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Freedom Movement 1885-1919, With the establishment of British imperialism in India, the British East India Company was, subjected to constant economic exploitation and mistreatment of the Indians., Many tribal communities revolted against the inhuman atrocities of the British. In addition,, educated intellectuals launched a movement against the British on ideological ground. In the, 19th century, many Sangha organizations were established in Bengal Maharashtra and Madras, Province, notably the Bengal Land Society, the British Indian Association, the Bombay Indian, Association, the Pune Public Forum, the Indian National Conference. Inspired by SN Banerjee's, Indian National Conference, AO Hume, a retired ICS officer, founded the National Congress of, India to bring together Indian academics on a single platform to discuss issues with the, government and find a solution., National Congress of India 1885, The National Congress of India was founded in Bombay on 28 December 1885. Surendranath, Banerjee's Indian National Conference and his Indian National Union were also inspired by the, birth of the Congress. In 1883, AO wrote a letter to the graduates of the University of Calcutta,, calling for an association for the political and social revival of the country. The Indian National, Congress party was formed with the consent of the Viceroy Duffrin since it was well received., A O Hume, He is a retired British ISIS officer, aware of the intensity of the Thousand Rebellion of Thousand, 857, in order to prevent dissatisfaction with the smoke of the Indian educated class and protect, the British Empire at risk from Indians' rebellion. He founded this organization as a forum to, discuss and overcome., First session of Indian National Congress 1885 1885, The first session of the Congress was held at Bombay's Gokul Das Tej Paul Sanskrit Lesson School, grounds under the chairmanship of retired barrister WC Banerjee from December 28 to 30. Held, in the presence of 72 representatives from different parts of the country. The following nine, resolutions were passed with the participation of prominent leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Firoz, Shah Mehta, KT Telanga, Badruddin Tyabji, Gopalakrishna Gokhale, RG Bhandarkar, MG Ranade,, Madan Mohan Malaviya. To formulate a commission to implement administrative reforms in, India. Urging the government to reduce administrative costs. Conducting simultaneous ICS, exams in India and England. Promoting nationalism through political education among Indians., Inclusion of people of all classes of India as members. Conducting an annual session of Congress, in December each year. Insisting on the formation of a system of presidencies. The abolition of, the Indian Council of the Secretary of State for India and the demand for cutting military, spending.
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Stages of the Indian National Movement, 1885 to 1905, the era of the first stage laggards, Second-level radicals 1905 to 1919, Third Age Gandhi era 1919 to 1947, The Age of Slumbering 1885 to 1905, The first phase of India's independence movement is called the Age of Slumber. Leaders such as, Dadabhai Navroji, Surendranath Banerjee, Gopalakrishna Gokhale, MG Ranade,, Madanamohana Malviya, Badruddin Tyabji, Katy Telang, Anand Mohan Bass, Feroz Shah Mehta, are known as the lame people., Methods of fighting the laggards, The lackeys were pacifists, non-violents and liberals who wanted to gain loyalty to British rule, and to believe in their legitimacy and gain self-government. They followed a constitutional path, to fulfill their demands. The purpose was to gather public opinion and resolve their issues before, the British through appeals. His campaigns include press campaigns, delegations, prayers,, pamphlets, petitioning and debate., , In England too, the publication of public opinion was brought to the attention of the government, through the magazine India. Their methods are called 3P, Demands of laggards, Hiring more Indians for higher administrative posts., Representing elected Indians in Central and Provincial Legislative Assemblies. To provide, adequate representation of Indians to the Executive Committee. Promotion to education., Separating the judiciary from action. Conduct ICS exams simultaneously in England and India., Increasing import tariffs. Reducing military waste. Giving Indians the right to bear arms. The, abolition of the Indian Council and the establishment of self-government under the British, Empire., , The achievements of the laggards, Though the lackeys failed in their own achievement, Bipin Chandra failed to set the foundation, for the national movement and sowed the seeds of nationalism. In his book The Power and Un, British Rule India, Dadabhai Navarroji analyzed how the British were plundering India's wealth, through their wealth theory. Gopalakrishna Gokhale, one of the leading cleric leaders, founded
