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Dr. BR Ambedkar, Introduction:, , Bhima Rami Ambedkar was Popularly known as Baba Saheb, Was one of the Makers of Modern, India and Chief Architect of our Constitution. He was an Indian jurist, Economist, Politician, Social, reformer, a good Orator, an Editor, a prolific writer, Philosopher, historian, an Anthropologist,, and a teacher. He campaigned against the social discrimination and Untouchability while also, supporting The rights of women and labor. He was Independent India's first law minister, the, principal architect of the Constitution of India and a founding father of the Republic of India., , Early life of Ambedkar:, , Ambedkar was born on April 14, 1891 in the Harijan family of Mahar of Ambawade, a village in, Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. Ramji Saqpal and Bhimabai were parents. Ramaji was in the, military in Bombay. He was the 14th son of Ramaji. Ambedkar lost his mother in the 6th year., Ambedkar grew up amidst the wrath of the upper classes from his student body. He was brilliant., He had to sit in the corner of the school. The children of the rich were not touched. There was, no drinking water, no playing with them. Ambedkar finished high school at Satara and passed, Matriculation in 1908. At high school Ambedkar Brahmin: Teachers lovingly called Bhimji as, ‘Ambedkar’. 14-year-old Ambedkar married 9-year-old girl Ramabai. He received his B.A. in 1912, from Elin son College in Bombay. Graduated. Later, Joined the job at Baroda as Lieutenant with, the help of a choir by the Maharaja of Baroda Sayajirao completed his education in America and, England. Studied economics and sociology. on behalf of the University of Columbia, awarded, MA and Ph.D. of his thesis ‘A Commerce in Ancient India and 'The Evolution of Provincial Finance, in India', as well as He studied the London School of Economics and political science, submitted, the papers “Provincial decentralization of imperial finance in British India” and "The Problem of, Rupee". to the University of London, where he received his MSc and DSc Degree. then studied, law in Gres in Law, London. In addition, he learned Sanskrit, which did not count Karna's, opposition. Ambedkar was the only Dalit educated at that time. He became a military secretary, in Baroda. Those abandoned. Short of vacancies in 1923, he became a lawyer at the Bombay, High Court. He later served as Professor of Economics at Sidam Commerce College, Professor, and Principal of Bombay Canon College, Bombay in 1942 as a member of the Viceroy Executive, Committee. That was the Labor Minister. After Independence, he was the President of the, Constitutional Drafting Committee and created the Constitution of India. He also served as the, first law minister of independent India. In 1948, Married with a Brahmin Dr. Shara Kabira., Ambedkar had a son. Elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1952. On October 14, 1956, at the Nagpur, Buddhist Conference, he converted to a Buddhism with 3,80,000 Dalits. Buddha was their, favorite deity. On December 6, 1956, the Dalitasurya became disrupted. Got Post mortem Bharat, Ratna Award in 1989., , Ambedkar as a Social Reformer:, , Ambedkar insult during the time student, Military secretary and insult faced by him and his, , community. While practicing law in the Bombay High Court, he tried to uplift the untouchables, th, , in order to Educated them. “Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha” on July 20 , 1924, which was intended, to promote EDUCATION, ORGANIZATION and STRUGGLE were the three necessities for the, depressed classes. socio-economic improvement, as well as the welfare of “outcastes”, at the
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time referred to as depressed classes. With the assistance of this society, Ambedkar established, a Hostel for high school students of Solapur., , Ambedkar as a Social Reformer:, , According to him- The depressed classes should enjoy the equal representation in the political, institutions, they also enjoy the equal status in the society and have to right of Temple entering, and in the public places. In 1927, he published another journal- “Bahishkrit Bharatha, , Mahad Conference:(Tanks and Temple entering):, By 1927 Ambedkar decided to launch active movements against untouchability. Marches to, th, , open up and share public drinking water resources. On Nov 27 1927, He led a conference in, Mahad Town (Kolaba dist. Of Maharashtra) with 10,000 Dalits. To fight for the rights of, Untouchable community to draw the water from the main water tank of that time. Ambedkar, and his followers marched towards. The tank of Chowder and consumed the water. Ambedkar, publicly condemned the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), he led thousands of, followers to burn copies of Manusmrti. for ideologically justifying caste discrimination and, "untouchability “. And he ceremonially burned copies of the ancient text. On 25 December 1927,, But the people of the Upper Classes cleaned the Tank. This case was filed at Bombay High Court, and Ambedkar argued on behalf of the Dalit's. Finally, the Court gave the judgment on the fever, of Dalit's Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti, Burning