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Chapter 1, , Knowing our, Numbers, 1.1 Introduction, , Counting things is easy for us now. We can count objects in large numbers,, for example, the number of students in the school, and represent them, through numerals. We can also communicate large numbers using suitable, number names., It is not as if we always knew how to convey large quantities in conversation, or through symbols. Many thousands years ago, people knew only small, numbers. Gradually, they learnt how to handle larger numbers. They also learnt, how to express large numbers in symbols. All this came through collective, efforts of human beings. Their path was not easy, they struggled all along the, way. In fact, the development of whole of Mathematics can be understood, this way. As human beings progressed, there was greater need for development, of Mathematics and as a result Mathematics grew further and faster., We use numbers and know many things about them. Numbers help us, count concrete objects. They help us to say which collection of objects, is bigger and arrange them in order e.g., first, second, etc. Numbers are, used in many different contexts and in many ways. Think about various, situations where we use numbers. List five distinct situations in which, numbers are used., We enjoyed working with numbers in our previous classes. We have added,, subtracted, multiplied and divided them. We also looked for patterns in number, sequences and done many other interesting things with numbers. In this chapter,, we shall move forward on such interesting things with a bit of review and, revision as well., , 2021-22

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MATHEMATICS, , 1.2 Comparing Numbers, As we have done quite a lot of this earlier, let us see if we remember which is, the greatest among these :, (i) 92, 392, 4456, 89742, (ii) 1902, 1920, 9201, 9021, 9210, So, we know the answers., Discuss with your friends, how you find the number that is the greatest., Can you instantly find the greatest and the smallest numbers in each row?, 1. 382, 4972, 18, 59785, 750., , Ans., , 2. 1473, 89423, 100, 5000, 310., , Ans., , 59785 is the greatest and, 18 is the smallest., ____________________, , 3. 1834, 75284, 111, 2333, 450 ., , Ans., , ____________________, , 4. 2853, 7691, 9999, 12002, 124., , Ans., , ____________________, , Was that easy? Why was it easy?, , 2, , We just looked at the number of digits and found the answer., The greatest number has the most thousands and the smallest is, only in hundreds or in tens., Make five more problems of this kind and give to your friends, to solve., Now, how do we compare 4875 and 3542?, This is also not very difficult.These two numbers have the, same number of digits. They are both in thousands. But the digit, at the thousands place in 4875 is greater than that in 3542., Therefore, 4875 is greater than 3542., Next tell which is greater, 4875 or, 4542? Here too the numbers have the, Find the greatest and the smallest, same number of digits. Further, the digits, numbers., at the thousands place are same in both., (a) 4536, 4892, 4370, 4452., What do we do then? We move to the, next digit, that is to the digit at the, (b) 15623, 15073, 15189, 15800., hundreds place. The digit at the hundreds, (c) 25286, 25245, 25270, 25210., place is greater in 4875 than in 4542., (d) 6895, 23787, 24569, 24659., Therefore, 4875 is greater than 4542., , 2021-22

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K NOWING, , OUR, , N UMBERS, , If the digits at hundreds place are also same in the two numbers, then what, do we do?, Compare 4875 and 4889 ; Also compare 4875 and 4879., 1.2.1 How many numbers can you make?, Suppose, we have four digits 7, 8, 3, 5. Using these digits we want to make, different 4-digit numbers in such a way that no digit is repeated in them. Thus,, 7835 is allowed, but 7735 is not. Make as many 4-digit numbers as you can., Which is the greatest number you can get? Which is the smallest number?, The greatest number is 8753 and the smallest is 3578., Think about the arrangement of the digits in both. Can you say how the largest, number is formed? Write down your procedure., 1. Use the given digits without repetition and make the greatest and smallest 4-digit, numbers., (a) 2, 8, 7, 4, (b) 9, 7, 4, 1, (c) 4, 7, 5, 0, (d) 1, 7, 6, 2, (e) 5, 4, 0, 3, (Hint : 0754 is a 3-digit number.), 2. Now make the greatest and the smallest 4-digit numbers by using any one, digit twice., (a) 3, 8, 7, (b) 9, 0, 5, (c) 0, 4, 9, (d) 8, 5, 1, (Hint : Think in each case which digit will you use twice.), 3. Make the greatest and the smallest 4-digit numbers using any four different, digits with conditions as given., (a), , Digit 7 is always at, ones place, , Greatest, , 9 8 6 7, , Smallest, , 1 0 2 7, , (Note, the number cannot begin with the digit 0. Why?), (b), , (c), , (d), , Digit 4 is always, at tens place, Digit 9 is always at, hundreds place, Digit 1 is always at, thousands place, , Greatest, , 4, , Smallest, , 4, , Greatest, , 9, , Smallest, , 9, , Greatest, , 1, 3, , Smallest, , 2021-22, , 1

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MATHEMATICS, , 4. Take two digits, say 2 and 3. Make 4-digit numbers using both the digits equal, number of times., Which is the greatest number?, Which is the smallest number?, How many different numbers can you make in all?, , Stand in proper order, 1. Who is the tallest?, 2. Who is the shortest?, (a) Can you arrange them in the increasing order of their heights?, (b) Can you arrange them in the decreasing order of their heights?, , Ramhari, (160 cm), , Dolly, (154 cm), , Mohan, (158 cm), , Shashi, (159 cm), , Which to buy?, Sohan and Rita went, to buy an almirah., There were many, almirahs available, with their price tags., ` 2635, , ` 1897, , ` 2854, , Think of five more situations, where you compare three or, more quantities., , 4, , ` 1788, , ` 3975, , (a) Can you arrange their prices in increasing, order?, (b) Can you arrange their prices in, decreasing order?, , Ascending order Ascending order means arrangement from the smallest to the, greatest., Descending order Descending order means arrangement from the greatest to, the smallest., , 2021-22

