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Dr. A. C. Singh,, Asstt.Prof. & HOD,, Deptt.of Agronomy, , Rice grain :, , Hull:, - Each grain of rice is enclosed in a tough outer hull, or husk, that needs to be removed before, it can be consumed. This layer is removed in all rice types., , Bran:, Under the hull, the bran layer is not removed in all rice types. This nutritious whole grain, section is usually tan-colored, but it may be reddish or black depending on the pigmentation, in the bran layers. The bran layer may be consumed, but it is often removed when further, processing rice., Germ:, , Found under the hull, the germ, or rice kernel, is nutrient-dense. Full of B vitamins, minerals,, and proteins, it helps give rice its colour and added nutritional benefits., , Types of Rice:, White Rice:, Once the bran and germ layers are removed, white rice remains. Known as the endosperm,, this is the part of the rice that is most commonly consumed., , Brown Rice:, This healthful rice sheds its outer husk and retains its bran and germ layers that give it a characteristic tan, colour. Though brown rice takes a little longer to cook than white rice, the nutrient-dense layers are rich in, vitamins and minerals.
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Parboiled Rice:, This "rough" rice has gone through a steam-pressure process before milling that gelatinizes the starch in, the grain. This process produces a more separate grain that is light and fluffy when cooked. Converted rice, is a type of parboiled rice that has been further pre-cooked, which ultimately allows you to whip up dishes, of rice even faster., , Polished Rice:, The term "polished" simply refers to white rice that has had its outer brown layer of bran and germ, removed. Rice that has shed its bran layers can also be referred to as "milled rice.", , Golden Rice ( G.M.) :, Emeritus Prof. Ingo Potrykus of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and Prof. Peter, Beyer of University of Freiburg, Germany, started the research on Golden Rice in 1982 as a, Rockefeller Foundation initiative. In 1992, after years of research, various groups came together in, New York and decided to pursue the project, successfully causing beta carotene to be present in rice, grains in 1999 after using genetic engineering to add genes from daffodil and a common soil, bacterium to rice., The inventors of Golden Rice partnered with Syngenta and other scientists, producing an, improved version—which was the result of adding a gene from maize and the same soil, microorganism—with a level of beta carotene content twenty times higher than the first version. To, help combat VAD, they donated this new version to developing countries (including the Philippines,, Bangladesh, and Indonesia) through the Golden Rice Network in 2004., Golden Rice is a new type of rice that contains beta carotene (provitamin A, a plant, pigment that the body converts into vitamin A as needed). This compound is what gives this grain, its yellow-orange or golden color, hence its name. Golden Rice is developed through genetic, engineering. While ordinary rice does produce beta carotene, it is not found in the grain. Thus,, scientists used genetic engineering to add the compound to the grain .Like ordinary rice, Golden, Rice does not require any special cultivation practices, and generally has the same yield and, agronomic performance., Genetically modified foods originate from a variety of plants, animals and micro-organism, as a result of recombination DNA technology which involves transfer of genes from known species, in to the food producing species. One of the well known GM rice is “ Golden Rice”, which has been, engineered to express, , Beta -Carotene by introducing a combination of genes that code for, , biosynthetic pathway for production of pro- vitamin A ( Beta-carotene) in the endosper ( Ye, et.al.,2000) G.M. rice has also been developed that produces both Beta- carotene and Ferritin. A, total of seven genes have been introduced, four of which code for Beta- carotene and three allow the
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kernels to accumulate iron through ferritin ( Potrykus et.al,1996) ., The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and its national research partners have, developed Golden Rice to complement existing interventions to address vitamin A deficiency, (VAD). VAD is a serious public health problem affecting millions of children., Golden Rice Status and Updates:, In Bangladesh, the application for environmental and food safety assessment of GR2E BRRI, dhan29 Golden Rice was lodged with the Ministry of Agriculture on 26 November 2017 .In the, Philippines, Golden Rice is being bred into a range of well-known Philippine local inbred rice, varieties (such as PSB Rc82) readily acceptable by farmers and consumers., , Aerobic Rice:, In recent years, a new set of rice varieties known as Aerobic rice