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the Servants of India site to train nationalists for social service and political awareness in India., Surendranath Banerjee, popularly known as the originator of the Indian National Movement,, traveled around the country raising awareness of the reduction of the ICS exam age from 21 to, 19. opposed the partition of Bengal and launched an anti-Bengal anti-partisan movement that, led to the Swadeshi movement., Major lackeys, Dadabhai Naoroji 1825-1917, Dadabai Navarroji, better known as India's oldest father, attended the Elphinstone College in, Bombay and served as professor of mathematics. He later served as a member of the Bombay, Corporation and as a Diwan of Baroda as a member of the British Parliament. He was, instrumental in raising the national consciousness of Indians by establishing the Bombay, Association of Navarroji and the East India Association in London. In 1906, as president of the, Calcutta Congress, he was inspired by the Declaration of Independence. In his The Poverty and, Un British Rule in India, he analyzes British economic imperialism through the flood theory of, wealth., Gopalakrishna Gokhale 1866 to 1915, Gopalakrishna Gokhale served as Professor and Principal of Ferguson College, Poona, as, Secretary of the Deccan Education Society, as the Leading Leader of Maharashtra. Gokhale, served as a Member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly as an MP. He founded the Servants of, India Society to train and volunteer Indian youth for social service. Gokhale, who was Gandhiji's, political guru, led to a political split with Tilak in the 1907 session of the Surat Congress., Surendranath Banerjee 1848 to 1925, Surendra Banerjee, best known as the founder of the Indian National Movement, resigned as, an IPS officer. He was instrumental in raising the national awareness by publishing a Bengali, newspaper for Janasevaya, the Indian Association and the Indian National Conference. He, launched a nationwide campaign against the limit of ICS exams from 21 to 19 years. In 1905 he, started a domestic agitation against the partition of Bengal., Rebellion Era 1905 to 1919, The methods of struggle by the lascivious leaders failed to inspire young nationalists. As a result, Bal Gangadhar Nath Tilak Lala Lajpat Rai Bipin Chandrapal Arvind Ghosh launched a violent, struggle against the British to expel the British from India and free the country through the, establishment of a sovereign state. Their struggle is called the era of radicals., Radicals methods
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The radicals began to use force and violent struggle to achieve independence, condemning the, brutal rejection of the constitutional line by the British in the case of economic exploitation of, the British in the case of communicable diseases. If he awakened the educated Indians through, newspapers, he used to organize a large number of uneducated Indians, using rituals as part of, politics, to awaken the masses with national consciousness, and call for a complete sovereignty., The nation's problems are not resolved through negotiation, but instead the struggle is called, for by self-respect., Program of reapers, The radicals decided to free India from the British capitulation, with a boycott of homegrown, homeland and major demands of national education., Surajya Bal Gangadhar Tilak Swarajya started a nationwide campaign against the British with the, aim of gaining full statehood by boasting that my kingdom was a right and I would get it. There, was no karma without the state, no industrial development, no social reform, no education and, the awakening of national consciousness among the Indians., The aim of the Domestic Movement was to protect the industries by producing goods, rather, than by producing goods, rather than by imposing extra tariffs on foreign goods and protecting, the country's industries., The boycott of Indians by the use of foreign materials of any kind, and the promotion of, government services, boycotts, and campaigns as a powerful weapon to avert the exploitation, of foreigners. Vice work included everything from foreign cloth salt sugar to government service, to adulthood to the English language legislature., National Education boycotted British-founded school-colleges and opened several national, educational institutions throughout the country to educate the outgoing students and to, advance national consciousness among students to fight against the British in the, transformation of society., The Renaissance began to inspire Indians to fight against the British by emotionally