries for wind power, development. The gross wind power potential of India is estimated, to be about 20,000 MW, wind power projects of 970 MW capacities, were installed till March. 1998. India ranks fifth in the world in wind, power generation. Areas with constantly high speed preferably, above 20 km per hour are well-suited for harnessing wind energy., , Fig. 2.21 Wind Energy, 2. Tidal and Wave Energy:, Sea water keeps on rising and falling alternatively twice a, day under the influence of gravitational pull of moon and sun. This, phenomenon is known as tides. A difference or height of high and, low tide water level spin the turbines. The tidal energy can be, harnessed by constructing a tidal barrage. At the time of high tide,, the sea water flows into the reservoir of the barrage and turn the, turbine, which generates electricity. It is estimated that India, possesses 8000-9000 MW of tidal energy potential. The Gulf of, Kuchchh is best suited for tidal energy., 3. Solar Energy:, Sun is the source of all energy on the earth. It is most, abundant, inexhaustible and universal source of energy. All the, other sources of energy draw their strength from the sun. India is

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44, blessed with plenty of solar energy because most parts of the, country receive bright sunshine throughout the year except a brief, monsoon period. India has developed technology to use solar, energy for cooking, water heating, water dissimilation, space, heating, crop drying etc., , Fig. 2.22 Solar Energy, The technologies used in the solar energy are broadly, classified as either passive solar or active solar depending on the, way of capture, convert and distribute. Active solar techniques, include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors, to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include the, orienting a building to the sun, selecting materials with favorable, thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designed the, spaces that naturally circulate air., 4. Geo-Thermal Energy:, Geo-thermal energy is the heat of the earth's interior. This, energy is manifested in the hot springs. India is not very rich in this, source,, 5. Energy from Biomass:, Biomass refers to all plant material and animal excreta when, considered as an energy source. Some important kinds of biomass, are inferior wood, urban waste, bagasse, farm animal and human, waste.

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45, , Fig. 2.23 Biogas Plant, Importance of non-conventional sources of energy:, 1. The non-conventional sources of energy are abundant in nature., According to energy experts the non-conventional energy, potential of India is estimated at about 95,000 MW., 2. These are renewable resources. The non-conventional sources, of energy can be renewed with minimum effort and money., 3. Non-conventional sources of energy are pollution-free and ecofriendly, , 2.10. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH MANAGEMENT, OF WATER, FOREST AND ENERGY RESOURCES:, , , Water Resources:, One of the basic requirement of the living being is availability, of water. Adequate supply of fresh water is important for, maintaining the life on the Earth. Water is a natural resource has, influence on almost every aspect of development. Agriculture,, industries and households, all sector needs adequate supply of, fresh water. Water resources are sources of water that are useful or, potentially useful to humans. Water is indispensable natural, resource that human terms water as a LIFE. The whole earth looks, blue from the space and describe as the blue planet. This is, because Earth is rich in water. The hydrosphere forms 71% of the, earth surface. But 97% of this water is a salt water and sodium, chloride is the most abundant dissolved substances. Magnesium,, calcium and other elements in the rest of the salts have very less, proportion. This salt water is not useful for drinking, agriculture and, industrial purposes. 97 % of the water on the Earth is salt water and, only three percent is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is, frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen, freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small, fraction, present, above, ground, or, in, the, air., (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources-) Fresh water is a

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46, renewable resource. Water is used in different sectors such as, agriculture, industry and domestic use. It is estimated that 70% of, worldwide water is used for irrigation, with 15-35% of irrigation, withdrawals being unsustainable. It takes around 2,000 - 3,000, litres of water to produce enough food to satisfy one person's daily, dietary needs. This is a considerable amount, when compared to, that required for drinking, which is between two and five litres. It is, estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry. It is, estimated that 8% of worldwide water use is for domestic purposes., These include drinking water, bathing, cooking, toilet flushing,, cleaning, laundry and gardening., , , Degradation of water resources:, , Pollution:Water pollution is a major global problem which, requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at, all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has, been suggested that water pollution is the leading worldwide cause, of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more, than 14,000 people daily. An estimated that about 580 people in, India die of water pollution related illness every day. About 90, percent of the water in the cities of China is polluted., , Sources of Water Pollution and Effect of Water, Pollutants:, , Domestic Wastes and Sewage: Domestic waste is one of, the main source of water pollution. Organic waste gives rise to, scum and sludge that makes the water unfit for recreational and, industrial use. Modern day detergents degrade very slowly. They,, therefore, accumulate and render the water unfit for human and, animal use. The phosphates present in detergents further stimulate, algal growth that add to the organic loading of water., , Surface Run-Off: The pollutants present on the surface of, land and fertilizers added to the soils are washed down into water, reservoirs and water courses during rains. This flow of fertilizer rich, water into streams and lakes gives rise to eutrophication., , Thermal pollution: Thermal pollution is the degradation, of water quality by any process that changes ambient, water temperature. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use, of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers., When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural, environment at a higher temperature, the change in temperature, decreases oxygen supply and affects ecosystem composition. Fish, and other organisms adapted to particular temperature range can, be killed by an abrupt change in water temperature (either a rapid, increase or decrease) known as "thermal shock."