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K NOWING, , OUR, , N UMBERS, , 1. Arrange the following numbers in ascending order :, (a) 847, 9754, 8320, 571, (b) 9801, 25751, 36501, 38802, 2. Arrange the following numbers in descending order :, (a) 5000, 7500, 85400, 7861 (b) 1971, 45321, 88715, 92547, Make ten such examples of ascending/descending order and solve them., , 1.2.2 Shifting digits, Have you thought what fun it would be if the digits in a number could shift, (move) from one place to the other?, Think about what would happen to 182. It could become as large as 821, and as small as 128. Try this with 391 as well., Now think about this. Take any 3-digit number and exchange the digit at, the hundreds place with the digit at the ones place., (a) Is the new number greater than the former one?, (b) Is the new number smaller than the former number?, Write the numbers formed in both ascending and descending order., Before, , 7, , 9, , 5, , Exchanging the 1st and the 3rd tiles., After, , 5, , 9, , 7, , If you exchange the 1st and the 3rd tiles (i.e. digits), in which case does the, number become greater? In which case does it become smaller?, Try this with a 4-digit number., 1.2.3 Introducing 10,000, We know that beyond 99 there is no 2-digit number. 99 is the greatest 2-digit, number. Similarly, the greatest 3-digit number is 999 and the greatest 4-digit, number is 9999. What shall we get if we add 1 to 9999?, Look at the pattern : 9 + 1 = 10, = 10 × 1, 99 + 1 = 100 = 10 × 10, 999 + 1 = 1000 = 10 × 100, We observe that, Greatest single digit number + 1 = smallest 2-digit number, Greatest 2-digit number + 1 = smallest 3-digit number, Greatest 3-digit number + 1 = smallest 4-digit number, , 2021-22, , 5

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MATHEMATICS, , We should then expect that on adding 1 to the greatest 4-digit number, we, would get the smallest 5-digit number, that is 9999 + 1 = 10000., The new number which comes next to 9999 is 10000. It is called, ten thousand. Further, 10000 = 10 × 1000., 1.2.4 Revisiting place value, You have done this quite earlier, and you will certainly remember the expansion, of a 2-digit number like 78 as, 78 = 70 + 8 = 7 × 10 + 8, Similarly, you will remember the expansion of a 3-digit number like 278 as, 278 = 200 + 70 + 8 = 2 × 100 + 7 × 10 + 8, We say, here, 8 is at ones place, 7 is at tens place and 2 at hundreds place., Later on we extended this idea to 4-digit numbers., For example, the expansion of 5278 is, 5278 = 5000 + 200 + 70 + 8, = 5 × 1000 + 2 × 100 + 7 × 10 + 8, Here, 8 is at ones place, 7 is at tens place, 2 is at hundreds place and 5 is at, thousands place., With the number 10000 known to us, we may extend the idea further. We, may write 5-digit numbers like, 45278 = 4 × 10000 + 5 × 1000 + 2 × 100 + 7 × 10 + 8, We say that here 8 is at ones place, 7 at tens place, 2 at hundreds place,, 5 at thousands place and 4 at ten thousands place. The number is read as forty, five thousand, two hundred seventy eight. Can you now write the smallest, and the greatest 5-digit numbers?, , Read and expand the numbers wherever there are blanks., Number, , Number Name, , Expansion, , 20000, , twenty thousand, , 2 × 10000, , 26000, , twenty six thousand, , 2 × 10000 + 6 × 1000, , 38400, , thirty eight thousand, , 3 × 10000 + 8 × 1000, , four hundred, , + 4 × 100, , sixty five thousand, , 6 × 10000 + 5 × 1000, , seven hundred forty, , + 7 × 100 + 4 × 10, , 65740, , 6, , 2021-22

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K NOWING, , 89324, , eighty nine thousand, , 8 × 10000 + 9 × 1000, , three hundred twenty four, , + 3 × 100 + 2 × 10 + 4 × 1, , 50000, , _______________, , _______________, , 41000, , _______________, , _______________, , 47300, , _______________, , _______________, , 57630, , _______________, , _______________, , 29485, , _______________, , _______________, , 29085, , _______________, , _______________, , 20085, , _______________, , _______________, , 20005, , _______________, , _______________, , OUR, , N UMBERS, , Write five more 5-digit numbers, read them and expand them., , 1.2.5 Introducing 1,00,000, Which is the greatest 5-digit number?, Adding 1 to the greatest 5-digit number, should give the smallest, 6-digit number : 99,999 + 1 = 1,00,000, This number is named one lakh. One lakh comes next to 99,999., 10 × 10,000 = 1,00,000, We may now write 6-digit numbers in the expanded form as, 2,46,853, = 2 × 1,00,000 + 4 × 10,000 + 6 × 1,000 +, 8 × 100 + 5 × 10 +3 × 1, This number has 3 at ones place, 5 at tens place, 8 at hundreds place, 6 at, thousands place, 4 at ten thousands place and 2 at lakh place. Its number, name is two lakh forty six thousand eight hundred fifty three., Read and expand the numbers wherever there are blanks., Number, , Number Name, , Expansion, , 3,00,000, 3,50,000, 3,53,500, , three lakh, three lakh fifty thousand, three lakh fifty three, thousand five hundred, _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________, , 3 × 1,00,000, 3 × 1,00,000 + 5 × 10,000, 3 × 1,00,000 + 5 × 10,000, + 3 × 1000 + 5 × 100, _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________, , 4,57,928, 4,07,928, 4,00,829, 4,00,029, , 2021-22, , 7

