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The Gandhian Era 1919 to 1947, , Father of nation Mahatma Gandhi was one of the foremost leaders of the Indian, independence movement. Under the leadership of the Indian National Congress, the, freedom fight launched by the moderates and the radicals against the British imperialistic, dictatorship. When Gandhiji, under his leadership since 1919, fought against the British, with his own way such as Satya Peace, Non-violent Satyagraha and Fasting., , Childhood life, , Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born at Porbandar in Gujarat on October 2, 1869,, the son of Karamchand Gandhi and Putali Bai. He was married to Kasturi Bai, aged at 12., After completing his matriculation examination at the Rajkot, he went to England to pursue, a Barrister Degree. in the year 1891 and returned to India. Gandhi begun his legal career at, Rajkot., , Gandhi in South Africa, , In 1893, Gandhiji went to South Africa to work as an assistant to a lawyer in the Dada, Abdullah Company Litigation. African Negroes and Indians were deeply persecuted by, the aprthoid and racism of whites in South Africa. Gandhiji himself suffered in South, Africa. The Netal Indian Congress began the struggle to improve the conditions of Indians, residing in the southern Transvaal regions of South Africa. Gandhi started Satyagraha, movement against the Asiatic Registration Act. Gandhi inspired by Ruskin's Book ‘Un to, the Last’ and Tolstoy founded the Sevashrama called Phoenix and Tolstoy in Johannes, Berg. He served wounded soldiers during the Boers wars and became hounered a, knighthood by British Queen. In 1915, Gandhiji returned to India., , Gandhiji's Early Movements in India, Gandhiji traveled all over India on the advice of his political guru Gopalakrishna, , Gokhale. Gandhiji set up the Sabarmati Ashram near Ahmedabad in 1915 and Opened a, service village in Wardha. Gandhi started a Satyagraha movement to solve the problems of, blue cultivators in 1917 at Champaranya in Bihar. In a similar manner he solved the, problemsof the Kheda farmer satyagraha in the Bardoli district of Gujarat, and the cotton, mill workers of Amadabad where he was actively involved before the independence, movement., Rowlatt Act 1919, , The British enacted this dark legislation to suppress the civil liberties and revolutionary, activities of the Indians. Under the Act, a person can be arrested and sentenced without, trial. Freedom of the press and public meetings were prohibited, and gave special powers, to police to restrict arms and political activities. Gandhi called for protests against this, , across the country.
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The Jallian Walla bagh Tragedy 1919, , On April 13, 1919, thousands gathered peacefully to celebrate the traditional Baisakhi, festival at Jallianwala Bagh, near Amritsar in Punjab, while the nationwide parade was, taking place on Gandhi's call against the Rawlat Act., , General Dyer, who did not tolerate a rally despite the government's ban, he arrived with, his troops and ordered the firing of the people. As a result, 379 people were killed and 1200, injured. The Hunter Committee appointed to investigate the tragedy but this reported on, behalf of General Dyar, who, to the dismay of Gandhiji, actively mobilized to fight against, it., , Non-cooperation Movement 1920 to 1922, , Gandhiji begun his fight against the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Nagpur Congress session, in 1920 permitted for the Non-cooperation Movement to fight against the British., Gandhiji's intention was that if we did not cooperate with the British government at all, levels of governance administration would collapse. Gandhiji initiated the Khilafat and the, Non-Cooperation Movement by uniting Hindu Muslims with the aim of gaining complete, sovereignty., , Causes for the non-cooperation movement, , To finding solutions to the problems of the Montego Chemsford Act of 1919, the Rowlatt, Act of 1919, the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the problem of the Khilapat. Noncooperation movement was the first movement of India to desire for an immediate Swaraj, and the disadvantages of the First World War inspired the movement.., Non-cooperation movement acceptance, , Gandhiji, who supported the Khilafat Movement launched by Mohammed Ali and Shaukat, Ali, and launched a Non-coopration movement against the British government on August, 1, 1920. When Bal Gangadhar Tilak was diede at the same day. At the Nagpur Congress, session, the Congress unanimously approved the resolution of non-cooperation by forming, regional Congress committees across the country, increasing party affiliation with a fee of, 4 Ana’s. They founded the Swaraj Fund by the name of Tilak and raised millions of rupees, and financially strengthened the congress., , 5 ways of non-cooperation movement, , 1.The boycott of honorary awards by the government. 2. Boycotting elections and, legislatures. 3.Boycotting government school colleges and educational institutions., 4.Boycotting government offices and courts, and 5.boycotting foreign clothes liquor, stores.