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47, , Industrial Effluents: The industrial wastes are allowed to, pass into water bodies. The important toxic chemicals presents in, them create pollution. Mercury is released during combustion of, coal, smelting of metallic ores, paper and paint industries. Mercury, is persistent. In water it gets changed into water soluble, compounds and enters the food chain accompanied by biological or, ecological amplification. Human beings feeding on poisoned, animals and fishes develop a crippling deformity called minamata, disease. The sources of lead pollution are smelters, battery,, industry, paint, chemical and pesticide industries, automobiles’, exhausts, etc. It causes anaemia, headache, and bluish lines round, the gums. Copper, zinc, nickel, titanium, etc. cause toxaemia and, change in enzyme functioning. Several types of liquid effluents, containing toxic chemicals, acids and bases, are added to the rivers, and other water bodies. They kill fish and other aquatic life besides, being toxic to human being., , , Overuse and Misuse of Water:, The biggest misuse of water is the excessive pumping of, groundwater. It is most scary in India and China, which rely on, large-scale, industrialized agriculture to feed their huge populations., They withdraw more groundwater than Mother Nature provides, reliably each year. The aquifers in both China and India, as well as, in the United States, are declining. The world is pumping more, water from the ground than is sustainable; more than is being, refilled by nature. Eventually, if things do not change, these, groundwater sources will be pumped dry.We need to change the, way we are using water and the amount of water we are pulling, from the ground, in addition to addressing larger ecological and, climate issues that have an impact on our water supply as well, if, our future generations are going to have the water they need for life, itself., , , Conservation of Water Resource:, Water is essential for life on our planet. It is required for, many things including growth of food, maintaining ourselves clean,, power generation, in cases to control fire and most importantly to, stay alive. Water is a part of our daily life and we are heavily, dependent on it. The average family of four uses 450 liters (120, gallons) of water a day, which is 164,000 liters (44,000 gallons) a, year. The conservation of water is very important and necessary to, have a healthy and long-lasting life. Conserving the water is not, difficult, it saves money, and it is beneficial to our future. We do not, know if there will be enough water for a more crowded world in the, future. We must learn about the importance of water, and conserve, the water to prevent future problems.

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48, , Fig. 2.25, Water conservation refers to the reduction in usage of water., It can also include the recycling of water for purposes like irrigation,, cleaning, and even treatment for later use. That is the reason why, we need to conserve our water we need to take action now,, because it may be too late. Now a days we use much more water, than we ever did. Every human being uses hundreds of gallons of, water per day. This makes a state’s population use millions of, gallons of water a day. All this consumption of water comes to a, high cost, sometimes paying hundreds of dollars per month., Reducing the water you use will save you money. Even though,, water makes up about seventy percent of the earth’s surface, only, a small percentage of that water is attainable for usage. Reducing, the amount of water used will help you economically as well as, benefiting you and your family in the future., , , , Some steps to conserve water resources:, Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of, rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off., Rainwater can be collected from rivers or roofs, and in many, places the water collected is redirected to a deep pit (well,, shaft, or borehole), a reservoir with percolation, or collected, from dew or fog with nets or other tools. Its uses include, water for gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with, proper treatment, and indoor heating for houses etc. The, harvested water can also be used as drinking water, longerterm storage and for other purposes such as groundwater, recharge.