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MATHEMATICS, , 1.2.6 Larger numbers, If we add one more to the greatest 6-digit number we get the smallest 7-digit, number. It is called ten lakh., Write down the greatest 6-digit number and the smallest 7-digit number., Write the greatest 7-digit number and the smallest 8-digit number. The smallest, 8-digit number is called one crore., Complete the pattern :, Remember, 9+1, = 10, 1 hundred = 10 tens, 99 + 1, = 100, 1 thousand = 10 hundreds, 999 + 1, = _______, = 100 tens, 1, lakh, = 100 thousands, 9,999 + 1, = _______, = 1000 hundreds, 99,999 + 1, = _______, 1 crore, = 100 lakhs, 9,99,999 + 1 = _______, = 10,000 thousands, 99,99,999 + 1 = 1,00,00,000, We come across large numbers in, many different situations., For example, while the number of, children in your class would be a, 2-digit number, the number of, children in your school would be, a 3 or 4-digit number., The number of people in the nearby town would be much larger., Is it a 5 or 6 or 7-digit number?, Do you know the number of people in your state?, How many digits would that number have?, What would be the number of grains in a sack full of wheat? A 5-digit number,, a 6-digit number or more?, 1. What is 10 – 1 =?, 2. What is 100 – 1 =?, 3. What is 10,000 – 1 =?, 4. What is 1,00,000 – 1 =?, 5. What is 1,00,00,000 – 1 =?, (Hint : Use the said pattern.), , 1. Give five examples where the number of things counted would be more than, 6-digit number., 2. Starting from the greatest 6-digit number, write the previous five numbers in, descending order., 3. Starting from the smallest 8-digit number, write the next five numbers in, ascending order and read them., 8, , 2021-22

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K NOWING, , OUR, , N UMBERS, , 1.2.7 An aid in reading and writing large numbers, Try reading the following numbers :, (a) 279453, (b) 5035472, (c) 152700375, (d) 40350894, Was it difficult?, Did you find it difficult to keep track?, Sometimes it helps to use indicators to read and write large numbers., Shagufta uses indicators which help her to read and write large numbers., Her indicators are also useful in writing the expansion of numbers. For example,, she identifies the digits in ones place, tens place and hundreds place in 257 by, writing them under the tables O, T and H as, H, T, O, 2, 5, 7, Similarly, for 2902,, Th H, T, O, 2, 9, 0, 2, , Expansion, 2 × 100 + 5 × 10 + 7 × 1, Expansion, 2 × 1000 + 9 × 100 + 0 × 10 + 2 × 1, , One can extend this idea to numbers upto lakh as seen in the following, table. (Let us call them placement boxes). Fill the entries in the blanks left., Number, , TLakh Lakh TTh, , Th H T O, , 7,34,543, , —, , 7, , 3, , 4, , 5, , 4, , 3, , 32,75,829, , 3, , 2, , 7, , 5, , 8, , 2, , 9, , Number Name, Seven lakh thirty, four thousand five, hundred forty three, ---------------------, , Expansion, -----------------, , 3 × 10,00,000, + 2 × 1,00,000, + 7 × 10,000, + 5 × 1000, + 8 × 100, + 2 × 10 + 9, , Similarly, we may include numbers upto crore as shown below :, Number, , TCr Cr TLakh Lakh TTh Th H T O, , 2,57,34,543 —, 65,32,75,829 6, , 2, 5, , 5, 3, , 7, 2, , 3, 7, , 4, 5, , 5, 8, , 4 3, 2 9, , Number Name, ..................................., Sixty five crore thirty, two lakh seventy five, thousand eight hundred, twenty nine, , You can make other formats of tables for writing the numbers in expanded form., , 2021-22, , 9

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MATHEMATICS, , Use of commas, You must have noticed that in writing large numbers in the While writing, sections above, we have often used commas. Commas help us number names,, in reading and writing large numbers. In our Indian System we do not use, of Numeration we use ones, tens, hundreds, thousands and commas., then lakhs and crores. Commas are used to mark thousands,, lakhs and crores. The first comma comes after hundreds place (three digits from the, right) and marks thousands. The second comma comes two digits later (five digits, from the right). It comes after ten thousands place and marks lakh. The third comma, comes after another two digits (seven digits from the right). It comes after ten lakh, place and marks crore., For example, 5, 08, 01, 592, 3, 32, 40, 781, 7, 27, 05, 062, Try reading the numbers given above. Write five more numbers in this form and, read them., International System of Numeration, In the International System of Numeration, as it is being used we have ones,, tens, hundreds, thousands and then millions. One million is a thousand, thousands. Commas are used to mark thousands and millions. It comes after, every three digits from the right. The first comma marks thousands and the, next comma marks millions. For example, the number 50,801,592 is read in, the International System as fifty million eight hundred one thousand five, hundred ninety two. In the Indian System, it is five crore eight lakh one thousand, five hundred ninety two., How many lakhs make a million?, How many millions make a crore?, Take three large numbers. Express them in both Indian and International, Numeration systems., Interesting fact :, To express numbers larger than a million, a billion is used in the, International System of Numeration: 1 billion = 1000 million., , 10, , 2021-22

