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Session-39, Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1064), Introduction, , Jawaharlal Nehru was an Indian statesman who was the first, and the longest-serving, prime, minister of India from 1947 until 1964. A leading figure in the Indian independence movement,, Nehru was elected by the Congress party to assume office as independent India's first Prime, Minister, and later when the Congress won India's first general election in 1952. As one of the, founders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was also an important figure in the international, politics of the post-war era. He is frequently referred to as Pandit Nehru, , Early life, , Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was born in Allabahad on November 14, 1889. The son of a wealthy, Indian barrister and politician, Motilal Nehru and Swarooparani. He received his early, education at home under private tutors. At the age of fifteen, he went to England and after two, years at Harrow, joined Cambridge University where he took his MSc degree in Natural, Sciences. Later he got Bar at Law. He returned to India in 1912 and bguns law practices in, Alahabad. He married with Kamala in 1916 and got a doughter Priyadarshini Indhira., Personality, , Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Indian National Congress when still fairly young., Rising to become Congress President, under the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a, charismatic and radical leader, advocating complete independence from the British Empire., Nehru was eventually recognized as Gandhi's political heir. Throughout his life, Nehru was also, an advocate for Fabian socialism and the public sector as the means by which long-standing, challenges of economic development could be addressed by poorer nations., , Entery in National Movement, , In 1912, he attended the Bankipore Congress as a delegate, and became Secretary of the Home, Rule League, Allahabad in 1919. In 1916 he had his first meeting with Mahatma Gandhi and felt, immensely inspired by him. He organised the first Kisan March in Pratapgarh District of Uttar, Pradesh in 1920. He was twice imprisoned in connection with the Non-Cooperation Movement, of 1920-22. While leading a procession against the Simon commission, he was lathi-charged in, Lucknow in 1928. in 1928 he attended the All-Party Congress and was one of the signatories to, the Nehru Report on Indian Constitutional Reform. In 1929, Pt. Nehru was elected President of, the Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress, where complete independence for the, country was adopted as the goal. On August 7, 1942 Pt. Nehru moved the historic ‘Quit India’, resolution at the A.1.C.C. session in Bombay. On August 8,1942 he was arrested along with other, leaders and taken to Ahmednagar Fort. He beguns legal practies for those officers and men of, the INA charged with treason. In March 1946, Pt. Nehru toured South East Asia. He was elected, President of the Congress for the fourth time on July 6, 1946, , India’s First Prime Minister, , Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of, Pakistan. After failed bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India,, according to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947.
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He took office as the Prime Minister of India on 15 August 1947, and delivered his inaugural, address titled "A Tryst With Destiny“. Nehru's appreciation of the virtues of parliamentary, democracy, secularism and liberalism coupled with concerns for the poor and underprivileged, are recognised to have guided him in formulating policies that influence India to this day. He is, sometimes referred to as the "Architect of Modern India“, , Literary works, , * Nehru was a great Scholer, writer,very much interest in literature., , * The Discovery of India., , * Letters from a Father to his Daughter., , * Glimpses of World History., , * An Autobiography: Toward Freedom, Letters for a Nation and othres, , In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was widely admired across, the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 November, is celebrated in India, as Children's Day in recognition of his lifelong passion and work for the welfare, education and, development of children and young people. Nehru died on 27" may 1964., , Nehru’s Foreign Policy, , The shaping of India’s foreign policy was largely influenced by the international development, after the Second World War, the weakening of the forces of imperialism and growth of the, forces of democracy and progress. Does not want to interfere in international affairs. "Our policy, is to promote world peace, equality and to liberate people of dependency,“-Nehru, , Idiology of Foreign Policy, , To promote world peace and security. Developing fair and respectful relations with all nations., To promote respect for international law and treaties when dealing with other countries., Encouraging international disputes to be resolved through panchayats and negotiations., , Non-Alignment Movement-NAM, , After independence, Nehru became the virtual director of India’s foreign policy. And under his, guidance India became the first state to have pursued a policy that was new in the history of, international relations- the policy of Non-Alignment. He was ably supported by Naser of Egypt,, Sukarno of Indonesia and Joseph Broz Tito of Yugoslavia. NAM is the organization of third world, countries against the USA & USSR blocks of Cold war. Non-alignment implied a position to judge, each issue without prejudice or bias. It enhanced the chances of effective mediation in bitter, conflicts and thereby brightens the prospect of world peace., , Early in 1947, at the initiative of India, the Asian Relations Conference at Delhi was convened, , where the principles of foreign policy of independent India were proclaimed. It was attended by