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49, , Fig. 2.26 Rainwater Harvesting, , , Watershed management is the study of the relevant, characteristics of a watershed aimed at the sustainable, distribution of its resources and the process of creating and, implementing plans, programs, and projects to sustain and, enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal,, and human communities within a watershed boundary., Features of a watershed that agencies seek to manage, include water, supply, water, quality, drainage, storm, water runoff, water rights, and the overall planning and, utilization of watersheds. Landowners, land use agencies,, storm water management experts, environmental specialists,, water use surveyors and communities all play an integral, part in watershed management., , , , Control pollution: Fresh water is a limited resource. Some, steps should be taken to control the water pollution. In, agricultural sectors sediment (loose soil) washed off fields is, the largest source of agricultural pollution. Farmers may, utilize erosion controls to reduce runoff flows and retain soil, on their fields. Common techniques include contour plowing., Some industrial facilities generate ordinary domestic sewage, that can be treated by municipal facilities. Industries that, generate wastewater with high concentrations of, conventional pollutants (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants, (e.g. heavy metals, volatile organic compounds) or other, non-conventional pollutants such as ammonia, need, specialized treatment systems. Some of these facilities can, install a pre-treatment system to remove the toxic, components,, and, then, send, the, partially, treated wastewater to the municipal system. In urban areas, of developed countries, domestic sewage is typically treated, by centralized sewage treatment plants. Well-designed and, operated systems can remove 90 percent or more of the, pollutant load in sewage. Some plants have additional, systems to remove nutrients and pathogens.

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50, , , Water efficiency: Water efficiency means thinking about the, way you use water, in other words, your water management., The key is to try to reduce your water use if possible and not, to waste water. Water efficiency is reducing water wastage, by measuring the amount of water required for a particular, purpose and the amount of water used or delivered. Water, efficiency differs from water conservation. In that it focuses, on reducing waste, not restricting use. Solutions for water, efficiency focus not only on reducing the amount of potable, water used, but also on reducing the use of non-potable, water where appropriate (i.e. flushing toilet, watering, landscape, etc.). It also emphasizes the influence, consumers can have in water efficiency by making small, behavioral changes to reduce water wastage and by, choosing more water efficient products.Examples of water, efficient steps includes fixing leaking taps, taking showers, rather than baths, installing displacements devices inside, toilet cisterns, and using dishwashers and washing, machines with full loads. These are things that fall under the, definition of water efficiency, as their purpose is to obtain the, desired result or level of service with the least necessary, water., , , , Forest Resource:, A forest is a large area of land covered with trees or, other woody vegetation. United Nations Food and Agriculture, Organization definition. Forests covered four billion hectares (15, million square miles) or approximately 30 percent of the world's, land area in 2006.Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem of, Earth, and are distributed across the globe. Forests account for, 75% of the gross primary productivity of the Earth's biosphere, and, contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass. The amount of, precipitation and the elevation of the forest also affect forest, composition. Human society and forests influence each other in, both positive and negative ways. Forests provide ecosystem, services to humans and serve as tourist attractions. Forests can, also impose costs, affect people's health, and interfere with tourist, enjoyment. Human activities, including harvesting forest resources,, can negatively affect forest ecosystems. Many forests have a, deeper spiritual importance for those who live there and for those, who never visit forest but always cherish the thought of their, existence., , , Importance of Forest as a Resource:, , Economic Importance: Forest is the main source of food, for the primitive societies. Forest is the main source of fuel for, domestic use in many underdeveloped and developing countries. It, also provides different products like: quinine, gum, resin, camphor, 

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51, etc. It is the source of different types of medicines like ayurvedic,, unani medicines etc. It supplies raw materials to many industries, like paper, building materials, furniture and other industries., Environmental Importance: They play an important role in, maintaining the quality of the environment. Forest also controls, flood by reducing the siltation. It prevents the soil erosion and help, in the process of soil conservation by holding the soil particles, firmly. It helps in conserving water and regulating the water cycle. It, is the habitat for many wild animals. They play a vital role in, maintaining ecological balance., , , , , Distribution of Forest:, The world's forests cover some 3, 400 million hectares - an, area the size of North and South America combined. During the, 1980s more than 15 million hectares of tropical forests were lost, each year: the overwhelming majority of the deforestation was, intended to provide land for agriculture. The largest losses occurred, in tropical moist deciduous forests, the areas best suited for, settlement and farming. The extent of these forests declined by 61, million hectares - more than 10 percent of their area -while 46, million hectares, or 60 percent, of tropical rainforests were lost. Few, of these areas have been replanted., The forest is not evenly distributed in the world. Forest, distribution and types are greatly influenced by different climatic, factors like rainfall and temperature. The other factors like soil,, slope, altitude etc. are also important., Tree cover is increasing in many temperate regions, mainly, due to the establishment of forest plantations. Europe increased its, forest and wooded land by 2 percent over the 1980s and there, were small increases in New Zealand and Australia. In the same, decade, however, a drop of some 3.5 million hectares occurred in, the United States. The area of the former USSR reported an, increase between 1978 and 1988. However, there is an urgent, need to bring many of the Siberian forests under sustainable, management to avoid their degradation. As well as managing some, forests for production, diversity should be preserved in others by, designating protected areas., , , Types of Forest:, , 1., , Tropical Forest, , a., , Tropical Rain Forest, , , , The tropical rainforests contain the greatest diversity of species, of all biomes on earth. They are found around the equator,