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K NOWING, , Do you know?, India’s population increased by, about, 27 million during 1921-1931;, 37 million during 1931-1941;, 44 million during 1941-1951;, 78 million during 1951-1961!, , OUR, , N UMBERS, , How much was the increase in population, during 1991-2001? Try to find out., Do you know what is India’s population, today? Try to find this too., , 1. Read these numbers. Write them using placement boxes and then write their, expanded forms., (i) 475320, , (ii) 9847215, , (iii) 97645310, , (iv) 30458094, , (a) Which is the smallest number?, (b) Which is the greatest number?, (c) Arrange these numbers in ascending and descending orders., 2. Read these numbers., (i) 527864, , (ii) 95432, , (iii) 18950049, , (iv) 70002509, , (a) Write these numbers using placement boxes and then using commas in Indian, as well as International System of Numeration.., (b) Arrange these in ascending and descending order., 3. Take three more groups of large numbers and do the exercise given above., , Can you help me write the numeral?, To write the numeral for a number you can follow the boxes again., (a) Forty two lakh seventy thousand eight., (b) Two crore ninety lakh fifty five thousand eight hundred., (c) Seven crore sixty thousand fifty five., , 1., , You have the following digits 4, 5, 6, 0, 7 and 8. Using them, make five numbers, each with 6 digits., (a) Put commas for easy reading., (b) Arrange them in ascending and descending order., 2. Take the digits 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Make any three numbers each with 8 digits., Put commas for easy reading., 3. From the digits 3, 0 and 4, make five numbers each with 6 digits. Use commas., , 2021-22, , 11

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MATHEMATICS, , EXERCISE 1.1, 1. Fill in the blanks:, (a) 1 lakh, = _______ ten thousand., (b) 1 million = _______ hundred thousand., (c) 1 crore, = _______ ten lakh., (d) 1 crore, = _______ million., (e) 1 million = _______ lakh., 2. Place commas correctly and write the numerals:, (a) Seventy three lakh seventy five thousand three hundred seven., (b) Nine crore five lakh forty one., (c) Seven crore fifty two lakh twenty one thousand three hundred two., (d) Fifty eight million four hundred twenty three thousand two hundred two., (e) Twenty three lakh thirty thousand ten., 3. Insert commas suitably and write the names according to Indian System of, Numeration :, (a) 87595762, (b) 8546283, (c) 99900046, (d) 98432701, 4. Insert commas suitably and write the names according to International System, of Numeration :, (a) 78921092, (b) 7452283, (c) 99985102, (d) 48049831, , 1.3 Large Numbers in Practice, , 12, , In earlier classes, we have learnt that we use centimetre (cm) as a unit of length., For measuring the length of a pencil, the width of a book or, notebooks etc., we use centimetres. Our ruler has marks on each centimetre., For measuring the thickness of a pencil, however, we find centimetre too big., We use millimetre (mm) to show the thickness of a pencil., (a) 10 millimetres = 1 centimetre, To measure the length of the classroom or, 1. How many, the school building, we shall find, centimetres make a, centimetre too small. We use metre for the, kilometre?, purpose., 2. Name five large cities, (b) 1 metre = 100 centimetres, in India. Find their, population. Also, find, = 1000 millimetres, the distance in, Even metre is too small, when we have to, kilometres between, state distances between cities, say, Delhi, each pair of these cities., and Mumbai, or Chennai and Kolkata. For, this we need kilometres (km)., , 2021-22

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K NOWING, , OUR, , N UMBERS, , (c) 1 kilometre = 1000 metres, How many millimetres make 1 kilometre?, Since 1 m = 1000 mm, 1 km = 1000 m = 1000 × 1000 mm = 10,00,000 mm, We go to the market to buy rice or wheat; we buy it in, kilograms (kg). But items like ginger or chillies which, we do not need in large quantities, we buy in grams (g)., We know 1 kilogram = 1000 grams., Have you noticed the weight of the medicine tablets, given to the sick? It is very small. It is in milligrams, 1. How many, (mg)., milligrams, 1 gram = 1000 milligrams., make one, kilogram?, What is the capacity of a bucket for holding water? It, is usually 20 litres (l). Capacity is given in litres. But, 2. A box contains, sometimes we need a smaller unit, the millilitres., 2,00,000, A bottle of hair oil, a cleaning liquid or a soft drink, medicine tablets, have labels which give the quantity of liquid inside in, each weighing, millilitres (ml)., 20 mg. What is, the total weight, 1 litre = 1000 millilitres., of all the, Note that in all these units we have some words, tablets in the, common like kilo, milli and centi. You should remember, box in grams, that among these kilo is the greatest and milli is the, and in, smallest; kilo shows 1000 times greater, milli shows, kilograms?, 1000 times smaller, i.e. 1 kilogram = 1000 grams,, 1 gram = 1000 milligrams., Similarly, centi shows 100 times smaller, i.e. 1 metre = 100 centimetres., , 1. A bus started its journey and reached different places with a speed of, 60 km/hour. The journey is shown on page 14., (i) Find the total distance covered by the bus from A to D., (ii) Find the total distance covered by the bus from D to G., (iii) Find the total distance covered by the bus, if it starts from A, and returns back to A., (iv) Can you find the difference of distances from C to D and D to E?, 13, , 2021-22

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MATHEMATICS, , (v) Find out the time taken by the bus to, reach, (a) A to B, (b) C to D, (c) E to G, (d) Total journey, Raman’s shop, , 2., Things, , Price, , Apples, Oranges, Combs, Tooth brushes, Pencils, Note books, Soap cakes, , ` 40 per kg, ` 30 per kg, ` 3 for one, ` 10 for one, ` 1 for one, ` 6 for one, ` 8 for one, , The sales during the last year, Apples, 2457 kg, Oranges, 3004 kg, Combs, 22760, Tooth brushes, 25367, Pencils, 38530, Note books, 40002, Soap cakes, 20005, (a) Can you find the total weight of apples and oranges Raman sold last year?, Weight of apples = __________ kg, Weight of oranges = _________ kg, Therefore, total weight = _____ kg + _____ kg = _____ kg, Answer – The total weight of oranges and apples = _________ kg., (b) Can you find the total money Raman got by selling apples?, (c) Can you find the total money Raman got by selling apples and oranges, together?, (d) Make a table showing how much money Raman received from selling, each item. Arrange the entries of amount of money received in, descending order. Find the item which brought him the highest amount., How much is this amount?, , 14, , 2021-22