have been developed by crossing, drought prone, low yielding upland rice varieties and high yielding low land rice varieties . Again, the work was initially started in China and Brazil and was followed by the IRRI, Philipines and later, in India. Some of Aerobic rice varieties are HD (Han Dao) 277, HD 297, HD 205 from China, Talento, Soberana and AN Cambara from Brazil and Apo ( IR 5542301) from IRRI, ( Prasad,2011) In India University of Agric.Sciences, Bengaluru has developed an aerobic rice, variety MAS 946 - 1 ( Marker Assisted Selection) . However in on farm trial conducted by IARI, with a number of IARI varieties such as Pusa Hybrid 10, Pusa Sungdha -3, Pusa Sungdha – 4,, Pusa Sungdha -5 were found to be good as IRRI variety Apo ., 1. What is aerobic rice cultivation?, Cultivation of suitable high yielding rice varieties in direct sown, non-puddled, aerated soils under supplementary, irrigation and fertilizers to achieve high yield is called aerobic rice. The ecology for this type of rice is, intermediate between upland and favourable shallow low lands. This type of cultivation practice can be adopted in, target areas like, tank irrigate area, deep bore well / well irrigated area and the places where presumed to receive, delayed channel / river water i.e. in delta region during kharif (June – July) and summer (February)., , 2. What are the recommended rice varieties for aerobic rice cultivation?, Four varieties viz., CR Dhan 200 / Piyari (suitable for Odisha), CR Dhan 201 (suitable for Chhattisgarh and, Bihar), CR Dhan 202 (suitable for Jharkhand and Odisha), CR Dhan 204 (suitable for Jharkhand and Tamil Nadu),, are suitable for aerobic rice cultivation, released from Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack. Similarly,, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore has released ARB 6, MAS 26 and MAS 946-1 for Karnataka state.
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3.What is the recommended dose of fertilizer and how does it should be applied for aerobic rice?, The recommended dose of fertilizer is 80 kg of nitrogen, 40 kg of phosphorus and 40 kg of potash per hectare. Ten, tons of farm yard manure, 100% phosphorus and 50% of potash has to be applied at the time of last ploughing i.e., at the time of sowing. The first dose of nitrogenous fertilizer 30% is applied at 10-12 days after germination., During top dressing of fertilizer, sufficient moisture in the soil has to be ensured to make the nutrients available to, plants. Nitrogen fertilizer applied in three splits, 30% at 10-12 days after germination, 40% at 30 days after, sowing and balance 30% at 50 days after sowing. Potassium fertilizer has to be applied in two splits, 50% at, sowing and 50% at 50 days after sowing. Further, zinc sulphate and iron sulphate 20kg and 12kg per hectare, respectively have to be applied at the time of sowing., , 4.What seed rate has to be used for aerobic rice cultivation?, Seed rate of 50 kg per hectare is recommended for aerobic rice. The seeds are sown 20 cm between rows and 15, cm within rows with 3 to 5 cm depth. Seeds can be sown with seed drill or can be sown before last ploughing., After sowing, seeds are covered with soil using plank and light irrigation should be given immediately. Sowing, can also be done during the onset of monsoon., , 5.How best the water can be managed in aerobic rice cultivation?, Aerobic rice crop does not require continues flooding. It can be irrigated like direct sown crops like maize, jowar, and bajra. Irrigation can be provided with interval of 4-5 days and time of irrigation can be adjusted based on the, soil type and moisture availability. Rice crop under aerobic situation could be successfully raised with 700 to 900, mm of total water in summer and during monsoon season the water utilization can be further reduced. Since the, water resource is effectively utilized, 1 kg of rice is produced with 3000 to 3500 liter of water in contrary to 4500, to 5000 liter in transplanted rice system. After sowing in dry condition in fine tilth soil, surface irrigation should, be done immediately. Surface irrigation should be given up to 50 days after sowing at the interval of 5 days., Irrigation should be given once in 3 days, in the critical stages like active tillering, panicle initiation, flowering, and grain filling. Water must be withheld one week before harvest of the crop to facilitate uniform ripening of, grains. By adopting aerobic rice cultivation method, the water can be saved to the tune of 35 to 45 percent., , 6.How to manage weeds in aerobic rice field?, , Weeds are the major concern in aerobic rice cultivation, which reduces crop yield. Therefore, weed management, should be done by both chemical and manual means for effective control. Spraying of pre-emergence herbicides, like Pretilachlor 50 EC @ 2.5 l/ ha / Phyrazosulfuron ethyl (250 g / ha) in 750 liters of water within 48 hours of, seeding.