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52, between the Tropic of cancer (23½0 N.) & the Tropic of, Capricorn (23½0 S.), , , The evergreen forests are usually found in areas receiving, rainfall more than 200cm and having more temperature., , , , They occupy 7% of the earth surface., , , , The wood is very hard and difficult to cut., , , , It is found in central America, the Amazon basin, the Congo, basin, S.E. Asia and northern margin of Australia., , , , These forest are dense and have broad leaves that release, excess water trough transpiration., , , , Important species are teak, ebony, rosewood, ironwood,, mahagony etc., , b. Tropical Seasonal Forest, , , This forest is found in region of monsoon rain, mainly in India, and part of SE Asia., , , , They occupy 9% of the earth’s surface area., , , , These forests are more open and allow a denser undergrowth of, bamboo, shrubs and grasses., , , , These forests are broad-leafs and shed leaves during dry, season., , , , Important species are teak, sal, sandalwood, neem etc., , 2. Temperate Forest, , , They are mainly found in Eastern United States and Canada,, Western Europe and parts of Russia, China and Japan., , , , There are four distinct seasons in temperate deciduous forests, and precipitation falls throughout the year. Temperate, deciduous forests receive 30-60 inches of rain per year., , , , Maple, oak and birch trees are some examples of the deciduous, trees that dominate these forests., , , , Trees provide hard wood and are deciduous., , 3. Coniferous Forest, ,  Coniferous forests are made up mainly of cone-bearing or, coniferous trees, such as spruce, hemlock, pine and fir., ,  The leaves of these trees are either small and needle-like or, scale-like and most stay green all year around (evergreen).

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53, ,  Coniferous trees thrive where summers are short and cool and, winters long and harsh, with heavy snowfall that can last as long, as 6 months., 4. Taiga or Boreal Forest, , , Taiga also known as boreal forest or snow forest, is, characterized by coniferous consisting mostly of pines, spruce, and larches., , , , In North America it covers most of inland Canada and Alaska as, well as parts of the extreme northern continental United States., , , , Taiga is the world's largest land biome, and makes up 29% of, the world's forest cover, the largest areas are located in Russia, and Canada., , , , The taiga experiences relatively low precipitation throughout the, year (generally 200–750 mm annually, 1,000 mm in some, areas), primarily as rain during the summer months, but also, as fog and snow., ,  Problems associated with forest, Deforestation, Humans have generally decreased the amount of forest, worldwide. Anthropogenic factors that can affect forests include, logging, urban, sprawl,, human-caused forest, fires, acid, rain, invasive species, and the slash and burn practices or shifting, cultivation. The loss and re-growth of forest leads to a distinction, between two broad types of forest, primary or old-growth, forest and secondary forest. There are also many natural factors, that can cause changes in forests over time including forest, fires, insects, diseases, weather, competition between species, etc., In 1997, the World Resources Institute recorded that only 20% of, the world's original forests remained in large intact tracts of, undisturbed forest. More than 75% of these intact forests lie in, three countries—the boreal forests of Russia and Canada and the, rainforest of Brazil., , , , , Main Causes of Deforestation:, , For the most part, human activity is to blame for, deforestation, though natural disasters do play a role. So let's take, a look at how and why humans deforest areas., 1., Logging, or cutting down trees in a forest to harvest timber, for wood, products or fuel, is a primary driver of deforestation., Logging affects the environment in several ways. Since trucks and, large equipment need to get into the forest in order to access trees, and transport timber, loggers must clear large areas for

