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86, , Unit -4, URBANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT, After going through this chapter, you will be able to understand the, following features:, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, , 4.5, , 4.6, 4.7, , 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, , Objectives, Introduction, Subject discussion, Concept of Urbanization, a. Defining the concepts, b.Trends in India Urbanisation, c. Causes of Urbanisation, Problems of Migration and urban environment:, i) What is Migration, ii) Types of Migration, iii) Effects of Urbanisation, a. Changing land use, b. Crowding and stress on urban resources, c. Degradation of air and water, d. Loss of soil cover impact on biodiversity, Urban Heat Island, Smart and Sustainable Cities, i) What is a Smart City, ii) Smart City Mission, iii) Achievements of a Smart city, iv) Smart City Features, v) Smart City Area Based Development Models, vi) Challenges of a Smart City, Summary, Check your Progress/Exercise, Answers to the self-learning questions, Technical words and their meaning, Task, References for further study

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87, , 4.1 OBJECTIVES, By the end of this unit you will be able to –, , Understand the patterns of global urban growth, , Understand the problems of excess urbanization, , Understand the concept of smart cities, , Understand the patterns of urban population, , 4.2 INTRODUCTION, Urbanisation is the process of becoming urban. All regions, have moved from a rural to an urban population growth causing, cities to change their morphology and the characteristics., , As cities become more and more urban, there are problems, that have arisen like pollution, overcrowding etc. These have called, for better planning and management of the urban morphology., Planners and governing agencies have created solutions like smart, cities, sustainable cities to ensure that cities continue to grow., Projections show that urbanization combined with the overall, growth of the world's population could add another 2.5 billion, people to urban populations by 2050, with close to 90 percent of, the increase concentrated in Asia and Africa, according to the, United Nations., , 4.3 SUBJECT DISCUSSION, According to the World Bank data, in 2007, the global urban, population exceeded the global rural population, and the world, population has remained predominantly urban thereafter. With, more than 54 per cent of the world’s population is urban today, planning for urbanization is a much needed action. India just like, many other developing countries too is increasing becoming urban., Urban areas promote employment, better quality life, improved, medical and educational opportunities, create infrastructure and, push economies into becoming better. The pitfalls to urbanization, are the slums developments. Stress on the existing resources,

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88, pollution, infrastructure bottlenecks and overcrowding. In order to, combat this the Indian government has come up with the concept of, smart cities to align with the Rio 20+ objectives of improved urban, development. Selected cities in the country will be modeled into, ideal smart cities and the process has begun., , 4.4 CONCEPT OF URBANIZATION, a. Defining Terms, The Census of India defines urban areas as, (as per 1961, Census later adopted in every Census), (a) All places with a Municipality, Corporation or Cantonment or, Notified Town Area, (b) All other places which satisfied the following criteria:, (i), , a minimum population of 5,000., , (ii) at least 75% of the male working population was nonagricultural sector., (iii) a density of population of at least 400 sq. Km. (i.e. 1000, per sq. Mile), , , An urban area can be defined by one or more of the following:, administrative criteria or political boundaries (e.g., area within, the jurisdiction of a municipality or town committee), a threshold, population size (where the minimum for an urban settlement is, typically in the region of 2,000 people., , , , Urban growth is the (relative or absolute) increase in, the number of people who live in towns and cities., , , , Urbanization is the proportion of a country that is urban, , , , Urban agglomeration is the proportion of a built-up or densely, populated area, , , , Urban Sprawl is the uncontrolled and disproportionate, expansion of an urban area into the surrounding countryside,, forming low-density, poorly planned patterns of development., , , , Megacity is an urban agglomeration with a population of 10, million or more.

