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The Indian University Act of 1904:, The Indian University Act was introduced by Viceroy Lord Curzon in 1904. He held a ‘Round, Table Conference’ With Educational officers of the Government throughout, IndiaRepresentatives of Universities at Shimla on Sep 1901 ., The Indian University Act of 1904:, The conference adopted 150 resolutions which touched almost every branch of education., This was followed by the appointment of A Commission under the Presidentship of Sir, th, , Thomas Raleigh on 27 Jan 1902, The Indian University Act of 1904:, To enquire into the condition and prospects of Universities in India To recommend proposals for, improving their working. As a result of the report of the commission, The Indian University Act, was passed in 1904., The main Changes proposed were as follows:, 1) The Act reconstituted the governing bodies of the Universities. The Senates of the Calcutta,, Madras and Bombay Universities were to have not less than 50 and not more than 100 members., The senates of the Punjab and Allahabad Universities were to have not less than 40 and not, more than 75 members., 2) The number of elected fellows (members) was fixed at 20 for 3 major Universities 15 for the, other two. Rest of the members were to be nominated by Chancellor for 5 years., 3) This act increased the authority of Government over Universities and it had the Vito Power, on the resolutions which passed by Senate and Syndicates., 4) The Senates had to supervise on Examinations, Curriculum, various department. Quality, Assessment of the Universities., 5) Statutory recognition was given to the Syndicates with adequate representation of the, University teachers on them., 6) Conditions for affiliation to the University were clearly laid down and were intended to be, rigorously observed., 7) The Govt. was vested with certain powers regarding the regulations to be framed by the, Senates., 8)The viceroy was empowered to define the territorial limits of the Universities.
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After Independence the first action of a great significance to be taken by the Govt. of India in, the field of education was the appointment of University Education Commission, under the, Chairmanship of Dr. S Radhakrishnan, a distinguished scholar, Philosopher, statesman, former, Vice Chancellor of Banaras University. He was one of the most recognized and influential Indian, th, , thinkers in academic circles in the 20 century who rose to become the II President., Radhakrishnan was requested to chair the University Education Commission, in 1948,, He was assisted by the esteemed members like Dr. Tara Chand,Dr. James F. Duff, Dr. Zakir, Hussain, Dr. Arthur E Morgan, Dr. A. Lakshmana Swami Mudaliar, Dr. Meghnad Saha, Dr. Karm, Narayan Bhal, Dr. John J. Tigert and Swami Nirmala Kumar Sidhanta., th, , The Commission held its first meeting in New Delhi on 6 Dec. 1948, when Maulana Abul Kalam, Azad, the Minister of Education, addressed the meeting and explained Govt.’s intensions in, regard to the purpose and scope of inquiry., The committee’s suggestions helped mould the education system for India’s needs to report on, Indian University Education. The Commission’s Report of 1949, assessed the State of University, education and Made its improvement in the newly independent India., Recommendations:, This Commission insisted some recommendations for the development of Higher Education, and reported on August 1949., 1) A 12 years Intermediate Course was recommended; 2) Universities had to work for 180 days, except the days of Examinations. These 180 days were to be divide into three terms.3) The, annual examinations were to be compulsory for degree education. 4) All the Universities had to, give the uniform education. 5) The UGC- University Grant Commission was to be establish to, look after the facilities of Universities. 6) It recommended to increase the salaries of the, Teachers. 7) The civil services like IAS, ICS, IFS, the university education was not enough. 8) It, suggested the Universities to train the students for self-development. 9) To develop certain, values like fearlessness of mind, strength of Conscience and integrity purpose. 10) To enable to, know that education is a life-long process. 11) To develop understanding of the present and past., 12) To impart Vocational and Professional training. 13) The Govt. should concentrate on, Agricultural, Commerce, Engineering and Technical, Law and Medical Education.14) The, University Education was to be include in Concurrent List., These recommendations were accepted by the Govt. It established UGC in 1952-53.In 1956 it, became the statutory autonomous body.
