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EVOLUTION OF MENTAL HEALTH, SERVICES AND TREATMENT, Historically, mental illness was viewed as a, demonic possession, the influence of ancestral, spirits, the result of violating a taboo or neglec-, ting a cultural ritual and spiritual condemnation., As a result, the mentally ill were often starved,, beaten, burnt, amputated and tortured in order, to make the body an unsuitable place for the, Scanned by TapScanner

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demon. Gradually, man began the quest for, scientific knowledge and truth, which can be, traced as follows:, • Pythagoras (580-510 BC) developed the, concept that the brain is the seat of intellectual, activity., • Hippocrates (460 - 370 BC) described mental, illness as hysteria, mania and depression., • Plato (427 - 347 BC) identified the relationship, between mind and body., • Asciepiades, who is referred to as the Father, of Psychiatry, made use of simple hygienic, measures, diet, bath, massage in place of, mechanical restraints., • The Greeks were the first to study mental, illness scientifically and separate the study of, mind from religion. Aristotle, a Greek, philosopher, emphasized on the release of, repressed emotions for the effective treatment, of mental illness. He suggested catharsis and, music therapy for patients with melancholia., • During the middle ages the mentally ill were, not considered as outcasts, but as people to, be helped. One of the great figures during this, time was St. Augustine, who believed that, although God acted directly in human affairs,, people were responsible for their own actions., • Renaissance in Europe (1300–1600 AD): This, period represented the saddest chapter in the, history of psychiatry when it was believed, that demons were the cause of hallucinations,, delusions and sexual activity, and the, treatment was torture and even death., Some Important Milestones, 1773 The first mental hospital in the US was, built in Williamsburg, Virginia., 1793 Phillip Pinel removed the chains from, mentally ill patients confined in Bicetre,, a hospital outside Paris, thus bringing, about tha fi, Scanned by TapScanner

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Some Important Milestones, Linda Richards develops better nursing care in psychiatric hospitals, and organized, nursing services and educational program in state mental hospitals., The first school to prepare nurses to care for mentally ill at Mclean Hospital in Waverly., John Hopkins, the first school of nursing to impłement fully developed course of, psychiatric nursing in the nursing curriculum., Harriet Bailey published the first psychiatric nursing textbook. “Nursing Mental Dis-, ease'., 1873, 1882, 1913, 1920, 1935, Insulin Shock Treatment was introduced., 1936 Psychosurgery was introduced to treat mentally ill patients., 1937, Electro-convulsive therapy was introduced as treatment approach to psychiatric pa-, tients., 1943 Psychiatric nursing course was started for male nurses., Health Survey Committee's report recommended preparation of nursing personnel, in psychiatric nursing also., Hidegard Papleu one of the nurse theorists published a book on Interpersonal rela-, tions in nursing and introduced first systematic theoretical framework for psychiat-, ric nursing., Maxwell Jones wrote a book on Therapeutic Community'., All schools included psychiatric nursing experience in general nursing curriculum., The masters program was extended to two academic years., 1946, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, Scanned by TapScanner

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First doctoral program in psychiatric nursing was started in Boston., Psychiatric nursing changed to Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing', The journal of psychiatric nursing and mental health services was published., 1970 Again psychiatric Mental Health Nursing was changed to 'Psychosocial nursing., American Nursing Association published standards of psychiatric nursing practice, which was revised in 1982., 1960, 1963, 1972, 1979, Issues of Mental Health nursing were published., 1980 Concept of decentralization, a change in the organization, eroded the identity of, separate professions., 1985 Standards of Psychiatric Mental Health and Clinical Nursing practice were published, by American Nurses Association., 1990 Integration of neuroscience into holistic bio-psycho-social practice of psychiatric nurs-, ing took place., Community participation in rehabilitating the mentally ill achieved major concern., 1991, Some Important Milestones in context with India, 1912 Indian Lunacy Act was passed as law., 1918 Ruling British government constructed a European Hospital at Ranchi., 1925, The Indian Mental Hospital was built up in Ranchi., 1930 Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing were derived from practical experience, of caring for the psychiatric patients., Madras Government organized 3 months Psychiatric Nursing Course at the Mental, Hospital Madras., Role of Psychiatric nurse became more definite., Nur Manzil Mental health centre, Lucknow started giving Psychiatric Nursing Ori-, 1937, 1950, 1954, entation course of 4-6 weeks duration., One year post certificate course in Psychiatric Nursing was started in NIMHANS, Bangalore., Mysore Government started a 9 month course in psychiatric nursing for male nurses, in lieu of midwifery., The Indian Nursing Council included psychiatric nursing as a compulsory course in, B.Sc. nursing curriculum., The Trained Nurses Association of India formed a separate committee for psychiat-, ric nursing to improve the perception of psychiatric nursing., Psychiatric nursing was offered as an elective subject for P.G. program at RAK Col-, lege of Nursing Delhi, later on in PGI Chandigarh (1978), SNDT Mumbai (1980),, CMC Vellore and Ludhana (1987), NIMHANS (1988)., 1956, 1962, 1965, 1967, 1975, Psychiatric nursing was included in Diploma in Nursing Education & Administra-, tion at RAK College of Nursing, New Delhi., The Indian Nursing Council included psychiatric nursing as a component of General, Nursing curriculum., 1980, 1986, Scanned by TapScanner

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1987, The Indian Mental Heath Act was passed., 1991, The Indian Society of Psychiatric Nurses (ISPN) was formed at NIMHANS Dano, lore., CHARACTERISTICS OF MENTALLY HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL, The characteristics of mentally healthy individual are as follows:, They possess the ability to accept themselves, others and nature. Stated another, way, they have positive self-concept and relate well to people and their environ-, ment., They are able to form close relationship with others. Kindness, patience and compas-, sion are displayed for others., They are able to solve their problems with their own efforts as much as possible., They know and accept his or her strengths and weaknesses., They have their own personal identity., They are able to appreciate and enjoy the life., They are independent in thought and action and rely on personal standards of be-, havior and values., They feel reasonably secure and adequate., They are able to face the realities., They are creative utilizing a variety of approaches as they perform tasks or solve, problems., They respect themselves., Their behavior is consistent as they respect and appreciate the rights of others., They develop reasonable and achievable goals in their life., They are happy with themselves and their lives., They do not worry excessively about the future, but they do plan ahead., • They do not spend time wondering what other people think or say about them., They are open and friendly, and do not have any difficulty meeting new people., They are able to work at a job successfully and support themselves., They are able to get enough sleep., They have a sense of worth, self-respect and dignity., They are able to make their own decisions., They exhibits emotional maturity., They maintain their daily routines in a healthy way., They have positive attitude towards self, others and their work., They are usually able to give a correct reading if asked to tell someone else's mood, or feelings., They remain in contact with reality., • They perform their duties effectively and successfully., Scanned by TapScanner