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89, b. Trends of Indian Urbanisation, According to the Ministry of Urban Development, the, following trends are evident in Urbanisation in India., , , Among all the States and Union territories, the National Capital, Territory of Delhi and the Union territory of Chandigarh are most, urbanized with 97.5 percent and 97.25 percent urban population, , , , Goa is now the most urbanized State with 62.2 percent urban, population, a significant increase since 2001 when urban, population of Goa was 49.8%., , , , Kerala, has an urban population of 47.7 per cent, while a, decade ago it was just 25.9 percent., , , , The North-Eastern States has Mizoram as the most urbanised, with 51.5 per cent urban population, though in terms of absolute, contribution to total urban population in the country, Mizoram’s, contribution is just 0.1 percent., , , , The proportion of urban population continues to be the lowest in, Himachal Pradesh with 10.0 per cent followed by Bihar with, 11.3 percent, Assam (14.1 percent) and Orissa (16.7 percent)., , , , Maharashtra has in absolute numbers the highest with 50.8, million persons which comprises 13.5 percent of the total urban, population of the country., , , , The provisional results of census 2011 reveals that there is an, increase of 2774 towns comprising 242 Statutory and 2532, census towns over the decade., , , , Growth rate of population in urban areas was 31.8%.Further the, number of million plus cities/urban agglomeration UA has, increased from 35 in Census 2001 to 53 in Census 2011., , c. Causes of Urbanisation:, Various reasons have led to the growth of cities. They are as, follows:, i. Industrialization:, Industrialization is a major cause of urbanization. It has, resulted in the employment for many people and areas have, become urban as they support secondary activities., ii. Social factors and urban benefits:, In most developing countries people are attracted to urban, areas, better standard of living, better educational facilities, need, for status also induce people to migrate to cities.

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90, Employment opportunities:, In India, cities provide more job opportunities to people., Hence most cities tend to be overcrowded and centers of urban, growth., iv. Modernization:, Urban areas are characterized by sophisticated technology, better infrastructure, communication, medical facilities, etc. People, feel that they can lead a comfortable life in cities and migrate to, cities., v. Migration:, Migration of people from rural to urban areas, from the, suburbs to the city centre and from smaller towns to bigger cities., vi. Natural Increase of Population:, As the population of the cities grow there is an increase in, the number of urban population of the city., , 4.5., , PROBLEMS, GROWTH, , OF, , MIGRATION, , AND, , URBAN, , i) What is migration?, Migration is the movement of people from one place to, another. The reasons for migration can be economic, social,, political or environmental. There are usually push factors and pull, factors at work for the process to be complete. Migration impacts, on both the place or origin, and on the place where migrants settle., Historically man has been migrating for better opportunities,, agricultural lands, employment, avoid disasters, politically, motivated as refugees, religious reasons, and educational, social, and cultural reasons., Push Factors, , Pull Factors, , Hostile environment, , Improved employment opportunity, , Disasters, , Religious Reasons, , Political Refugee, , Social Reasons( Marriage), , Lack of opportunities Education, Education, Employment, ii) People migrating may be of different types:On the basis of the source place:-

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91, , , Internal Migration- is when the migration of the people is within, the country of origin. Internal migration could be rural to rural,, urban to urban, rural to urban, and urban to rural. Amongst the, different types, rural to urban migration is the most common in, India., , , , International Migration- Is when migration of the people is, from one country to another. It may be for employment, better, quality of life, marriage, education etc., , On the basis of numbers: Individual Migration- Is when an individual migrates to a new, land for his personal goals, needs and desires.,  Group Migration- Is when people migrate in groups from one, place to another. Families, communities, groups of unrelated, people may migrate for the want of better opportunitiy. In India,, the highest numbers over (10 million) migrated during the, partition of the country in 1947, from West and East Pakistan, into India and vice versa. These were mostly community and, family migrations., On the basis of Choice: Voluntary – When the migration of a person or a group of, people is by choice, it is voluntary and based on the needs of, the of the individual or the group., , , Forced- When migration is compulsory in order to survive or, when wars or political tensions force people out of their places, of living, they are forced migration also called the refugees., During the Kashmir insurgency the Kashmiri Pandits fled the, valley to avoid being troubled. Similarly, developmental projects, may create forced migration for the tribal people living in an, area. Building of dams, roads, rail lines, airports, force people to, leave a place and migrate., , Interestingly, when people migrate the following happens in, both the area where the migrant is moved from and where he is, headed., Effect of Migration in, Area of Origin, , Effect of Migration in, Area of Destination, , Will have lesser people, , Will have more people, , Will have lesser workforce, , Will have more workforce, , Will have less consumption of Will have more consumption of, goods and services, goods and services, Income and earnings falls, , Income and earnings rise