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Noncooperation programs, , To popularize the non-cooperation movement nationwide and popularize khadi fabrics, and domestic Goods from handloom and chakra. Establishment of National SchoolColleges, Working for the unity of Hindu-Muslims. abolition of untouchability, welfare, of the Harijans and upliftment of women, , Start of the Non-cooperation movement, , Gandhi launched a non-cooperation movement in 1920 with the slogan of "Swarajya" He, returned the Kaiser-i-Hind award to government. Students boycotted school colleges, Advocates boycott the courts Government employees boycott the offices. The peasants, refused to pay the Revenue tax. The Khadi campaign, along with the Swadeshi Movement,, was popularized by established many national school-colleges across the country., , Visit of the Prince of Wales -1921, , The British Government invited the Prince of Wales to visit India in a bid to awaken the, loyalty of Indians while the country was in full swing. But the Congress boycotted the, visit of Prince. when Prince of Wells's visit to Mumbai and Calcutta in 1921 the deserted, roads greeted the prince., , Repression of the non-cooperation movement, , The Non-Cooperation Movement Successfully Continued Through out the Country, Gandhiji called for a peaceful non-violent movement across the country and as a result the, government had to suffer severe losses and the British took drastic measures to curb this, movement. Congress and Khilapat committees were declared illegal. The government has, banned open meetings and processions. About 30,000 political activists across the country, were arrested and thrown into prison. The police brutalized the women and children who, involved in the movement. Gandhiji's Jail Borrow call also received widespread support, all over the country, prisons became a sanctuary for fighting. Freedom of expression and, freedom of the press were restricted. Gradually the campaigners lost patience and took on, the form of rebellion. The Mopla Rebellion in Kerala and the Chauri Chaura event., , The Chaurichaura Incident 1922, , An incident took place on February 5, 1922, at Chaurichaura in the Gorakapur district of, Uttar Pradesh, when the non-cooperation movement was going peacefully across the, country. While around three thousand people were marching peacefully, the police, attacked the protesters and provoked the agitators. The angered agitators set fire to the, police station and killed 22 policemen. This resulted in violent acts in various parts of the, country and contradicted Gandhiji's principle of non-violence. Thats why Gandhi called, off Noncoopration movement., , Condemnation for non-cooperation movement breakdown
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CR Das Lala Lajpat Rai Subhash Chandra Bose Motilal Nehru condemned the move by, Gandhiji to cancel the non-cooperation movement. Pattabhi Sitaramaiah said that ‘the, whole country should not be punished for the tragedy of one side of the country’. Gandhiji, decided that if the non-cooperation movement was not abolished, violent incidents would, spread throughout the country., , The significance of the non-cooperation movement, , The Non-Cooperation Movement was the first nationwide campaign that drew all classes,, regardless of caste and religion. The boycott of foreign goods, the protection of domestic, industries, the Khadi and Charaka campaign became popular. Democratizing the struggle, for Hindu-Muslim unity across the country. With the establishment of indigenous schools, in the country, domestic awareness began to spread and the emergence of hundreds of, leaders nationwide, it inspired the rise of labor organizations., , Swaraj Party 1922, , After Gandhiji's arrest, the non-cooperation movement ended all over the country. The, Swaraj Party was founded by Chittaranjan Das, Motilal Nehru, Vithalabhai Patel and, Subhashchandra Bose to launch a national movement against the repressive policy of the, government. The National Congress decided to boycott legislatures. But the leaders of the, Swaraj party opposed the Congress decision and entered the legislative councils and, demanded a new state of disobedience by interrupting the government's actions from, within and demanding the rule of the Swarajya. The Swaraj Party was founded on, December 31, 1922 in Gaya. Desha Bandhu Chittaranjan Das became President of Swaraj, Party while Motilal Nehru became Secretary., , Objectives of the Swaraj Party, , Keeping up with Gandhiji's non-cooperation movement. Keeping up with congress, structured programs. To make it impossible to govern by accessing legislatures and, constantly interrupting government action. Uniting Hindu-Muslims. Giving India a, sovereign or dominion status. Propagating the principle of non-violence., , Swaraj Party Performance, , The Swaraj Party won the election of central and provincial legislatures in 1923 with, Gandhi's support as a part of the Congress, winning 45 of the 105 seats in the center. The, party won majority in the Legislative Assemblies of Bengal central Province, Assam,, United Provinces and Bombay Provinces. They formed a coalition national party led by, various parties in the central legislature. The Swaraj party continued the movement, constructively by opposing government bills in the central legislature. The government, was embarrassed to withdraw its repressive laws, give autonomy to the provinces, and, encourage the growth of industries. Chittaranjan Das was elected as the first Indian mayor, of Calcutta Municipality, having won the municipal elections. The Union Budget withheld, the Financial Budget Bill. After the death of CR Das in 1925, the Swaraj Party was unable, to function successfully and many Swarajists returned to the Congress.