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representatives of 29 countries. The Conference helped to strengthen the solidarity of all Asian, countries. Nehru also participated in the Afro-Asian Conference held in 1955 in Bandung and, , popularized the policy of non-alignment there. The agenda contained in these conferences was, the economic and cultural cooperation, respect for human rights and self-determination and, finally the promotion of world peace and cooperation., , Objectives of NAM, , To eliminate all causes which could directly or indirectly lead to war ., To build NIEO ( New International Economic Order ., , To protect human rights., , To promote scientific culture ., , To preserver culture and traditions., , To strengthen world peace., , To strengthen United Nations orgnization ., , The policy of Non-alignment was based on the five principles of Panch Shila,, , The secret of this policy is that India is neither permanently pro-west nor with the east. She was, clearly with Communist block on the issues such as disarmament, racial discrimination,, colonialism and China’s membership of the United Nations. But on major issues of aggression, of North Korea, India clearly criticized the Communists. The pro-west move did not prevent India, from opposing the US military adventurism in Korea. India was equally vigorous in condemning, the Suez canal crisis. and Soviet intervention in Hungary. Non-alignment also did not mean, isolation because India had established diplomatic relations with almost all independent states, , Pancha Shila principles, , Five principles are known as the foundation of India's foreign policy.In June 1954, Chinese Prime, , Minister Chau yen lay and Jawal Nehru announced their intention to assert peace. The fivedimensional principles are still relevant to the world at the end of the nuclear war. China invaded, , India in 1962 and they could not resist. The five-principles pact issued the slogan of Hindi chinese, ‘bayi bayi’., 5principles, , a. Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
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b. Non-aggression, c. Non interference in each other’s military affairs, d. Equality and mutual benefit, , e. Peaceful coexistence, , By April 1955, Burma, China, Laos, Nepal, Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Yugoslavia and, , Cambodia had accepted the Panch Shila.In 1959 UNO also recogniesd panch shila principles., , Non-violence policy, , India after independence has ideally embraced non-violent democracy to establish world peace, in its foreign policy, by walking in a non-violent path of peaceful non-violece such as Buddha,, Mahavira and Gandhiji. But India has convinced its policy in the conflict with Pakistan and the, liberation of Goa that it will not hesitate to use arms in case of alien attack., , Opposition to the Cold War, , After the Second World War, the Cold War of the US and Soviet Russia was, in a way, more, dangerous than the actual war, and the world was terrified of war as a war and not a peace. So, our foreign policy is against the Cold War., , Opposition to imperialist and colonial policies, , India opposed these policies as they were subjected to colonial and imperialist persecution of, England. It treats the countries that follow them as enemies. At the United Nations General, Assembly in 1948, Nehru called for all nations of the world to be free from the alien surrender., India supported the independence of Algeria, Tunisia, the Congo, the Palestinian Territory,, Libya, against the imperialist tyranny. At the 1954 Colombo Convention, Nehru called on Asia, to be a colony-free country., , Opposition to racial discrimination and racism, , Nehru condemned the superiority of the caste and creed and said that the foreign policy enacted, on them was fatal to world peace. South Africa's Nelson Mandela, who became the South African, Gandhi in support of the United Nations condemning South Africa's apartheid and supporting the, economic blockade in South Africa, supported the anti-apartheid campaign. It ended with racism, in 1991 and helped Nelson Mandela become South Africa's president., , Faith in the Commonwealth, , The Commonwealth is a group of former colonies in England. Under the leadership of England,, , in 1931, the Commonwealth met with the colonial nations of England to find solutions to their, problems. Since independence, India has maintained its membership of the Commonwealth for, economic, military and educational benefits. This is a testament to how Nehru had an alliance, with those who ruled us., , Faith in the United Nations, , India has a strong faith in the United Nations, which was established to preserve world peace., India was one of the first 51 countries to sign the United Nations San Francisco Conference., Nehru asserted that without the United Nations, there is no world, we have strong faith in it, our
