Page 2 :
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS, Course Code: BTCOL706, Course Title: System Administration, S.No Name of the Experiment, 1., , Installations of various Linux flavors (Optionally using, Virtual box): Centos (with LVM, without LVM), Ubuntu, (with LVM, without LVM), Debian (with LVM, without, LVM)., , 2., , SSH Server (CentOS and Ubuntu): enable/disable root, login.), , 3., , Installation and Configuration of Telnet server (CentOS and, Ubuntu), , 4., , Installation and Configuration of FTP Server (CentOS and, Ubuntu)., , 5., , Using command upload/download files from FTP Server., , 6., , Installation and Configuration of Samba Server (CentOS and, Ubuntu)., , 7., , Installation and Configuration of HTTP Server (CentOS and, Ubuntu), , 8., , Configuration of Proxy Server., , Page, No

Page 3 :
DOs and DON’Ts in Laboratory:, 1. Make entry in the Log Book as soon as you enter the Laboratory., , 2. All the students should sit according to their roll numbers starting, from their left to right., 3. All the students are supposed to enter the terminal number in the, log book., 4. Do not change the terminal on which you are working., 5. All the students are expected to get at least the algorithm of the, program/concept to be implemented., 6., , Strictly observe the instructions given by the teacher/Lab, , Instructor., 7. Do not disturb machine Hardware / Software Setup., , Instruction for Laboratory Teachers:, 1., , Submission related to whatever lab work has been completed, , should be done during the next lab session along with signing the, index., 2. The promptness of submission should be encouraged by way of, marking and evaluation patterns that will benefit the sincere students., 3. Continuous assessment in the prescribed format must be followed.

Page 4 :
LABORATORY OUTCOMES, The practical/exercises in this section are psychomotor domain, Learning Outcomes (i.e. subcomponents of the COs), to be developed, and assessed to lead to the attainment of the competency., , LO-1: Illustrate the role and responsibilities of a Linux system, administrator., LO-2: Make effective use of Linux utilities, and scripting languages., LO-3: Detect the problem and troubleshoot them., LO-4: Integrate network services on a Linux system

Page 5 :
1. Lab Exercise, Exercise No 1: (2 Hours) – 1 Practical, , Aim: - Installations of various Linux flavors (Optionally using Virtual box): Centos, (with LVM, without LVM), Ubuntu (with LVM, without LVM) and Debian (with, LVM, without LVM)., , Objectives:, 1. Linux is the foundation of thousands of open source operating systems designed to replace, Windows and Mac OS. It is free to download and install on any computer. Because it is open, source, there are a variety of different versions, or distributions, available developed by, different groups., 2. Students should able to install different flavors of Linux on Computer System and even on, virtual environment., , THEORY:, LVM: Logical Volume Management is a storage device management technology that gives, users the power to pool and abstract the physical layout of component storage devices for, easier and flexible administration. Utilizing the device mapper Linux kernel framework, the, current iteration, LVM2, can be used to gather existing storage devices into groups and, allocate logical units from the combined space as needed., , Installation steps to be followed:, 1) Download the Linux distribution as mentioned in aim of the practical. Linux distributions, (known as "distros") are typically available for free to download in ISO format. This format, needs to be burned to a CD or USB stick. This will create a Live CD or Live USB. A Live, CD or Live USB is a disk that you can boot into, and often contains a preview version of the, operating system that can be run directly from the CD or USB stick. Install an image burning, program, or use your system’s built-in burning tool if you are using Windows 7, 8, or Mac, OS X. Pen Drive Linux and UNetBootin are two popular tools for burning ISO files to USB, sticks.

Page 6 :
2) Boot into the Live CD or Live USB. Most computers are set to boot into the hard drive, first, which means you will need to change some settings to boot from your newly-burned CD, or USB. Start by rebooting the computer. Once the computer reboots, press the key used to, enter the boot menu. If your computer doesn't give you direct access to the boot menu from, the manufacturer's splash screen, it's most likely hidden in the BIOS menu. You can access, the BIOS menu in the same way that you would get to the boot menu. Once you're in the boot, menu, select your live CD or USB. Once you’ve changed the settings, save and exit the BIOS, setup or boot menu. Your computer will continue with the boot process., 3) Try out the Linux distribution before installing. Most Live CDs and USBs can launch a, "live environment", giving you the ability to test it out before making the switch. You won’t, be able to create files, but you can navigate around the interface and decide if it’s right for, you., 4) Start the installation process. If you’re trying out the distro, you can launch the installation, from the application on the desktop. If you decided not to try out the distribution, you can, start the installation from the boot menu., 5) Create a username and password., 6) Set up the partition. Linux needs to be installed on a separate partition from any other, operating systems on your computer if you intend dual booting Linux with another OS. If the, installation process does not give you automatic partitions, make sure that the partition you, create is formatted as Ext4. If the copy of Linux you are installing is the only operating, system on the computer, you will most likely have to manually set your partition size., 7) Boot into Linux. Once the installation is finished, your computer will reboot. You will see, a new screen when your computer boots up called ―GNU GRUB¦. This is a boot loader that, handles Linux installations. Pick your new Linux distro from the list. This screen may not, show up if you only have one operating system on your computer. If this screen isn't being, presented to you automatically, then you can get it back by hitting shift right after the, manufacturer splash screen. If you install multiple distros on your computer, they will all be, listed here., 8) Check your hardware. Most hardware should work out of the box with your Linux distro,, though you may need to download some additional drivers to get everything working. Some, hardware requires proprietary drivers to work correctly in Linux. This is most common with

Page 7 :
graphics cards. There is typically an open source driver that will work, but to get the most out, of your graphics cards you will need to download the proprietary drivers from the, manufacturer. In Ubuntu, you can download proprietary drivers through the System Settings, menu. Select the Additional Drivers option, and then select the graphics driver from the list., Other distros have specific methods for obtaining extra drivers. You can find other drivers, from this list as well, such as Wi-Fi drivers., 9) Start using Linux. Once your installation is complete and you’ve verified that your, hardware is working, you’re ready to start using Linux. Most distros come with several, popular programs installed, and you can download many more from their respective file, repositories., , Outcome:, To learn the installation process of Linux operating system with LVM & without LVM., CONCLUSIONS:, By following These Steps students will able to install Linux Flavors like UBUNTU and, CentOs with LVM and Without LVM.