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1) One of the main recommendations of the commission was the standardization of, educational system on 10+2+3 pattern, across the country. 10 years of School Education, includes Primary Higher Primary and High School Education,2 years of Pre University, Education, 3 years of Degree Education., 2) It advised that the pre-primary education which had different names such as, Kindergarten, Montessori and pre-basic should be renamed As pre-primary and The primary, education (renamed as lower primary) to be up to the 4th standard., 3) It further classified the schooling as upper primary or higher primary And high school up to, standard X., 4) The under graduate education was identified as XI and XII standards under the name of, higher secondary or pre university. (higher studies)., 5) The graduate studies were recommended to be standardized as a three-year course., 6) The educational system up to master's degree was categorized as first (primary education),, second (secondary education up to XII) and third levels of education (higher studies)., 7) The commission recommended that a common public education system should be, introduced by the Govt., 8) It further stressed on the need to make work experience and social/national service as an, integral part of education., 9) Specialization of subjects were advised to be started from higher secondary levels., 10) The days of instruction were recommended to be increased to 234 for schools and, 216 for colleges and the working hours to be fixed at not less than 1000 hours per academic, year, preferably higher at 1100 or 1200 hours. It also advised for reduction of National, holidays., 11) It suggested on Student Welfare aspects including the establishment of book banks,, identification of talents and provision of scholarships, setting up of day study and residential, facilities and opportunities for students to earn while studying were some of the other, recommendations of the commission., 12) It also emphasized on free education up to and including lower secondary level of, education., 13) Commission laid stress on women education Advised setting up of state and central level, committees for overseeing women education. It suggested establishing schools and hostels for
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women and urged to identify ways to find job opportunities for women in the educational, sector., 14) Focusing on equalization of opportunities to all irrespective of caste, religion and gender, and to achieve social and national integration, the schools were advised to provide education, to backward classes on a priority basis and the minimum level of enrollment at a secondary, school were advised To be not less than 360 every year., 15) Two sets of curricula were prescribed, one at state level and one at the national level and, the schools were recommended to experiment with the curriculum., 16) It also proposed that three or four text books to be prescribed for each subject and moral, and religious education be made a part of the curriculum., 17) It also recommended the establishment of guidance and counselling centers and A new, approach in the evaluation of student performances., 18)The commission recommended the establishment of Indian Education Service, along the, lines of IAS, to bring in professional management to education sector., 19) It proposed standardization and revision of the pay scales of the teaching, non teaching, and administrative staff and prescribed minimum pay levels based on their locations., 20) A significant suggestion was the issue of a National Policy on Education by, the Government of India, Which should serve as a guideline for the state and local bodies in the design and, implementation of their educational plans. These were the recommendation of the, commission, most of them were fulfilled by the Govt. of India. This Kothari Commission was, made remarkable changes in modern Education system in India., Government of India's Resolution:, Based on the recommendations of the Government of India, it is called 'National Policy'., Equivalent elements include:, Free and compulsory education for children up to 14 years. Improving Teacher Salaries and, Status. Adopting a trilingual formula and focusing on the upliftment of regional languages., Maintain coordination in science education and research, Pay attention to the upliftment of, agricultural and industrial education. Focusing on improving the printing and quality of low, priced books. Percentage of national income 6% to be spent on education., ಕೆೊಠಾರಿ ಆಯೀಗ: (1964-66)
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ಕೃಷ್ಟ್ ಮತುು ಕ ೈಗರರಿಕರ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣದ ಉನ್ುತಗ ಗಮನ್ ನಿೀಡಬ ೀಕು. ಅಲಪ ಬ ಲ ಯ ಪುಸುಕಗಳ ಮುದಾಣ ಮತುು, ಗುಣಮುಟ್ಟವನ್ುು ಸುಧರರಿಸಲು ಗಮನ್ಹರಿಸುವುದು, ರರಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಆದ್ರಯದ ಶ ೀ. 6ರಷ್ುಟ ಹಣವನ್ುು ಶಿಕ್ಷಣಕ ಕ ವಿನಿಯೀಗಸುವುದು., , National Education Policy or Rajiv Gandhi Education Policy - 1986, Rajiv Gandhi introduced a new education policy in 1986 to take India to the 21st century. It was, chaired by the then President of UGC, Prof. Yashpal and his colleagues. It was published in, September 1985 under the title Education Challenges. It was published in all regional languages after, at the 13 VVA seminars held at the Union Government Ministries of Education., , Objectives, To implement a uniform education system throughout the country, complete movement, education, and universal progress., It complements the liberalization, development, development of, responsiveness, action, and holistic development of Indians., , individual resources,, , Important Elements of NEP, - Improving quality of education,, -Accreditation for compulsory elementary and universal education,, -In the countryside through a blackboard program to providing facilities for primary schools., -By the year 2000, the literacy rate was around 100%. Increase from 36% to 56%. In addition to this,, exposure to adult education, -Providing secondary and higher education in the Vernacular language., -Accreditation to science and technical education, improving higher education |, -Vocational education is recognized and above all the skills needed to manage life. * To embrace, higher principles in higher education students, -Motivation of pride of national heritage, adherence to secular social and legal principles, concern, for the unity and integrity of the country, and instilling in students a profound faith in international, reconciliation,, -The policy was to provide free education to talented students who were deprived of good education, at the village level. Residential schools were opened for each district in the country. These schools, are called Navodaya Vidyalayas., , Signficance