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54, roadways. Selective logging -- where only the most valuable trees, are felled -- doesn't help matters, as one falling tree can bring down, dozens of surrounding trees and thin the forest's protective canopy., The forest canopy is important to the forest's ecosystem because, it houses and protects plant, animal and insect populations. It also, protects the forest floor, which slows down soil erosion., 2., Agriculture also drives deforestation. Farmers clear the, land for crops or for cattle and often will clear acres of land using, slash and burn techniques -- cutting down trees and then burning, them. Migratory farmers clear a forest area and use it until the soil, becomes too degraded for crops. Then they move on and clear a, new patch of forest. The abandoned land, if left untouched, will, eventually reforest, but it will take many, many years to return to its, original state., 3., Mining also results in deforestation. Digging a coal, diamond, or gold mine requires the removal of all forest cover, not just for the, mines but also for trucks and equipment., 4., Fires both natural or man-made, destroy acres of forest very, quickly. Areas affected by logging are more susceptible to fires due, to the number of dried, dead trees. Milder winters and extended, warm seasons due to global warming also fuel fires. In the United, States, there are typically between 60,000 and 80,000 forest fires, that occur each year, burning 3 million to 10 million acres (12,000, to 40,000 square kilometers) of land depending on the year., 5., Agriculture and Grazing: Deforestation occurs mainly due to, the conversation of land for agriculture and grazing purpose., 6., Hydroelectric dams are quite controversial because while, they help to power communities, they also contribute to, deforestation., 7., Urbanization: Further on order to gain access to these, forests, the construction of roads is undertaken; here again trees, are chopped to create roads. Overpopulation too directly affects, forest covers, as with the expansion of cities more land is needed, to establish housing and settlements. Therefore, forest land is, reclaimed., 8., Desertification of land: Some of the other factors that lead, to deforestation are also part natural and part anthropogenic like, Desertification of land. It occurs due to land abuse making it unfit, for growth of trees. Many industries in petrochemicals release their, waste into rivers which results in soil erosion and make it unfit to, grow plants and trees.

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55, , Effects of Deforestation, 1. Climate Imbalance: Deforestation affects the climate in more, than one ways. Trees release water vapor in the air, which is, compromised on with the lack of trees. Trees also provide the, required shade that keeps the soil moist. This leads to the, imbalance in the atmospheric temperature further making, conditions for the ecology difficult. Flora and fauna across the world, are accustomed to their habitat. This haphazard clearance of forest, has forced several of these animals to shift from their native, environment. Due to this several species are finding it difficult to, survive or adapt to new habitats., 2. Increase in Global Warming: Trees play a major role in, controlling global warming. The trees utilize the greenhouse gases,, restoring the balance in the atmosphere. With constant, deforestation, the ratio of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has, increased, adding to our global warming woes., 3. Soil Erosion: Also, due to the shade of trees the soil remains, moist. With the clearance of tree cover, the soil is directly exposed, to the sun, making it dry., 4. Floods: When it rains, trees absorb and store large amount of, water with the help of their roots. When they are cut down, the flow, of water is disrupted and leads to floods in some areas and, droughts in other., , , Management of Forest Resource:, The management of forests is often referred to, as forestry. Forest management has changed considerably over, the last few centuries, with rapid changes from the 1980s onwards, culminating in a practice now referred to as sustainable forest, management. Forest ecologists concentrate on forest patterns and, processes, usually with the aim of elucidating cause-and-effect, relationships., India has a long history of traditional conservation and forest, management practices. Under British rule, forest management, systems were set in place mainly to exploit forests. Nonetheless,, there were some attempts to conserve forests and meet the needs, of local communities. The Indian National Forest Policy of 1894, provided the impetus to conserve India’s forests wealth with the, prime objectives of maintaining environmental stability and meeting, the basic needs of the fringe forests user-groups. Consequently,, forests were classified into four broad categories, namely forests for, preservation of environmental stability, forests for providing timber, supplies, forests for minor forest produce, and pasture lands. While, the first two categories were declared as reserve forests, the rest

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56, were designated as protected forests and managed in the interests, of the local communities., Soon after independence, rapid development and progress, saw large forest tracts fragmented by roads, canals, and townships., There was an increase in the exploitation of forest wealth. In 1950, the Government of India began the annual festival of tree planting, called the Vanamahotsava. Gujarat was the first state to, implement it. However, it was only in the 1970s that greater, impetus was given to the conservation of India's forests and wildlife., India was one of the first countries in the world to have introduced a, social forestry programme to introduce trees in non-forested areas, along road sides, canals, and railway lines., Since 1991, India has reversed the deforestation trend., Specialists of the United Nations report India's forest as well as, woodland cover has increased. A 2010 study by the Food and, Agriculture Organization ranks India amongst the 10 countries with, the largest forest area coverage in the world. From 1990 to 2000,, FAO finds India was the fifth largest gainer in forest coverage in the, world; while from 2000 to 2010, FAO considers India as the third, largest gainer in forest coverage. Some 500,000 square kilometres,, about 17% of India's land area, were regarded as Forest Area in, the early 1990s. In FY 1987, however, actual forest cover was, 640,000 square kilometers, which is 19.45% of the total, geographical area., , Some, resource:, , steps, , towards, , the, , conservation, , of, , forest, , Following are some important steps of forest conservation:, 1., Regulated and Planned Cutting of Trees: One of the main, reasons of deforestation is commercial felling of trees. According to, an estimate, about 1,600 million cubic metres of wood have been, used for various purposes in the world. Cutting of tress should be, regulated by adopting methods like: (i) Clear cutting and (ii), Selective cutting. The clear-cutting method is useful for those areas, where the same types of trees are available over a large area. In, that case, trees of same age group can be cut down in a selected, area and then marked for re-plantation. In selective cutting only, mature trees are selected for cutting. This process is to be followed, in rotation. The time gap between these cuttings is helpful in regrowth of trees. In regulated cutting only one-tenth of the forest, area is selected for use and rotational system is always followed for, their protection. The forest can be managed in such a way that a, timber crop may be harvested indefinitely year after year without, being depleted. This technique is called the ‘sustained yield’, method adopted by many countries.