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92, Quality of life improves, , Quality of life declines, , Sparse population means better Dense population means strain, available resources, on the existing resources., , iii) Effect of Urbanisation, Urban growth is the unprecedented growth of people,, houses and livelihood of an area. There are distinct reasons for the, growth of urban centers also called growth poles in a region. A, factory, a temple etc. may be triggers to allow growth of settlements, around them., Positive effect of, Negative Effect of, Urbansiation, Urbanistion, , , , , , , Migration of rural people to, urban areas., Employment opportunities in, urban centres., Transport and communication, facilities., Educational facilities., Increase in the standard of, living., , , , , , , Problem of over population, Cost of living, Increase in Crime rates, Pollution, , Urbanisation comes with some defined problems:c. Degradation of air and water, d. Loss of soil cover impact on biodiversity,, a. Changing Land Use- Any urban area needs to develop on some, geographic space. This means that the city or a town needs some, space to grow or develop its houses, institutions, roads, railways, etc. Thus the land use in an urban area changes from largely rural, and agrarian to urban to include the urban facilities. The, morphology undergoes a change and may even impact the, ecological balance of a place. For example the increase in the built, up area may conflict and reduce the ground waste infiltration and, prevent natural water conservation. Trees decline too and may, cause the air to be polluted and carbon balance may be impacted., b.Crowding, and, Stress, on, Urban, Resources, or, OverpopulationCongestion and unhygienic living is dominant due to over, urbanization. The density of people is very high in the urban areas, causing land prices to rise. Housing becomes expensive and, average house size is small. There are prevalent chawls (slums)

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93, and cluster settlements and vertical living e.g. high rises become a, norm. Mumbai as a city is known for its slum and one third of its, population live in them. Slums have been called by different locally,, a Bastee in India, a Favela in Brazil etc., c. Degradation of Air, Water and Land or Pollutioni) Pollution from contaminated waste from sewage, waste water,, industrial waste water and domestic wastewater may be a major, problem with urban development. Most Indian cities like Delhi, (Yamuna), Mumbai (Mithi) have seen water bound pollution from, urban rivers which have been converted into carriers of urban, waste waters., ii) Vehicular exhausts, industries emitting harmful gases,, dumpyards releasing gases, domestic heating may all be, contribution to the poor urban health of the air around it., iii) Wasteland from dumping of the garbage, creating dumpyards,, disposing harmful waste on urban lands can cause the land to be, degraded ., iv) Noise Pollution from vehicles, industries, crackers, honking, and, festival noise can all harm the urban environment., d. Loss of soil cover and Impact on biodiversityThe spread of urban population in an area needs built up, area. Vegetation is cut causing the biodiversity to be affected. In, Mumbai, the Sanjay Gandhi National Park has receeded to, accommodate the megacity. Similarly, man animal conflicts can, also occur, like sighting of the animal in urban areas, animals, venturing into roads, railways, bird hits in airports etc. The rise in, the number of people result in deforestation of the region and, hence the ecology is impacted., Other problems include, Water Supply and Sanitation- The presence of a higher, population causes pressure on the existing water supplies and, ability of the municipality to handle the disposal of sanitation. Since, the pressure on water and other resources is very high shortages, may arise. Untreated waters may contaminate and make water, difficult to use., Transportation- too many vehicles clog the transport networks and, cause traffic jams, overcrowding of the mass transport systems like, buses and trains. Delays in commuting, accidents, honking may, cause stress for the commuters.

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94, Clearly the solution to the problems of urbanization is better, management from the problems and tackling the problems with, planning and vision., (a) To create Employment at Rural Level: The chief responsible, factor for urbanization is limited employment in villages. So, we, should try to create more and more employment in rural area to, stop migration., (b) The make the rural area better adapted to tackle the disasters, like droughts which trigger massive migration to the cities., c) Create sustainable cities which can plan the urban areas in, advance with the capacity of people it can hold. This will enable the, city planning to be scientific and create urban space for all the, residents of the cities., Urban Sprawl- Excessive urbanisation in developing countries can, cause a different type of land use. Sprawl generally infers to some, type of development with impacts such as loss of agricultural land,, open space, and ecologically sensitive habitats. Also, sometimes, sprawl is equated with growth of town or city (radial spread). In, simpler words, as population increases in an area or a city, the, boundary of the city expands to accommodate the growth; this, expansion is considered as sprawl. Usually sprawls take place on, the urban fringe, at the edge of an urban area or along the, highways., , 4.6 URBAN HEAT ISLAND, In some instances, urban development may cause harm to, the environment. Due to pollution, the pollutant released may, modify the physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere, and, the covering of the soil surface. Generally a combined effect of all, these impacts causes what is known as Urban Heat Island. It is, defined as the rise in temperature of any man-made area, resulting, in a well-defined, distinct "warm island" among the cooler, surrounding region. The warm conditions are a result of the urban, modifications that may have been made on the city, town or a built, up area., The causes of Urban Heat Island (UHI) are:i) Removal of land cover and replaced by built up area resulting in, reflection of heat into the atmosphere rather than absorbing the, heat., ii) Urban construction materials have different thermal (heat, capacity and thermal conductivity) and radiative (reflectivity and