Day) by Ambedkar and Dalits., , Enter of Kamara Temple-1930, , Ambedkar also began a struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. In 1930, March 2nd he, launched Kalaram Temple movement after three months of preparation. About 15,000, volunteers assembled at Kalaram Temple satygraha making one of the greatest processions, of Nashik. The procession was headed by a military band, a batch of scouts, women and men, walked in discipline, order and determination to see the god for the first time. When they, reached to gate, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities under the police protection. Both, were celebrated, The Chariot Festival in 1930 after negotiation, , , , , , Publication of News Papers, , Ambedkar published Mukanayaka, Bahiskrutha Bartha, Sarasvati Vilas, Equality, Prabudda, Bartha, and others in Marathi and English. The Dalit people were convinced that poverty,, weakness and ignorance were the enemies among the Dalit's. The purpose of this paper is to, empower Dalit's and make them respectable in society. He tried to convince the following points, in this papers Asserted the rights of Dalits. Dalit's have equal rights to enjoy land, water, temple, and public property. Dalit's should fight for their rights not beg. He tried to convince the British, about the evils of Hindu Religion, , Simon Commission and Ambedkar, , Ambedkar supported to fight for the political rights of Dalit’s even India boycotted the Simon, commission. Demanded the special Privileges for Dalit's in British government in politics, service, education, shelter, equality in religious and economic field. Simon Commission recommended, in the fever of Dalit’s of its report.
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Round Table Conferences and Ambedkar: (1930-32), , Ambedkar was invited to attend the Round Table Conferences. Ambedkar participated in that, conferences Had given an influential speech on behalf of their people and their rights. He, demanded for the Separate Electorates to the Dalit’s and British Govt. assured him. In 1932,, British announced the formation of a separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the, Communal Award., , th, Poona Pact: (25 Sep 1932), , Gandhi fiercely opposed the Communal award to provide a separate electorate for, untouchables, saying he feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu, community. Gandhi protested by fasting while imprisoned in the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona., Following the fast, Congress politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and others, organized joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada. On 25 September 1932,, the agreement known as Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar and Madan Mohan, Malaviya. They agreed to retain joint electoral seats instead of a separate electoral seat given, to the untouchables in the Communal decision. Untouchables were accepted as part of Hindu, society. 148 seats were given to the untouchables in the provincial legislatures instead of 71. The, agreed to reserve 18 per cent seats for the untouchables in central legislature., , Workers and Ambedkar, , Ambedkar served as a member of the Viceroy's Executive Council and labor minister he fought, for the problems of the workers. Ordinance on Labor Welfare Fund of Coal Mine- According to, the ordinance, 25 pie of tariff was imposed on each ton of coal. The proceeds from such tariffs, were used for the social welfare activities of mercenary workers. Coal Mine Workers' Welfare, Committee- With the establishment of this organization, there are three central hospitals and, 12 regional hospitals with 1,150 general beds. This made it possible for patients with leprosy,, cancer, mental illness, and so forth to be treated in hospitals. (Labor Community): Dr. Ambedkar, did not just fight for the cause, from 1942 to June 1946, Amendments of the Mine Industrial Law, were made, if women workers are working in the mines, to provide child care center and, separate toilet for men and women. Amendment to the Worker's Compensation Law of 1923:, When Ambedkar assumed office of the Law Department, 1923. Amended of the labor, compensation law. The maximum amount of post-death compensation increased from Rs 4000, to Rs 4500. If the duty workers are completely disabled by accident, their compensation amount, will be increased from Rs 5600 to Rs 6300. The 10-week vacation period for women workers has, been increased to 16 weeks and the post-maternity holiday period from 04 weeks to 06 weeks., Enacted minimum wage law in 1948, , Riots and Ambedkar, , The Zamindari (Khoti) system was abolished in 1937. Jeeta system was abolished as a result of, this People who are in bad condition are able to free from the misery of the landlords. The, Untouchables were called Harijan in the bill of formers. Then Dr. Ambedkar asked the, untouchables to be called children of God, and others to be called children of demons. "Calling, the untouchables Harijans will not improve their lives."(Mahar Battalion) (1941): Ambedkar, distinguished the Governor of Bombay from joining the Maher's in the army during World War, Il. This led to the appearance of the Mahar Battalion in the British Army.