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K NOWING, , OUR, , N UMBERS, , We have done a lot of problems that have addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. We will try solving some more here. Before starting, look at these, examples and follow the methods used., Example 1 : Population of Sundarnagar was 2,35,471 in the year 1991. In the, year 2001 it was found to be increased by 72,958. What was the population of, the city in 2001?, Solution : Population of the city in 2001, = Population of the city in 1991 + Increase in population, = 2,35,471 + 72,958, Now,, 235471, + 72958, 308429, Salma added them by writing 235471 as 200000 + 35000 + 471 and, 72958 as 72000 + 958. She got the addition as 200000 + 107000 + 1429 = 308429., Mary added it as 200000 + 35000 + 400 + 71 + 72000 + 900 + 58 = 308429, Answer : Population of the city in 2001 was 3,08,429., All three methods are correct., Example 2 : In one state, the number of bicycles sold in the year 2002-2003, was 7,43,000. In the year 2003-2004, the number of bicycles sold was 8,00,100., In which year were more bicycles sold? and how many more?, Solution : Clearly, 8,00,100 is more than 7,43,000. So, in that state, more, bicycles were sold in the year 2003-2004 than in 2002-2003., Now, 800100, – 743000, 057100, , Check the answer by adding, 743000, + 57100, 800100, (the answer is right), , Can you think of alternative ways of solving this problem?, Answer : 57,100 more bicycles were sold in the year 2003-2004., Example 3 : The town newspaper is published every day. One copy has, 12 pages. Everyday 11,980 copies are printed. How many total pages are, printed everyday?, , 2021-22, , 15

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MATHEMATICS, , Solution : Each copy has 12 pages. Hence, 11,980 copies will have, 12 × 11,980 pages. What would this number be? More than 1,00,000 or lesser., Try to estimate., Now,, , 11980, × 12, 23960, + 119800, 143760, , Answer:Everyday 1,43,760 pages are printed., Example 4 : The number of sheets of paper available for making notebooks is, 75,000. Each sheet makes 8 pages of a notebook. Each notebook contains, 200 pages. How many notebooks can be made from the paper available?, Solution : Each sheet makes 8 pages., Hence, 75,000 sheets make 8 × 75,000 pages,, Now,, 75000, ×8, 600000, Thus, 6,00,000 pages are available for making notebooks., Now, 200 pages make 1 notebook., Hence, 6,00,000 pages make 6,00,000 ÷ 200 notebooks., Now,, , 3000, 200, 600000, – 600, 0000, , ), , The answer is 3,000 notebooks., , EXERCISE 1.2, , 16, , 1. A book exhibition was held for four days in a school. The number of tickets sold, at the counter on the first, second, third and final day was respectively 1094,, 1812, 2050 and 2751. Find the total number of tickets sold on all the four days., 2. Shekhar is a famous cricket player. He has so far scored 6980 runs in test matches., He wishes to complete 10,000 runs. How many more runs does he need?, 3. In an election, the successful candidate registered 5,77,500 votes and his nearest, rival secured 3,48,700 votes. By what margin did the successful candidate win, the election?, 4. Kirti bookstore sold books worth ` 2,85,891 in the first week of June and books, worth ` 4,00,768 in the second week of the month. How much was the sale for the, , 2021-22

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K NOWING, , OUR, , N UMBERS, , two weeks together? In which week was the sale greater and by how much?, 5. Find the difference between the greatest and the least 5-digit number that can be, written using the digits 6, 2, 7, 4, 3 each only once., 6. A machine, on an average, manufactures 2,825 screws a day. How many screws did, it produce in the month of January 2006?, 7. A merchant had ` 78,592 with her. She placed an order for purchasing 40 radio sets, at ` 1200 each. How much money will remain with her after the purchase?, 8. A student multiplied 7236 by 65 instead of multiplying by 56. By how much was his, answer greater than the correct answer? (Hint: Do you need to do both the, multiplications?), 9. To stitch a shirt, 2 m 15 cm cloth is needed. Out of 40 m cloth, how many shirts can be, stitched and how much cloth will remain?, (Hint: convert data in cm.), 10. Medicine is packed in boxes, each weighing 4 kg 500g. How many such boxes can be, loaded in a van which cannot carry beyond 800 kg?, 11. The distance between the school and a student’s house is 1 km 875 m. Everyday she, walks both ways. Find the total distance covered by her in six days., 12. A vessel has 4 litres and 500 ml of curd. In how many glasses, each of 25 ml capacity,, can it be filled?, , 1.3.1 Estimation, News, 1. India drew with Pakistan in a hockey match watched by approximately 51,000, spectators in the stadium and 40 million television viewers world wide., 2. Approximately, 2000 people were killed and more than 50000 injured in a, cyclonic storm in coastal areas of India and Bangladesh., 3. Over 13 million passengers are carried over 63,000 kilometre route of, railway track every day., Can we say that there were exactly as many people as the numbers quoted, in these news items? For example,, In (1), were there exactly 51,000 spectators in the stadium? or did exactly, 40 million viewers watched the match on television?, Obviously, not. The word approximately itself, shows that the number of people were near about these, numbers. Clearly, 51,000 could be 50,800 or 51,300, but not 70,000. Similarly, 40 million implies much, more than 39 million but quite less than 41 million, but certainly not 50 million., , 2021-22, , 17