uniting, Indians who were torn and divided among different religions, raising awareness among Indians, about India's grand heritage and culture., Balagangadharanath Tilak from 1856 to 1920, Lokmanya Tilak was a great radical leader, freedom fighter and social reformer who graduated, from the Deccan College of Poona with a law degree and opened The New English School in, Poona to engage in social service and helped establish the Deccan Education Society and the, Ferguson College. He launched a violent campaign to liberate India from the subjugation of the, British by publishing fierce articles against the British cunning policy by publishing The Maratha,, an English magazine and saffron for educating Indians and raising political consciousness. Shivaji
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created awareness among the masses by celebrating Jayanti and Ganesha festivals to awaken, the national consciousness among countless uneducated Indians. Influenced by Western, thinking, he favored rationalism and became the target of the downtrodden, aimed at the, establishment of sovereignty. As a result, the Tilak physically expelled Tilak at the 1907 Surat, Congress session, causing the Congress split. Dr. Tilak was then sentenced to six years in prison., He started the Home Rule Movement with Annibescent. The Indian National Congress and the, Muslim League managed to persuade the British to fight together., , Raju P, [10.05.21 12:00], Lala Lajpat Roy 1865 to 1928, Known as the Lion of the Punjab, he was one of the most radical leaders who founded the, Dayananda Anglo Vedic College, the National College, the Punjab National Bank and the Lakshmi, Insurance Company in Lahore. He initiated a domestic movement in the Punjab against the, partition of Bengal. He founded the Indian Home Rule League branch in the United States during, the Home Rule Movement. In 1928, he was killed by a policeman in a protest against the Simon, Commission., Bipin Chandrapal 1858 to 1932, He was known as the Prophet of Bengal nationalism and the revolutionary thought prophet of, India. Famous journalists, lawyers, patriots. He raised his voice against the exploitation of tea, plantation workers in Assam. Paula, who was a nationalist, opposed the partition of Bengal and, launched a domestic movement and campaigned for national education principles by burning, foreign material., Partition and Domestic Movement of Bengal 1905, Lord Kerjan divided Nepalvodi, the largest province in the province, into a large province,, Bengal, which was central to Dakar, and West Bengal, which centered on Calcutta, in October., ೧೦6540 sq. East Bengal comprised 18 million Muslims and 13 million Bengalis. Involved, Muslims with political malice. Curzon decided against political sentiments to destroy the unity, of Hindu-Muslims in Bengal, to exercise nationalism in Bengal and to demonstrate British power., Hindu Muslims, together with the British, took to the streets in Bengal against the partition of, Bengal. October 16th is celebrated as the National Paradise Day. Numerous officials, workers,, lawyers, women protested, singing a single marathon song in the streets as a symbol of Hindu, sentiment. Rabindranath Tagore's Amar Sonar sang a Bangla song in protest on the streets., Surendranath Banerjee Gopalakrishna Gokhale Chandrappa Rabindranath Tagore Arvind Ghosh, Ashwin Kumar Dutta led the movement. It gradually became a movement. The partition of
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Bengal was abolished in 1911 due to widespread opposition in Bengal. In the same year, the, British shifted the capital to Delhi., The Swadeshi movement, The main objective of this movement was to transform the Bengal anti-partition movement into, a domestic movement, to use indigenous goods and to boycott foreign goods and burn them on, the street. Surendranath Banerjee Bipin Chandrapal Rabindranath Tagore Arvind Ghosh Bal, Gangadhar Tilak Ashwin Kumar Dutta took the Swadeshi movement across the country and, called for the boycott of foreign goods., Students who responded to the movement boycotted school-colleges. Advocates Courts, Employees boycotted offices Indians refused to serve foreigners by burning foreign items on the, streets and celebrating picketing in front of foreign goods shops. He started desi companies, across the country as a symbol of patriotism. About 300 national schools have been established, in the country, such as cotton mills, Punjab National Bank, India Insurance Company, Tata, Institute of Sciences, Calcutta National College. As a result, the demand for foreign goods in the, country fell significantly. Demand for cotton fell 22 per cent, salt 4 per cent, footwear 68 per, cent cigarette 55 per cent., Larda Curzon arrested key leaders for suppressing the movement and pushed them to