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After 20-25 days of seeding, one hand weeding or post emergence herbicides should be applied for effective, management of weeds. Hand weeding or inter cultural operation with hand hoe or weeder will control weeds, effectively and increases aeration for better root growth and also increases tiller number., , 7. How much grain yield can be achieved under aerobic rice cultivation?, In this method of rice cultivation by adopting the above mentioned practices, 4.5 -5.0 tons of grain and 5.0 -5.5, quintals of straw per hectare can be obtained., , 8. Are the rice hybrids suitable for aerobic rice cultivation?, , Yes, hybrid rice varieties are also suitable for aerobic rice situation and they could yield better than pure line, varieties, , 9. How does the soil fertility is managed in aerobic rice cultivation?, , Continuous cultivation of rice crop in same field would lead to depletion of nutrients and organic matter., Therefore, to improve soil physical health, green manures such as Dhaincha or Sunhemp or legumes can be raised, as inter crop. During inter cultural operation, those green manure plants can be incorporated in soil to increase, organic matter of soil., , 10. How does the pest and disease are managed in aerobic rice cultivation?, , Disease management: The diseases of lowland and upland ecologies are observed in aerobic rice cultivation., Amongst them, diseases like bacterial blight and blast are important. If leaf infection of 8-10% or more is, observed, apply streptocyclin (150 mg) + copper oxychloride (1g) in one liter of water for controlling bacterial, blight disease. Apply tricyclazole at the rate of 0.6g/ to control leaf blast disease., , Insect pest management: Insects like stem borer, brown plant hopper (BPH), nematodes and gundhi bug damage, the crop significantly. For controlling stem borer, apply Triazophos 40% EC @ 900 ml/ha or apply granular, insecticide Furadan 3G @ 33 kg / ha or cartap 4G @ 25 kg / ha on the basis of ETL (one egg mass / m 2 or 5%, dead heart). When gundhi bug population is more than 5 / m 2, apply methyl parathion 5% or chloropyriphos 5%, @ 25 kg/ha dust formulation. As BPH population reaches 10 insects / hill, apply monocrotophos 36 SL @ 1.3 l /, ha or chloropyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5 l/ha or Quinolphos 25 EC @ 2 l/ha or imidacloprid 200 SL @ 0.5 l/ha for, controlling the insect.
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11.What are the important stages of rice crop under aerobic rice cultivation?, , Paramount importance and best approach is necessary in weed management and nutrient deficiency. Water should, not be a constrained during critical stages like, tillering, panicle initiation, flowering and grain filling. Water must, be withheld one week before harvest of the crop to facilitate uniform ripening of grains., , 12. What are the advantages of aerobic rice cultivation and over conventional irrigated rice cultivation?, , Aerobic rice has many advantages over conventional lowland irrigated type of cultivation. Since, direct seeding is, recommended, nursery preparation, puddling and transplanting cost can be avoided. Further, rational use of water, for field preparation and irrigation helps in 35-45% of water saving. On the other hand, reduction in number of, irrigations will help in cost cut and savings in power consumption. In conventional lowland irrigated rice, cultivation, green house gas like methane emission is elevated than the aerobic situation.Under aerobic rice, cultivation, researchers proved that methane emission has been reduced. Maintenance of soil structure is, beneficial to non-rice crops in the rotation and timely sowing of succeeding crop after rice.