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MATHEMATICS, , The quantities given in the examples above are not exact counts, but are, estimates to give an idea of the quantity., Discuss what each of these can suggest., Where do we approximate? Imagine a big celebration at your home. The first, thing you do is to find out roughly how many guests may visit you. Can you get an, idea of the exact number of visitors? It is practically impossible., The finance minister of the country presents a budget annually. The minister provides, for certain amount under the head ‘Education’. Can the amount be absolutely accurate?, It can only be a reasonably good estimate of the expenditure the country needs for, education during the year., Think about the situations where we need to have the exact numbers and compare, them with situations where you can do with only an approximately estimated number., Give three examples of each of such situations., 1.3.2 Estimating to the nearest tens by rounding off, Look at the following :, , (a) Find which flags are closer to 260., (b) Find the flags which are closer to 270., Locate the numbers 10,17 and 20 on your ruler. Is 17 nearer to 10 or 20? The, gap between 17 and 20 is smaller when compared to the gap between 17 and 10., , So, we round off 17 as 20, correct to the nearest tens., Now consider 12, which also lies between 10 and 20. However, 12 is, closer to 10 than to 20. So, we round off 12 to 10, correct to the nearest tens., How would you round off 76 to the nearest tens? Is it not 80?, We see that the numbers 1,2,3 and 4 are nearer to 0 than to 10. So, we, round off 1, 2, 3 and 4 as 0. Number 6, 7, 8, 9 are nearer to 10, so, we round, them off as 10. Number 5 is equidistant from both 0 and 10; it is a common, practice to round it off as 10., , 18, , 2021-22

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K NOWING, , Round these numbers to the nearest tens., 52, 28, 32, 41, 59, 215, 64, 99, , 39, 1453, , OUR, , N UMBERS, , 48, 2936, , 1.3.3 Estimating to the nearest hundreds by rounding off, Is 410 nearer to 400 or to 500?, 410 is closer to 400, so it is rounded off to 400, correct to the nearest, hundred., 889 lies between 800 and 900., It is nearer to 900, so it is rounded off as 900 correct to nearest hundred., Numbers 1 to 49 are closer to 0 than to 100, and so are rounded off to 0., Numbers 51 to 99 are closer to 100 than to 0, and so are rounded off to 100., Number 50 is equidistant from 0 and 100 both. It is a common practice to round it off, as 100., Check if the following rounding off is correct or not :, 841, , 800;, , 9537, , 9500;, , 49730, , 49700;, , 2546, , 2500;, , 286, , 200;, , 5750, , 5800;, , 168, , 200;, , 149, , 100;, , 9870, , 9800., , Correct those which are wrong., 1.3.4 Estimating to the nearest thousands by rounding off, We know that numbers 1 to 499 are nearer to 0 than to 1000, so these numbers are, rounded off as 0., The numbers 501 to 999 are nearer to 1000 than 0 so they are rounded off as, 1000., Number 500 is also rounded off as 1000., Check if the following rounding off is correct or not :, 2573, 3000;, 53552, 53000;, 6404, 6000;, 65437, 65000;, 7805, 7000;, 3499, 4000., Correct those which are wrong., 19, , 2021-22

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MATHEMATICS, , Round off the given numbers to the nearest tens, hundreds and thousands., Given Number Approximate to Nearest, , Rounded Form, , 75847, 75847, 75847, 75847, , ________________, ________________, ________________, ________________, , Tens, Hundreds, Thousands, Ten thousands, , 1.3.5 Estimating outcomes of number situations, How do we add numbers? We add numbers by following the algorithm (i.e. the, given method) systematically. We write the numbers taking care that the digits in the, same place (ones, tens, hundreds etc.) are in the same column. For example,, 3946 + 6579 + 2050 is written as —, Th, 3, 6, +2, , 20, , H, 9, 5, 0, , T, 4, 7, 5, , O, 6, 9, 0, , We add the column of ones and if necessary carry forward the appropriate, number to the tens place as would be in this case. We then add the tens, column and this goes on. Complete the rest of the sum yourself. This, procedure takes time., There are many situations where we need to find answers more quickly., For example, when you go to a fair or the market, you find a variety of attractive, things which you want to buy. You need to quickly decide what you can buy., So, you need to estimate the amount you need. It is the sum of the prices of, things you want to buy., A trader is to receive money from two sources. The money he is to receive, is ` 13,569 from one source and ` 26,785 from another. He has to pay, ` 37,000 to someone else by the evening. He rounds off the numbers to their, nearest thousands and quickly works out the rough answer. He is happy that, he has enough money., Do you think he would have enough money? Can you tell without doing, the exact addition/subtraction?, Sheila and Mohan have to plan their monthly expenditure. They know, their monthly expenses on transport, on school requirements, on groceries,, , 2021-22