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95, emissivity) properties compared to surrounding rural areas, which, results in more of the sun’s energy being absorbed and stored in, urban compared to rural surfaces., iii) Scattered and emitted radiation from atmospheric pollutants to, the urban area, iv) The production of waste heat from air conditioning and, refrigeration systems, as well from industrial processes and, vehicular traffic, , , Cities with variable landscapes and climates can have, temperatures several degrees higher than their rural, surroundings, , , , This increase may further create a warming due to increased, energy consumption for cooling (i.e. refrigeration and airconditioning),increase the energy production by power plants,, which leads to higher emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse, gases such as carbon dioxide, as well as other pollutants such, as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. Thus, a continous heat creation causes the temperature of the city to, remain higher than the adjoining regions, , , , Health impacts- Heatstroke, heat exhaustion, pollution related, ailments, particularly in elderly and children may be seen, , , , Meteorological impacts of the UHI are associated with, reductions in snowfall frequencies and intensities, as well as, reductions in the diurnal and seasonal range of freezing, temperatures., , , , High temperatures may alter the floral and fauna patterns and, living., , 4.7 SMART CITIES, As an initiative of the Government of India, the Smart cities, concept has been introduced. The Ministry of Urban Development, has outlined the details entailed in the program which may see, some 20 Indian cities become smart in the future., i) What is a Smart City?, These cities are required to promote comprehensive, development-institutional,, physical,, social, and, economic, infrastructure. As a long term goal and cities can work towards, developing such comprehensive infrastructure gradually converting, into smart cities., ii) Smart Cities Mission,( objective) are:,  To promote cities that provide core infrastructure

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96, , , , , Give a decent quality of life to its citizens, A clean and sustainable environment, And application of ‘Smart’ Solutions., , The Smart Cities Mission of the Government is a bold, new, initiative, attempting to focus on the core infrastructure, such as,, i., , Adequate water supply, , ii., , Assured electricity supply, , iii., , Sanitation, including solid waste management, , iv. Efficient urban mobility and public transport, v., , Affordable housing, especially for the poor, , vi., , Robust IT connectivity and digitalization, , vii. Good governance, especially e-Governance and citizen, participation, viii. Sustainable environment, ix. Safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children, and the elderly, x., , Health and education., , iii) Achievement of Smart City, a. To drive economic growth, b. Improve the quality of life of people by enabling local area, development, c. Harnessing technology, especially technology that leads to, Smart outcomes., d. Area based development that will transform existing areas, (retrofit and redevelop), including slums, into better planned, ones, thereby improving livability of the whole City, iv) Smart City Features (Ministry of Urban Development) 1. Promoting mixed land use in area based developments–, planning for ‘unplanned areas’ containing a range of compatible, activities and land uses.., 2. Housing and inclusiveness - expand housing opportunities for, all;, 3. Creating livable localities –reduce congestion, air pollution and, resource depletion, boost local economy, promote interactions, and ensure security., 4. Preserving and developing open spaces - parks, playgrounds, and promote eco-balance;

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97, 5. Promoting a variety of transport options - Transit Oriented, Development (TOD), public transport, 6. Making governance citizen-friendly and cost effective e.g.online, services to bring about accountability and transparency, 7. Giving an identity to the city - based on its main economic, activity, such as local cuisine, health, education, arts and craft,, culture, sports goods, furniture, hosiery, textile, dairy, etc;, 8. Applying Smart Solutions to infrastructure and services in areabased development in order to make them better. For example,, making areas less vulnerable to disasters, using fewer, resources, and providing cheaper services., , v) What is Area Based Development Models in Smart Cities, The strategic components of area-based development in the, Smart Cities Mission are : City improvement (retrofitting),  City renewal (redevelopment),  City extension (greenfield development) plus a,  Pan-city initiative in which Smart Solutions are applied, covering larger parts of the city., , , Retrofitting will introduce planning in an existing built-up, area to achieve smart city objectives, to make an existing area, more efficient and liveable. Since existing structures are largely to, remain intact in this model, it is expected that more intensive, infrastructure service levels and a large number of smart, applications will be packed into the retrofitted smart city. This, strategy may also be completed in a shorter time frame, leading to, its replication in another part of the city., , , Redevelopment will effect a replacement of the existing, built-up environment and enable co-creation of a new layout with, enhanced infrastructure using mixed land use and increased, density. Example, Saifee Burhani Upliftment Project in Mumbai, (also called the Bhendi Bazaar Project) and the redevelopment of, East Kidwai Nagar in New Delhi being undertaken by the National, Building Construction Corporation., , , Greenfield development will introduce most of the Smart, Solutions in a previously vacant area using innovative planning,, plan financing and plan implementation tools (e.g. land pooling/, land reconstitution) with provision for affordable housing, especially, for the poor. Greenfield developments are required around cities in, order to address the needs of the expanding population. One well, known example is the GIFT City in Gujarat.

