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GRAMMAR, 1, Determiners, What are determiners ?, Determiners are those words which come before noun words and, show how the nouns are being used. The use of noun is necessary after a, determiner. Sometimes a qualifying word may also come among determiner, and noun words., Articlex, -2. Demontratives, 3. Peertives, 4.0nantilien, Numbers, 6 Distriaultve, a boy a good boy, Kinds of Determiners, 1. Articles a/an, the., 2. Demonstratives this, that, these, those., 3. Possessives : my, our, your, his, her, their, its., 4. Quantifiers : a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough., 5. Numbers : one, ten, some, any, many, a few, all, several, each, every, either, neither etc., 6. Distributive : all, both, half, either, neither, each, every, only., 1. Articles, A, an and the are called articles in the English language. These are divided into two categories:, (A) Indefinite Articles, - A or An, (B) Definite Article, The, 1. Use of 'A' and 'An'- Indefinite Articles, A and an are called indefinite articles. The use of 'a' and 'an' is basically related with the sound, of pronunciation of words. 'A' is used before such words which begin with consonant sound, no matter, whether their first letter is a vowel or a consonant. e.g., a man, a boy, a university, a European, a pen, a dog, a useful thing, a useless pen, etc., 'An' is used before such words which begin with vowel sound, no matter whether their beginning, letter is a vowel or a consonant. e.g., an apple, an hour, an M.A., an egg, an heir an M.B.B.S., an elephant, an honourable man,, an M.Sc., etc., NOTE:A' and 'an' are weak forms of 'one'. These are used before countable singular nouns., These pre not used before uncountable and plural noun words. Material nouns and abstract, nouns ere considered uncountable nouns and therefore 'a' and 'an' cannot be used before them, except for some specific situations.

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR Class-8, The use of 'a' and 'an' can be understood on the basis of following points:, (1) Before the countable and singular nouns which are used for the first time., 1. I have a book., 2. She lives in a hut., 3. He saw an old man., 4. Mr Sharma is an umpire of this match., (2) Before such singular noun complements which singnify a business or profession., 1. She is a nurse. 2. He is an engineer., 3. Neeraj is a doctor., 4. She is an actress., (3) Before such expressions which signify price, speed, repetitions, etc. As:, two rupees a kilo, six times a day,, 80 rupees a dozen, 20 kms an hour, etc., (4) Before numerical expressions., half a dozen, a lot of, a great deal of, a great many, a quarter, etc., (5) Before singular objective words which come in exclamatory sentences., 1. What a beautiful flower!, (6) Before abbreviated form of degrees and posts., 2. What a pretty colour !, 3. What a cold day !, (a) If the word begins with vowel sound then 'an' is used., (b) If the word begins with consonant sound then 'a' is used., e.g. an M.A., an M.Sc., an M. Com., an S.P., an L.L. B., an M.L.A., an S.D.M., an L.D.C., or a B., Com., a B. Sc., a U.D.C., etc., (7) 'A' is used before Mr/ Mrs/ Miss + Surname, if the speaker is not well acquainted with, him / her., a Mr Sharma, a Mrs Mathur, a Miss Gupta, etc.., a Mr Sharma refers a person to whom the speaker is not introduced. If the speaker knows him, then he should say 'Mr Sharma' instead of 'a Mr Sharma'., 2. Use of "The', Drefinite Article, -, "The' is called definite article and it can be used before singular as well as plural nouns in the, following situations:, (1) Before such nouns which have been introduced earlier., 1. I saw a lion. The lion was sleeping under a tree., 2. We heard a noise. The noise came from a neighbour's house., (2) Before the superlative degrees of adjectives., 1. Ravi is the best singer in the school. 2. My uncle is the richest man in the town., EXCEPTION: If adjectives of relation like my, his, her, their, your, our have been used before, superlative degree then 'the' is not used, e.g., 1. He is my best friend., 2. Mr Dixit is our best teacher., (3) Before such nouns which are defined by a phrase or a clause, 1. The girl in the blue skirt is my sister., 3. The cars made in our faetory are very cheap. 4. The book on the table belongs to the library., 2. The man with a little nose is our Prineipal, (4) Before such singular nouns which signify the whole class o veen, 2. The elephant has a long trunk., 1. The dog is a faithful animal., 3. The cat likes milk.

