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PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, , INTRODUCTION Cdabol,, Respiration is the process bywhich oxygen istaken intothe body and carbon dioxide isgiven, , out.Fetal ungsare non-functional.Duringintrauterinelifethe exchange of gases between fetal, , blood and mother'shlood occurs through placenta., Normal Respiratory Rate at Different Age, , lungs, , Anas huu, , Blavclhou, , Newborn:30 to 60/minute, Early childhood : 20 to 40/minute, , Exkonno, , Late childhood:15 to 25/minute, Adult:12 to 16/minute, , reoircutt, , Pulnsnasi, , TYPES OF RESPIRATION, , External respiration -involves exchange of respiratory gases between lungs and bioód, 2Internal respiration-involves exchange of gases between blood and tissues., PHASES OF RESPIRATION, , 1Inspiration, , when air enters the Jungs from atmosphere, , 2Expiration -when airleaves the lungs, During normalbreathing, inspiration is an, , active process and expiration is, , pässíve process., , FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY, , OF, , RESPIRATORY TRACT, , Respiratory tract includes nose, pharynx,tarynx.trachea,, , Conchae, , Oral cavity, , Epiglottis, Glotis, , Right, , bronchi and lungs., , --- Nasopharynx, ---, , Oropharynx, , Trachea, Left, lung, , Tung, , Daaqm, , a, , Roa

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Tracheobronchial Tree, Tracheaand bronchi are together called tracheobronchial tree. It forms a part ofair, passage., , Componentsoftracheobronchialtree are, , -, , Trachea bifurcates into, right and left primary bronchi, , primary bronchus enters the lungs and divides into secondary bronchi, , Secondary bronchi divide into tertiary bronchi, , In right lung, there are 10 tertiary bronchi and in left lung. there are eight tertiary, , bronchi, , Tertiary bronchi divide into bronchioles, , terminal bronchiole, , respiratory bronchioles, , alveolar duct, , alveoli, From the functional point of view trachea-bronchial tree is divided into twozones, , Conducting zone this includes the portion where no exchange of gasses occur, called, , dead space (150 ml)., Extends from nose and mouth toterminal bronchioles, , Respiratory zone thisincludes portion where exchange ofgassestakes place., Extends from, , respiratory bronchioles to alveoli., , RESPIRAToRY UNIT, , Respiratory unit is defined as the structural and functional unit of lung i.e alveoli Exchange of, , gases occurs onlyin this part of therespiratory tract., STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY UNIT, , Respiratory unitincludes, , slace inyde, , A,Respiratory bronchioles /2. Alveolar ducts 3.Alveolar sacs Antrum 5. Alveoli, , The alveoliis linedby 2 Lypes ofcells called pneumorytes 1 &pneumocytes 2, Pneumocytes 1 -, , (90%) These cells form the site of gaseous exchange between the, , alveolus and blood., Pneumocytes 2 (5%) Type Il alveolar cells secrete alveolar fluid and surtactant which, reduces the surface tension in alveoli.

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Respratory, , Respiratory unit, , bronchiole, , Alveolar, SaC, , Alveolar, duct, , Antrum, , Alveoli, , VENTILATION, , Ventilation is the rate at which airenters or leavesthelungs, two types:, APulmonary, ventilation, , 2Alveolar ventilation., PULMONARY VENTILATION, , movingin and out of respiratory tractin a, Pulmonary ventilation is defined as the volume.of air, called minute ventilation or respiratory, , given unit oftime duringquiet breathing.It, , is also, , minute volume (RMV)., an, air entersthe lungs and equal, Pulmonary ventilation is a cyclic process,by which fresh, volume of airleaves thelungs., Respiratory rate, Pulmonary ventilation =Tidal volume x, , = 500 mL x 12/minute, , 6,000 mL/minute, ALVEOLAR VENTILATION, , Air trapped, gaseous exchangeevery minute., for, utilized, air, of, amount, the, exchange, Alvealar ventilationis, nottake part in gaseous, rate, passage (dead space) does, Dead space) x Respiratory, volume, in therespiratory, Alveolar ventilation (Tidal, -, , =, , = (500, , 150) ml, x 12/minute, , 4,200 ml. (4.2 1)/minute., , DEAD SPACE, , Dead, , gaseous exchange does, , where, delined as.the partofthe respiratory Lract,, space is, dead.space, is, present in the dead space, dead space., , called, , place. Air, Two, , typesAAnatomical dead space, , nat, , take, , air., , 2hysiological, , Anatomial Dead Space(150 ml.), , includes nose.pharvnN, up to terminal bronchiole|lt, serve oni, bronchiolesThese structures, of bronchi up to terminal, these, structiures., in, GascoUS exchange does notLtake place, , Anatomical dead space extends, bronchi and branches, , from, , nose, , trachea), lor, thepassage air movement, , as, , usilijtt, , il Spa, s p a c e i n r l u d e i a n t o m c a ldead sp., deaL, Physiolugial, , plus, , two, , additionil to