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literature, , Ambedkar is the backbone of organizational struggle along with his writings., Who Were the Shudras?, , The Buddha & his Gospel, , Thoughts of Partition, , Buddha & his Dhamma, , Castes in India, , Riddles of Hinduism, , Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a house, and stocked his personal library with more than, 50,000 books., , Ambedkar as an Architect of Indian Constitution, , Dr. Ambedkar, was the chief architect of the Indian Constitution. Dr. Ambedkar was appointed, as the first Law Minister of Free India. The central Government formed the “Constitution, Committee” under president ship of Dr. Babu Rajendra Prasad. The Constituent Assembly, appointed him as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee along with six other members to draft, the Constitution of India. Granville Austin described the Indian Constitution drafted by, Ambedkar as 'first and foremost a social document’. 'The majority of India's constitutional, provisions are either directly arrived at furthering the aim of social revolution or attempt to, foster this revolution by establishing conditions necessary for its achievement. The text prepared, by Ambedkar provided constitutional guarantees and protections for a wide range of civil, liberties for individual citizens, the fundamental rights including freedom of religion, the, abolition of untouchability, and the outlawing of all forms of discrimination. Our Constitution, the largest written in the world-was adopted on the 26th November, 1949 by unanimous roar of, the Constituent Assembly as well as whole nation. It came to effect on the 26th of January, 1950., 26th of January is celebrated as the Republic Day . Our constitution has 395 articles in 22 parts, and 8 schedules. It consists of approximately 145,000 words, making it the second largest active, constitution in the world. Currently, it has a preamble, 25 parts with 12 schedules, 5 appendices,, 448 articles, and 101 amendments., , Ambedkar as an Architect of Indian Constitution, , The text prepared by Ambedkar provided constitutional guarantees. And protections for a wide, range of civil liberties for individual citizens, the fundamental rights including freedom of, religion, the abolition of untouchability, and the outlawing of all forms of discrimination., Ambedkar argued for extensive economic and social rights for women, And reservations of jobs, in the civil services, Schools and colleges, , PREAMBLE, , WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social,, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of, status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of
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the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; INOUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this, twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS, CONSTITUTION, , Preamble of the constitution, , Preamble declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic. The, objectives stated by the Preamble are to secure justice, liberty, equality to all citizens and, promote fraternity to maintain unity and integrity of the nation., , Fundamental Rights, , The Fundamental Rights section of the Indian Constitution has often been referred to as, its ‘conscience.’ The objective of Fundamental Rights is two-fold as per Dr. BR Ambedkar. The, first objective is that every citizen must be ina position to claim those rights. And secondly, every, authority that has got the power to make law these rights must be binding upon them, , 6 Fundamental Rights-Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right Against Exploitation, Right to, Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Education Rights and Right to Constitutional Remedies, , Secularism, , As per Secularism, a state does not promote any 1 religion as the state religion. Separation of, Powers. There are 3 organs of the Government, as per the Constitution of India. The 3 organs are, Executive, Legislature and Judiciary. Each of these 3 organs have different powers as per the, Constitution of India, this is done to ensure that there is no misuse of power and balance of power, is maintained. The executive is a smaller group of people who are responsible for running the, government and implementing the laws. Our elected representatives are known as the, Legislature.The System of courts is known as the Judiciary., , Parliamentary Form of Government, , Every citizen of the country, irrespective of his/her social background, can contest in elections., , People of India have a direct role in electing their representatives through elections. The, Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens. Elected representatives, are accountable to the people., , Federalism, , Federalism refers to the existence of more than one level of Government in India. The 1st tier is, the Central Government, 2nd tier are the State Governments and 3rd tier is the Panchayat Raj, or Local Self Government. This is done so that there is decentralization of power, when decisions, are made for a particular area. The Constitution of India has demarcated the powers of different, tiers of Government through creation of Union List, State List and Concurrent List. Subjects of, national concern require that all of these states follow the laws of the Central government., , Directive Principles of State Policy, , Directive Principles of State Policy aim to create social and economic conditions under which the, citizens can lead a good life. They also aim to establish social and economic democracy through, a welfare state. Besides, all executive agencies of union and states should also be guided by, these principles. Ambedkar opinions that Directive Principles of State Policies are instruments, of instructions of legislatives and executives