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57, 2., Reforestation and Afforestation: Afforestation is the, planting of trees in an area where there was no forest., Reforestation is the reestablishment of forest cover, either naturally, or artificially. So, reforestation and afforestation are both, forestation., Many, governments, and, non-governmental, organizations directly engage in programs of afforestation to, increase the forest cover., 3., Protection of Forests:The existing forests should be, protected. Apart from commercial cutting, unorganised grazing is, also one of the reasons. There are several forest diseases resulting, from parasitic fungi, rusts, mistletoes, viruses and nematodes which, cause the destruction of trees. The forests should be protected, either by use of chemical spray, antibiotics or by development of, disease resistant strains of trees., 4., Proper Utilisation of Forest and Forests Products:, Generally, trees are cut for logs and the rest, including stump,, limbs, branches and foliage, etc., is left out as worthless debris., Further waste occurs at the saw mills. There is thus need to utilise, this waste material. Today, several uses have been developed and, products like waterproof glues, etc., can be obtained. Similarly,, forests can be used or developed as tourist centers. By using them, as tourist centers the country can earn substantial foreign, exchange. This practice has been adopted by many countries, both, developed and developing. The concepts of ‘national park’ and, ‘game sanctuary’ have now become popular and every country has, developed its unique forest area as a ‘national park’. In India alone,, there are as many as 92 national parks and game sanctuaries. This, is a good method of forest conservation., 5., Control forest fires: Forest must be protected from forest, fires. In 2016, forest fires have been noted numerous places across, the Indian state of Uttarakhand. These fires, set mainly in pine, forests in the slopes of the sub-Himalayan region, produced clouds, of smoke. Earliest possible steps should be taken to control the, forest fires., 6., Role of Government in Forest Conservation: Although the, government of every country is very particular about conservation, of its forest resources and has several rules and laws for the, protection of forests but, they are not implemented in an effective, manner. Government should take the steps to control the, commercial logging. They can implement the high amount of taxes, over commercial logging., 7., Increase the use of substitute products: Increase the use, of substitute products instead of forest products. For example, in

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58, the place of wooden furniture we can use plastic or iron furniture., Use of paper can be minimized by using the technology., , , Energy Resources:, Our life is dependent on energy resources. Energy is the, capacity to do work and is required for life processes., An energy resource is something that can produce heat,, power life, move objects, or produce electricity. Most of the energy, we use today comes from fossil fuels.But fossils fuels have a, disadvantage in that they are non-renewable on a human time, scale, and responsible for other potentially harmful effects on the, environment. Therefore, the gap creates between increasing, demand and less supply. This gap is called ENERGY CRISIS., The energy crisis is the concern that the world’s demands on, the limited natural resources that are used to power industrial, society are diminishing as the demand rises. These natural, resources are in limited supply. While they do occur naturally, it can, take hundreds of thousands of years to replenish the stores., Governments and concerned individuals are working to make the, use of renewable resources a priority, and to lessen the, irresponsible use of natural supplies through increased, conservation., The energy crisis is a broad and complex topic. The energy, crisis is something that is ongoing and getting worse, despite many, efforts. The reason for this is that there is not a broad, understanding of the complex causes and solutions for the energy, crisis that will allow for an effort to happen that will resolve it.It, would be easy to point a finger at one practice or industry and lay, the blame for the entire energy crisis at their door, but that would be, a very naive and unrealistic interpretation of the cause of the crisis., , Overconsumption: The energy crisis is a result of many, different strains on our natural resources, not just one. There is a, strain on fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal due to over, consumption., , Overpopulation: Another cause of the crisis has been the, steady increase in the world’s population and its demands for fuel, and products. Transport sectors have developed a lot and, increased their fuel consumption., , Poor Infrastructure: Aging infrastructure of power, generating equipment is yet another reason for energy shortage., Most of the energy producing firms keep on using outdated, equipments that restrict the production of energy. It is the, responsibility of utilities to keep on upgrading the infrastructure and, set a high standard of performance.