prison on, criminal charges. He imposed restrictions on newspapers. He banned meetings and dismissed, students and employees involved in the movement. The split of the Congress and the arrest of, Tilak undermined the influence of the homeland movement., Home Rule Movement, Dr. The movement was started in 916 by Annibescent and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Tilak opened its, first branch in Poona. Anniecenter founded the Home Rule League at Adyar near Madras. The, main purpose of this movement is to train Indians by reminding them of their right to govern, themselves. The Commonwealth and the New India went out and advertised. It was the, inspiration of the Irish Home Rule Movement., , The purpose of this movement was to secure self-government under British imperialism. Kesari, Gangadhar Deshpande of Karnataka opened a Home Rule Branch in Dharwad and spread, awareness among the people of Kannadigas by distributing meetings, speeches and pamphlets., Tilak and Anibesentan popularized the movement across the country. The Tilak distributed, around 47,000 pamphlets and registered 32,000 members. Annibesantan opened 132 branches, in the Madras region, registered 17,000 members and distributed nearly three lakh pamphlets., Annibescent opened the Central School in Benares and translated the Bhagavad Gita into, English. Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai opened branches of the Home Rule League in England and the
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United States, enabling a large number of students to join the movement. The Muslims, participated in the Home Rule Movement and popularized the principles of sovereignty,, domestic and national education throughout the country. This, together with the political, understanding of the Indians, grew into a powerful struggle., After the outbreak of World War I, the government reformed the ೧ 919 Montego Chemsfurd, to give India a responsible government. Similarly, the Home Rule Movement was crushed by the, Rowlatt Act to suppress the National Movement, to arrest and punish suspected persons, and, to ban meetings., Militent nationalist movement in India, The revolutionary terrorist movement of fierce nationalism is a milestone in the history of, India's independence movement. They were the opponents of the non-violent struggle of the, Indian National Congress, and the young revolutionaries who were educated rationalists and, pure patriots who made their way through the sacrifices and sacrifices to liberate India from the, subjugation of the British, pursued a violent revolutionary path for the liberation of the, homeland. His aim was to terrorize the British government by organizing revolutionaries, through secret guilds, using weapons, making bombs, training military personnel, and firing, government officials, judges and politicians. Collecting funds for these activities through the, government treasury bandit. His aim was to establish revolutionary associations in the country,, with revolutionary activities active in the Punjab and other provinces of Maharashtra. The, partition of Bengal, the patriotic songs, the message of Vivekananda, the influence of the, American and French revolutions, the unification of Italy and Germany, the Russian blue, movement of the Russo-Japanese War inspired these revolutionaries. Revolutionaries such as, the Chapekar brothers VD Savarkar Madanlal Dingra Khudiram Bose Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh became active in this struggle and sacrificed their lives for the country's, independence., The objectives of fierce nationalism, The basic objective of the revolutionaries was to liberate the motherland from British servitude, through the following strategies. Establishment of revolutionary secret societies within the, country and abroad. Organize the revolutionaries and give them arms, bomb making and, military education to engage in revolutionary terrorist activities. Anti-people politicians kill, politicians, judges and police informants. Publish and disseminate revolutionary newspapers,, articles and literature. Bringing of arms from abroad. Demolition of government buildings., Raiding offices. Robbery, bank robbery, and robbery of trains to secure money for their activities, Persuade the police and soldiers to engage in revolutionary activities., Revolutionaries in Maharashtra