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GRAMMAR, (5) Before the names of rivers, seas, oceans, bays, deserts, islands, mountains, canals, jungles,, countries and republics., The Ganga, The Yamuna, (rivers), The Gulf of Maxico, The Thar, The Sahara,, The Bay of Bengal, The Arabian Sea,, The Himalayas, The Aravalis,, The USA, The UK, The West Indies, The U.N.,etc., NOTE: If words like 'Lake', 'Mount' and 'Cape' come before such entities then "The' is not used, before such words. e.g. Mount Everst, Lake Mansarovar, Cape Comorin, etc., (6) Before such adjectives which are used as nouns., 1. The brave always rule over the earth., 3. The weak can never do anything., 2. The rich should help the poor., (7) Before the names of such things which are unique and only one in the world., The sun, the moon, the sky, the earth, the world, the Taj, the Great Wall of China, etc., (8) Before such names which are in combination of adjective + noun., The National Highway., (9) Before the names of religious books, musical instruments and serjal numbers., The Geeta, the Bible, the Quran, the Ramayan, the violin, the flute, the first, the fourth, the, eleventh, the last, the next, etc., (10) When two comparative degrees are used in one statement., 1. The more you have, the more you want., 3. The higher you go, the cooler you feel., 2. The sooner, the better., (11) When a proper noun is compared with another well renowned proper noun then that well, renowned proper noun acts as common noun and 'the' is used before it., Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India. (Great Dramatist), (12) Before the names of religious communities, castes, nationality, political parties, ships, trains,, aeroplanes, ete., The Hindus, the Sikhs, the Jats., The English, the Indians, theAmericans, the Congress, the BJP, the CPI, the CPM, the Pink, City Express, the Ashoka, the Titanie., (13) Before the plural surnames used for the entire family., The Guptas, (Gupta family) the Sharmas, (Sharma family), etc., (14) Before the dates and days of national importance., The 15th August, the 26th January, the Independence Day, the Republic Day, etc., (15) Before nouns which come after the words like all, some of, one of, each of, All the boys, some of the students, one of the girls, each of the winners., (16) Before such combination as noun + of + noun., The Bay of Bengal, The temples of Mathura., (17) Before the name of newspapers, directions and regions., The Rajasthan Patrika, the East, the North, the East.

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4, ENGLISH GRAMMAR Class-8, Omission of the Articles, No article is used in following situations:, (1) Before proper noun, material noun and abstract, noun., 1. Arjun was a great archer., 2. Gold is more expensive than silver., 3. Wisdom is greater than wealth., (Proper noun), (Material noun), (Abstract noun), (2) When a common noun is used in wide sense., 1. Man is mortal., 2. Man is a social animal., (3) Before the names of languages, subjects, public places, games, diseases and meals at defini, times., 1. I am learning French., 3. They go to school regularly.(public place) 4. We play hockey everyday., (language) 2. She doesn't like physics., (subject, (game, 5. I have lunch at noon., (meal), 6. He goes to temple daily., (public place, (4) Before the names of nations, colours, festivals, states, cities :, 1. India has a very old and rich culture., 3. Diwali is celebrated with pomp and show. 4. Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan., (5) Before the word God (when G is capital and the word God is used for Almighty) :, 1. He prayed to God for help., 2. The leaves of this plant have turned yellow., 2. God is everywhere and within every soul.

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Exercise-1, Fill in the following blanks with 'a', 'an', 'the' or 'x'., We study in, We shall be in Delhi on ....., 1., same school., 2., Republic Day this year., 3., He has suffered, lot., 4., ..... Chetak Express is late today., 5., Somu is, tallest boy in his class., 6., A fox is cleverer than, crow., 7., condition of the boy is serious., 8., rich are not always kind., 9., Gold is, precious metal., 10. We are going to, Kolkata next week., Exercise-2, (From the Textbook), Use 'a', 'an' 'the' 'x' in the following blanks:, 1., Have you seen, tiger and .... elephant together., 2., It was, fun time for the animals., 3., That's, good idea,, The officer ordered, 5. They began to fall on, 6. The bhikshu was silent for, 7. The robbers entered room., 4., ... utmost alert on all sides., ground., . ......, long time., 8., She jumped into, canal immediately., 9., He is, intelligent boy,, 10. She was dressed in, peasant costume of Rajasthan.