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98, , , Pan-city development envisages application of selected, Smart Solutions to the existing city-wide infrastructure. Application, of Smart Solutions will involve the use of technology, information, and data to make infrastructure and services better. For example,, applying Smart Solutions in the transport sector., Bhubaneshwar tops the list as the first city to be selected for, smart city program. Twenty cities which include Mumbai, Pune,, Bhopal, Jaipur, Ludhiana, Ahmadabad to name a few were, selected to start the smart city concept., vi) Challenges of Smart City Program, India is a developing country and hence the biggest, challenge that India faces will be in the amount to be spent on the, creation of smart city infrastructure. The model on retrofitting, includes working on existing urban spaces which make it difficult, and time consuming. All states in India may not adhere to the, manner of changing from the backwardness to transform into a, smart city. Finally, change of political will may cause projects to, remain suspended if not wrapped up in one governing session of, the political party., , 4.8 SUMMARY, Development of urban areas is a necessity in the modern, world. Globally over half the population live in urban settlements., The solution to any development is not to stop it but to manage it as, sustainably as possible. In 1991, the United Nations Centre for, Human Settlements in its sustainable Cities program, tried to, highlight the need to develop the urban space in a sustainable, manner by following the three pillars of sustainable development,, social development, economic development and environmental, sustainability, in its planning. Most of the developing nations are, struggling with huge volumes of urban population which need to be, managed. Hence, a sustainable city will have low ecological, footprint and would meet the development needs of the inhabitants, without damaging the environment., , 4.9. CHECK YOUR PROGRESS/EXERCISE, 1., , True or False, , a., , All regions move from urban to rural in the urban process, , b., , Megacity has 5000 people in it., , c., , India has more urban than rural population, , d., , Migration is only within a country

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99, e., , Environmental sustainability, development of cities., , is, , possible, , in, , proper, , 2., , Fill in the Blanks, , a., , The definition of urban centers India follows if from ______, census, , b., , Slums are called ___________ in Brazil, , c., , ____________ will introduce most of the Smart Solutions in, a previously vacant area, , d., , ___________ is a push factor of migration, , e., , _________ is the first city to be chosen for smart city in, India., , 3., Multiple Choice Questions, a.________ will introduce planning in an existing built-up area to, achieve smart city objectives, i. Rebuilding, ii. Retrofitting, iii. Pan Development, iv. Retoning, b. This State/Union Territory has the highest urban population, _________, i) NCT Delhi, ii. MP, iii. Assam, iv. Goa, c. _____________ is a positive effect of urbanisation, i. Employment, ii. Transport, iii. Degradation, iv. Pollution, d. ___________ state has the highest absolute numbers of urban, population, i. West Bengal, ii. Punjab, iii. Maharashtra, iv. Tamil Nadu, e. ________ causes forced migration, i. Employment, ii. Education, iii. Wars, iv. social visit

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100, Answers to the self-learning questions, 1. True or False, 1.a. False, 1.b. False, 1.c. False, 1.d. False, 1.e. True, 2. Fill in the Blanks, 2.a. 1961, 2.b. Favela, 2.c. Greenfield development, 2.d. Disaster, 2e. Bhubhaneshwar, 3. Multiple Choice Questions, 3.a. (ii), 3.b. (i), 3.c. (i), 3.d. (iii), 3.e. (iii), , 4.10 TECHNICAL WORDS AND THEIR MEANINGS, , , Urbanisation : The process of becoming urban from a rural, region., , , , Smart City: New manner of planned development for existing, and newer urban spaces., , , , Urban Sprawl: Cluster development of urban area for multiple, geographical reasons., , 4.11 TASK, , Make a study among your classmates to ascertain the, distance travelled by them to reach your college. Map and show the, hinterland of your institute, , 4.12 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY, , , , , , , , Basics in Environmental Studies, Dr. Pushpendra, Environmental Management, Swapan Deb., Ministry of Urban Development official Website for Smart Cities, The Sage Handbook of Environment and Society, Ward, Hugh, eds., Environment and Sustainable Development, Sundar, I., Human Geography, Majid Hussain, , 