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59, , Unexplored Renewable Energy Options: Renewable, energy still remains unused in most of the countries. Most of the, energy comes from non-renewable sources like coal. It still remains, the top choice to produce energy. Unless we give renewable, energy a serious thought, the problem of energy crisis cannot be, solved., , Gap between demand and supply: In few countries, there, is a significant delay in commissioning of new power plants that can, fill the gap between demand and supply of energy. The result is, that old plants come under huge stress to meet the daily demand, for power. When supply doesn’t match demand, it results in load, shedding and breakdown., , Wastage of Energy: In most parts of the world, people do, not realize the importance of conserving energy. It is only limited to, books, internet, newspaper ads, lip service and seminars. Unless, we give it a serious thought, things are not going to change anytime, sooner. Simple things like switching off fans and lights when not in, use, using maximum daylight, walking instead of driving for short, distances, using CFL instead of traditional bulbs, proper insulation, for leakage of energy can go a long way in saving energy., , Poor Distribution System: Frequent, breakdown are result of a poor distribution system., , tripping, , and, , , Major Accidents and Natural Calamities: Major accidents, like pipeline burst and natural calamities like eruption of volcanoes,, floods, earthquakes can also cause interruptions to energy, supplies. The huge gap between supply and demand of energy can, raise the price of essential items which can give rise to inflation., , Wars and Attacks: Wars between countries can also, hamper supply of energy specially if it happens in Middle East, countries like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, UAE or Qatar. That’s, what happened during 1990 Gulf war when price of oil reached its, peak causing global shortages and created major problem for, energy consumers., , Others Factors: Tax hikes, strikes, military coup, political, events, severe hot summers or cold winters can cause sudden, increase in demand of energy and can choke supply., , Some steps towards the conservation of Energy, Resources:, Move Towards Renewable Resources: The best possible, solution is to reduce the world’s dependence on non-renewable, resources and to improve overall conservation efforts. Much of the, 

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60, industrial age was created using fossil fuels, but there is also, known technology that uses other types of renewable energies –, such as steam, solar and wind. The Switching over to renewable, resources is the important solution of energy crisis., Awareness of Buying Energy Efficient products: Replace, traditional bulbs with CFL’s and LED’s. They use less watts of, electricity and last longer. If millions of people across the globe use, LED’s and CFL’s for residential and commercial purposes, the, demand for energy can go down and an energy crisis can be, averted., , , Energy Simulation: Energy simulation software can be, used by big corporate and corporations to redesign building unit, and reduce running business energy cost. Engineers, architects, and designers could use this design to come with most energy, efficient building and reduce carbon footprint., , , Perform Energy Audit: Energy audit is a process that helps, you to identify the areas where your home or office is losing energy, and what steps you can take to improve energy efficiency. Energy, audit when done by a professional can help you to reduce your, carbon footprint, save energy and money and avoid energy crisis., , , Awareness on Climate Change: Both developed and, developing countries should adopt a common stand on climate, change. They should focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, through an effective cross border mechanism. With current, population growth and over consumption of resources, the, consequences of global warming and climate change cannot be, ruled out. Both developed and developing countries must focus on, emissions cuts. To cut their emission levels to half from current, levels by 2050., , , There are many global initiatives that are working towards, resolving the energy crisis. This has taken the form of increased, regulation and restriction on carbon emissions, the promotion of, greener manufacturing and construction projects, the funding of, research into hybrid technologies and more sustainable, technologies and more., , 2.11, , RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND SUSTAINABLE, DEVELOPMENT:, , The, name, sustainability, is, derived, from, the Latin sustinere (tenere, to hold; sub, up). Sustain can mean, “maintain",, "support",, or, "endure”. Since, the, 1980s

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61, sustainability has been used more in the sense of human, sustainability on planet Earth., Sustainable development is a process for meeting human, development goals while sustaining the ability of natural systems to, continue to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services, upon which the economy and society depend. As the concept, developed, it has shifted to focus more on economic development,, social development and environmental protection., Sustainable development is the organizing principle for, sustaining finite resources necessary to provide for the needs of, future generations of life on the planet. It is a process that envisions, a desirable future state for human societies in which living, conditions and resource-use continue to meet human needs, without undermining the "integrity, stability and beauty" of natural, biotic systems., There are many different definitions of the term sustainable, development but in 1987 the World Commission on Environment, and Development’s report called the Brundtland Report is by far the, best and is now one of the most widely recognized definitions:, “Sustainable development is development that meets, the needs of the present without compromising the ability of, future generations to meet their own needs”., The world’s resources are finite, and growth that is, unmanaged will lead to increased poverty and decline of the, environment. We owe it to future generations to explore lifestyles, and paths of development that effectively balance progress with, awareness of its environmental impact. In order to preserve the, future, we must appreciate the interconnectedness between, humans and nature at all levels. Sustainable development, practices can help us do this, and through education and building, awareness, preserving the future is within everyone’s reach., Some of the more common examples of sustainable, development practices are:, , Use of Renewable Energy: Energy from these resources is, limitless, meaning we have the ability to eliminate dependence on, non-renewable power sources by harnessing power from, renewable resources., , Crop rotation. Many farmers and gardeners are using this, method as a chemical free way to reduce diseases in the soil and, increase growth potential of their crops.