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First, he is credited with the force of fame for his revolutionary struggle in Maharashtra. A, British Army soldier, tired of British aggression, resigned and launched a revolutionary struggle, against the British. He was eventually arrested and jailed, , V D Savarkar, Revolutionary VD Savarkar of Maharashtra was a student of the University of Cambridge who, founded the Revolutionary Secret Association in Nashik. The youth of this organization was shot, and killed by Nasik Magistrate Jackson. He learned bomb making in England and set up a bomb, manufacturing plant in Bombay. Maharashtra's revolutionaries were secretly handing out, weapons and were sentenced to black water in Andaman. His brother Ganesh Savarkar was also, a revolutionary., The Chapecker brothers, Thousands of people died of plague in Poona in 9-97. He was assassinated by the Chapecker, Brothers for the outrage of the revolutionaries, using the army as a plague control officer to, torture the army. Damodar Balakrishna and Vasudev then hanged the Chapekar brothers and, hanged them., Shamaji Krishnavarma, After graduating from the University of Cambridge, England, he founded the Indian Homerul, Society, a secret society in London, which became known as India House. He condemned British, corruption through the Indian Socialist magazine., Revolutionary Activities in Bengal, The Bengal partition of Lord Curzon led the youths of Bengal to launch a revolutionary, movement against them and finance the revolution. In Bengal, a secret society called the, Anunuyana Samiti, founded by P Mitra, fostered revolutionaries. Its members included Barindra, Kumar Ghosh, Arvind Ghosh, Bhupendra Nath Datta and Avinash Bhattacharya. Aravindar's, brother, Barindrakumar Ghosh, published a book called ʼBhavani Mandir’, which outlined a plan, to carry out revolutionary activities against the British by secret codes, and then wrote a book, called ʼVarthman Rananithiʼ. He called on the people of the country to launch an armed rebellion, against the British by bringing out the magazine "Yuganthar". He went to Paris to train in bombmaking, and technically engaged in bomb-making at the Muraripukar plantation in the outskirts, of Calcutta., The Muzaffarpur Massacre and the Alipur Conspiracy Case 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prapulla Chaki, the Calcutta Magistrate King Ford, were brutally punishing, indigenous activists and threw bombs at the vehicle where King Parda was traveling in
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Muzaffarnagar. Unfortunately, the wife and daughter of an officer named Kennedy, who was, traveling in the vehicle, were killed. He was later brought. Kudiram Bose was hanged on August, 11, 1908 while Prafulla Chaki committed suicide. Khudiram became India's first revolutionary, martyr. Now, the police have raided the Murari Pukar plantation house, Manikal, and seized, bomb-making explosives. A government lawyer and a police officer were killed in a bomb blast, on the court premises while the trial was going on at the Alipur court in Calcutta. Arvind was, freed after exonerating Barindra Kumara, who was found guilty in the conspiracy case. Another, revolutionary in Bengal, Jyotiindra Naths, set up an association called Ausanjivini Sabha and, engaged in revolutionary activities by concealing their decisions through the secret mantra., Revolutionary activities in Punjab and Delhi, Revolutionary activities began with the launching of the Kisan Movement on behalf of the, peasants of Lala Lajpatarai Sardar Ajit Singh in Punjab as in Bengal and Maharashtra. Ambad, Prasad, Lalharadayal, Lal Chand and others actively participated in the revolutionary activities, by establishing a secret association called Sardar Ajit Singh Dhabarat Mata Societyʼ. He fled, abroad in 1908 when he tried to arrest Sardar Singh in connection with the murder of the DSP, of Lalpur., Delhi bomb case, As a result of the revolutionary movement against the partition of Bengal, Vice Roy Lord, Hardinge moved the capital of the British Empire from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. While marching, in Delhi, the revolutionaries threw Bombay over the Viceroy and tried to kill him. The, mastermind of the case, Ross Behari Bose, fled to Japan and settled down with Subhashchandra, Bhosa to help establish the INA Sena., Lala Har Dayal of Punjab set up the Jagir Party in San Francisco, America, then went to Berlin, and built the Independent Union of India, where the Japanese failed to send secret weapons to, the revolutionaries., Ram Prasad Bismillah, a prominent leader in the Kakori train bandit, was sentenced to death, by the British government. Chandrasekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru, a member of, the Guindustan Socialist Republic of Gujarat, shot and killed police officer Sanders in retaliation, for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. Then in 1931 he was hanged. Chandrasekhar Azad shot himself., The announcement was made by Inquilab Zindabad., The Chittagong Rebellion, Suryasan, a Chittagong National School teacher, attacked the Chittagong army camp with the, revolutionaries and plundered their weapons by hanging them.