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K NOWING, , OUR, , N UMBERS, , on milk, and on clothes and also on other regular, expenses. This month they have to go for visiting, and buying gifts. They estimate the amount they, would spend on all this and then add to see, if what, they have, would be enough., Would they round off to thousands as the, trader did?, Think and discuss five more situations where we have to estimate sums or, remainders., Did we use rounding off to the same place in all these?, There are no rigid rules when you want to estimate the outcomes of numbers., The procedure depends on the degree of accuracy required and how quickly, the estimate is needed. The most important thing is, how sensible the guessed, answer would be., 1.3.6 To estimate sum or difference, As we have seen above we can round off a number to any place. The trader, rounded off the amounts to the nearest thousands and was satisfied that he had, enough. So, when you estimate any sum or difference, you should have an idea, of why you need to round off and therefore the place to which you would round, off. Look at the following examples., Example 5 : Estimate: 5,290 + 17,986., Solution : You find 17,986 > 5,290., Round off to thousands., 17,986 rounds off to, +5,290 rounds off to, , 18,000, + 5,000, , Estimated sum, , 23,000, , =, , Does the method work? You may attempt to find the actual answer and, verify if the estimate is reasonable., Example 6 : Estimate: 5,673 – 436., Solution : To begin with we round off to thousands. (Why?), 5,673 rounds off to, – 436 rounds off to, Estimated difference =, , 6,000, –0, 6,000, , This is not a reasonable estimate. Why is this not reasonable?, , 2021-22, , 21

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MATHEMATICS, , To get a closer estimate, let us try rounding each number to hundreds., 5,673 rounds off to, 5,700, – 436 rounds off to, – 400, Estimated difference =, , 5,300, , This is a better and more meaningful estimate., 1.3.7 To estimate products, , 22, , How do we estimate a product?, What is the estimate for 19 × 78?, It is obvious that the product is less than 2000. Why?, If we approximate 19 to the nearest tens, we get 20 and then approximate 78, to nearest tens, we get 80 and 20 × 80 = 1600, Look at 63 × 182, If we approximate both to the nearest hundreds we, get 100 × 200 = 20,000. This is much larger than the, Estimate, the, actual product. So, what do we do? To get a more, following products :, reasonable estimate, we try rounding off 63 to the (a) 87 × 313, nearest 10, i.e. 60, and also 182 to the nearest ten, i.e. (b) 9 × 795, 180. We get 60 × 180 or 10,800. This is a good (c) 898 × 785, estimate, but is not quick enough., (d) 958 × 387, If we now try approximating 63 to 60 and 182 to Make five more, the nearest hundred, i.e. 200, we get 60 × 200, and this such problems and, number 12,000 is a quick as well as good estimate of solve them., the product., The general rule that we can make is, therefore, Round off each factor to its, greatest place, then multiply the rounded off factors. Thus, in the above, example, we rounded off 63 to tens and 182 to hundreds., Now, estimate 81 × 479 using this rule :, 479 is rounded off to 500 (rounding off to hundreds),, and 81 is rounded off to 80 (rounding off to tens)., The estimated product = 500 × 80 = 40,000, An important use of estimates for you will be to check your answers., Suppose, you have done the multiplication 37 × 1889, but, are not sure about your answer. A quick and reasonable estimate, of the product will be 40 × 2000 i.e. 80,000. If your answer, is close to 80,000, it is probably right. On the other hand, if, it is close to 8000 or 8,00,000, something is surely wrong in, your multiplication., Same general rule may be followed by addition and, subtraction of two or more numbers., 2021-22

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K NOWING, , OUR, , N UMBERS, , EXERCISE 1.3, 1. Estimate each of the following using general rule:, (a) 730 + 998 (b) 796 – 314 (c) 12,904 +2,888 (d) 28,292 – 21,496, Make ten more such examples of addition, subtraction and estimation of their outcome., 2. Give a rough estimate (by rounding off to nearest hundreds) and also a closer estimate, (by rounding off to nearest tens) :, (a) 439 + 334 + 4,317, (b) 1,08,734 – 47,599, (c) 8325 – 491, (d) 4,89,348 – 48,365, Make four more such examples., 3. Estimate the following products using general rule:, (a) 578 × 161 (b) 5281 × 3491 (c) 1291 × 592 (d) 9250 × 29, Make four more such examples., , 1.4 Using Brackets, Meera bought 6 notebooks from the market and the cost was ` 10 per notebook., Her sister Seema also bought 7 notebooks of the same type. Find the total money, they paid., Seema calculated the, amount like this, 6 × 10 + 7 × 10, = 60 + 70, = 130, Ans. ` 130, , Meera calculated the, amount like this, 6 + 7 =13, and 13 × 10 = 130, Ans. ` 130, , You can see that Seema’s and Meera’s ways to get the answer are a bit different., But both give the correct result. Why?, Seema says, what Meera has done is 7 + 6 × 10., Appu points out that 7 + 6 × 10 = 7 + 60 = 67. Thus, this is not what Meera, had done. All the three students are confused., To avoid confusion in such cases we may use brackets. We can pack the numbers, 6 and 7 together using a bracket, indicating that the pack is to be treated as a single, number. Thus, the answer is found by (6 + 7) × 10 = 13 × 10., This is what Meera did. She first added 6 and 7 and then multiplied the sum, by 10., This clearly tells us : First, turn everything inside the brackets ( ) into a, single number and then do the operation outside which in this case is to, multiply by 10., 23, , 2021-22