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62, , Water fixtures. Water conservation is critical to sustainable, development, and more and more products are available that use, less water in the home, such as showers, toilets, dishwashers and, laundry system., On September 25th 2015, countries adopted a set of goals, to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for, all as part of a new sustainable development agenda. Each goal, has specific targets to be achieved over the next 15 years.For the, goals to be reached, everyone needs to do their part: governments,, the private sector, civil society and people., , 2.12 SUMMARY, We use a variety of materials derived from the environment., Nature has given us abundant resources in form of water, air, soil,, wild animals, metals, fossils, fuels etc. and man by his technical, skill and knowledge using resource from the dawn of civilization., Resource is the ability to perform the work of satisfying the needs, or wants of human being. Resource can be classified on the basis, of their nature, durability, ownership and distribution pattern. All the, resources are derived from the environment. Many natural, resources are essential for human survival, while others are used, for satisfying human desire. Conservation is the protection,, improvement, and wise use of natural resource to provide the, greatest social and economic value for the present and the future., “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of, the present without compromising the ability of future generations, to meet their own needs”. On September 25th 2015, countries, adopted a set of goals to end poverty, protect the planet,, and ensure prosperity for all as part of a new sustainable, development agenda. Each goal has specific targets to be achieved, over the next 15 years. For the goals to be reached, everyone, needs to do their part: governments, the private sector, civil society, and people., , 2.13 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS/EXERCISE, 1., , True or false:, , a. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs, of the present without compromising the ability of future, generations to meet their own needs, b. Only developing countries should adopt a common stand on, climate change, c. Forest is the main source of food for the primitive societies

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63, d. Most of the time developing countries not able to explore the, new resources due to low amount of financial support., e. A resource is something that satisfies the needs of the nature., 2., , Fill in the blanks:, , a. On_____________, countries adopted a set of goals to end, poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all., b. _________________are formed over very long geological, periods, c. One limitation to maximize resources is ________________, d. ____________________play an important role in resource, development., e. ______________energy, expenditure., 3., , sources, , do, , not, , require, , heavy, , Match the columns:, A, , B, , a. Renewable, resources, , 1. Chemical, diseases, , b. Non-renewable, resources, , 2. Pine, spruce and larches, , c. Crop rotation, , 3. Solar power, , d. Taiga forest, , 4. Degradation of water, temperature changes, , e. Rainwater, harvesting, , 5. All plant, excreta, , f., , 6. Hydrogen, , Thermal pollution, , free, , way, , material, , to, , and, , reduce, , due, , to, , animal, , g. Geothermal energy, , 7. Coal, , h. Biomass, , 8. Logging, , i., , Stock resource, , 9. Heat of earth’s interior, , j., , Deforestation, , 10., Accumulation and deposition of, rainwater

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64, , 2.14 ANSWERS TO THE SELF-LEARNING, QUESTIONS, 1., a., b., c., d., e., , True or False:, True, False, True, True, False, , 2., a., b., c., d., e., , Fill in the blanks:, September 25th 2015, Non-renewable resources, Technology, Governmental policies, Non-conventional, , 3., a., b., c., d., e., f., g., h., i., j., , Match the columns:, 3, 7, 1, 2, 10, 4, 9, 5, 6, 8, , 2,14 TECHNICAL WORDS AND THEIR MEANING, , , Resources: a stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and, other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization, in order to function effectively., , , , Conservation: Conservation is the efficient using of resources, in an efficient or ethical manner., , , , Exploitation: The action of making use of and benefiting from, resources, over use of the resources., , 2.15 TASK, Spread awareness about minimum resource use and, conservation of the resources.

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65, , 2.16 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY, , , Natural Resource Management, Pandey, B ed., , , , The Exploitation of Natural Resources and the Consequences,, Sarsby, R. eds., , , , A New Century for Natural Resources Management, Knight. et., al. eds., , 