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MATHEMATICS, , 1. Write the expressions for each of the following using brackets., (a) Four multiplied by the sum of nine and two., (b) Divide the difference of eighteen and six by four., (c) Forty five divided by three times the sum of three and two., 2. Write three different situations for (5 + 8) × 6., (One such situation is : Sohani and Reeta work for 6 days; Sohani, works 5 hours a day and Reeta 8 hours a day. How many hours do, both of them work in a week?), 3. Write five situations for the following where brackets would be, necessary. (a) 7(8 – 3), (b) (7 + 2) (10 – 3), , 1.4.1 Expanding brackets, Now, observe how use of brackets allows us to follow our procedure, systematically. Do you think that it will be easy to keep a track of what steps we, have to follow without using brackets?, (i) 7 × 109 = 7 × (100 + 9) = 7 × 100 + 7 × 9 = 700 + 63 = 763, (ii) 102 × 103 = (100 + 2) × (100 + 3) = (100 + 2) × 100 + (100 + 2) × 3, = 100 × 100 + 2 × 100 + 100 × 3 + 2 × 3, = 10,000 + 200 + 300 + 6 = 10,000 + 500 + 6, = 10,506, (iii) 17 × 109 = (10 + 7) × 109 = 10 × 109 + 7 × 109, = 10 × (100 + 9) + 7 × (100 + 9), = 10 × 100 + 10 × 9 + 7 × 100 + 7 × 9, = 1000 + 90 + 700 + 63 = 1,790 + 63, = 1,853, 1.5 Roman Numerals, We have been using the Hindu-Arabic numeral system so far. This, is not the only system available. One of the early systems of, writing numerals is the system of Roman numerals. This system, is still used in many places., For example, we can see the use of Roman numerals in clocks; it, is also used for classes in the school time table etc., Find three other examples, where Roman numerals are used., 24, , 2021-22

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K NOWING, , OUR, , N UMBERS, , The Roman numerals :, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, denote 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10 respectively. This is followed by XI for 11, XII, for 12,... till XX for 20. Some more Roman numerals are :, I V X L, C, D, M, 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000, The rules for the system are :, (a) If a symbol is repeated, its value is added as many times as it occurs:, i.e. II is equal 2, XX is 20 and XXX is 30., (b) A symbol is not repeated more than three times. But the symbols V, L and D, are never repeated., (c) If a symbol of smaller value is written to the right of a symbol of greater, value, its value gets added to the value of greater symbol., VI = 5 + 1 = 6, XII = 10 + 2 = 12, and LXV = 50 + 10 + 5 = 65, (d) If a symbol of smaller value is written to the left of a symbol of greater, value, its value is subtracted from the value of the greater symbol., IV = 5 – 1 = 4,, IX = 10 – 1 = 9, XL = 50 – 10 = 40,, XC = 100 – 10 = 90, (e) The symbols V, L and D are never written to the left of a symbol of greater, value, i.e. V, L and D are never subtracted., The symbol I can be subtracted from V and X only., The symbol X can be subtracted from L, M and C only., Following these rules we get,, 1 = I, 10 = X, 2 = II, 20 = XX, 3 = III, 30 = XXX, 4 = IV, 40 = XL, 5 = V, 50 = L, 6 = VI, 60 = LX, 7 = VII 70 = LXX, 8 = VIII 80 = LXXX, 9 = IX, 90 = XC, , 100 = C, , Write in, Roman, numerals., 1. 73, 2. 92, , (a) Write in Roman numerals the missing numbers in the table., (b) XXXX, VX, IC, XVV are not written. Can you tell why?, , 2021-22, , 25

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MATHEMATICS, , Example 7 : Write in Roman Numerals (a) 69 (b) 98., Solution : (a) 69 = 60 + 9, = (50 + 10) + 9, = LX + IX, = LX IX, , (b) 98 = 90 + 8, = (100 – 10) + 8, = XC + VIII, = XCVIII, , What have we discussed?, 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , 6., , 7., , Given two numbers, one with more digits is the greater number. If the number of, digits in two given numbers is the same, that number is larger, which has a greater, leftmost digit. If this digit also happens to be the same, we look at the next digit and, so on., In forming numbers from given digits, we should be careful to see if the conditions, under which the numbers are to be formed are satisfied. Thus, to form the greatest, four digit number from 7, 8, 3, 5 without repeating a single digit, we need to use all, four digits, the greatest number can have only 8 as the leftmost digit., The smallest four digit number is 1000 (one thousand). It follows the largest three, digit number 999. Similarly, the smallest five digit number is 10,000. It is ten thousand, and follows the largest four digit number 9999., Further, the smallest six digit number is 100,000. It is one lakh and follows the largest, five digit number 99,999. This carries on for higher digit numbers in a similar manner., Use of commas helps in reading and writing large numbers. In the Indian system of, numeration we have commas after 3 digits starting from the right and thereafter every, 2 digits. The commas after 3, 5 and 7 digits separate thousand, lakh and crore, respectively. In the International system of numeration commas are placed after every, 3 digits starting from the right. The commas after 3 and 6 digits separate thousand, and million respectively., Large numbers are needed in many places in daily life. For example, for giving number, of students in a school, number of people in a village or town, money paid or received, in large transactions (paying and selling), in measuring large distances say betwen, various cities in a country or in the world and so on., Remember kilo shows 1000 times larger, Centi shows 100 times smaller and milli, shows 1000 times smaller, thus, 1 kilometre = 1000 metres, 1 metre = 100 centimetres, or 1000 millimetres etc., There are a number of situations in which we do not need the exact quantity but need, only a reasonable guess or an estimate. For example, while stating how many spectators, watched a particular international hockey match, we state the approximate number,, say 51,000, we do not need to state the exact number., , 26, , 2021-22

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K NOWING, , OUR, , N UMBERS, , 8., , Estimation involves approximating a quantity to an accuracy required. Thus, 4117, may be approximated to 4100 or to 4000, i.e. to the nearest hundred or to the, nearest thousand depending on our need., 9. In number of situations, we have to estimate the outcome of number operations. This, is done by rounding off the numbers involved and getting a quick, rough answer., 10. Estimating the outcome of number operations is useful in checking answers., 11. Use of brackets allows us to avoid confusion in the problems where we need to, carry out more than one number operation., 12. We use the Hindu-Arabic system of numerals. Another system of writing numerals is, the Roman system., , 27, , 2021-22