Page 8 :
2. Lab Exercise, Exercise No 2: (2 Hours) – 1 Practical, , Aim: - Installation and Configuration SSH Server (CentOS and Ubuntu enable/disable, root login.), , Objectives:, 1. Students should able to install SSH server and configure it on Computer System and, even on virtual environment, 2. Students should able to Differentiate between secure and unsecure remote system, access., THEORY:, sshd (OpenSSH Daemon or server) is the daemon program for ssh client. It is a free and open, source ssh server. ssh replaces insecure rlogin and rsh, and provide secure encrypted, communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network such as the Internet., Ubuntu Desktop and minimal Ubuntu server do not come with sshd installed., , Installation steps to be followed: (Ubuntu), 1. Open the terminal application for Ubuntu desktop., 2. Type sudo apt-get install openssh-server, 3. Enable the ssh service by typing sudo systemctl enable ssh, 4. Start the ssh service by typing sudo systemctl start ssh, 5. Test it by login into the system using ssh user@server-name, , Installation steps to be followed: (CentOs), Step 1: Install OpenSSH Server Software Package, Enter the following command from your terminal to start the installation process:, sudo yum –y install openssh-server openssh-clients

Page 9 :
This command installs both the OpenSSH client applications, as well as the OpenSSH server, daemon, sshd., , Step 2: Starting SSH Service, To start the SSH daemon on the OpenSSH server:, sudo systemctl start sshd, When active, sshd continuously listens for client connections from any of the client tools., When a connection request occurs, sshd sets up the correct connection., Step 3: Enable OpenSSH Service, Enable SSH to start automatically after each system reboot by using the systemctl command:, sudo systemctl enable sshd, To disable SSH after reboot enter:, sudo systemctl disable sshd, , Step 4: OpenSSH Server Configuration, Properly configuring the sshd configuration file hardens server security. The most common, settings to enhance security are changing the port number, disabling root logins, and limiting, access to only certain users., To edit these settings access the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file:, sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config, Once you access the file by using a text editor (in this example we used vim), you can disable, root logins and edit the default port number:, , , To disable root login:, , PermitRootLogin no, , CONCLUSIONS:, In this Practical we learned how to enable SSH on a Ubuntu And CentOS server., Additionally, we configured firewall and SSH rules to limit access.

Page 10 :
3. Lab Exercise, Exercise No 3: (2 Hours) – 1 Practical, , Aim: - Installation and Configuration Telnet Server (CentOS and Ubuntu enable/disable, root login.), , Objectives:, 1. Students should able to install Telnet server and configure it on Computer System and, even on virtual environment, 2. Students should able to Differentiate between secure and unsecure remote system, access., THEORY:, Telnet is a terminal emulation program for TCP/IP networks that allows you to access, another computer on the Internet or local area network by logging in to the remote system., Telnet is a client-server protocol used to establish a connection to Transmission Control, Protocol port number 23. You can also check open ports on a remote system using Telnet., It’s not recommended to use telnet as it is not secure. The passwords are transferred using a, plain text and any packet sniffer can easily track you. Nevertheless, it’s sometimes required, to install telnet anyways., , Installation steps to be followed: (Ubuntu), Step 1: By default, Telnet server package is available in the Ubuntu 18.04 default repository., You can install it by just running the following command:, sudo apt-get install telnetd -y, Step 2: Once the installation is completed, you can check the status of Telnet service using, the following command:, sudo systemctl status inetd, Step 3: Test Telnet Connection from Remote System, Telnet server is now installed and listening on port 23. It's time to connect Telnet server from, the remote system.

Page 11 :
Now, log in to other Ubuntu system and run the following command:, telnet 192.168.4.100, You will be asked to enter your username and password., Step 4: Use telnet to Test Open Ports, You can also use Telnet to test open ports on a remote system., For example, to test port 80 on the remote system (IP 192.168.4.100) run the following, command:, telnet 192.168.4.100 80, If the port 80 is open, you should see the following output:, Trying 192.168.4.100..., Connected to 192.168.4.100., Escape character is '^]'., , If the port 80 is blocked or service is not running. You should see the following output:, Trying 192.168.4.100..., telnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Connection refused, , Installation steps to be followed: (CentOs), Step 1: Install Telnet Server Software Package, Enter the following command from your terminal to start the installation process:, yum install telnet-server telnet, This command installs both the Telnet client applications, as well as the Telnet server, daemon, telnetd., , Step 2: Starting TelnetService, To start the SSH daemon on the Telnet server:, sudo systemctl start xinetd, When active, xinetd continuously listens for client connections from any of the client tools., When a connection request occurs, xinetd sets up the correct connection.

Page 12 :
Step 3: Test Telnet Connection from Remote System, Telnet server is now installed and listening on port 23. It's time to connect Telnet server from, the remote system., Now, log in to other Ubuntu system and run the following command:, telnet 192.168.4.100, You will be asked to enter your username and password., Step 4: Use telnet to Test Open Ports, You can also use Telnet to test open ports on a remote system., For example, to test port 80 on the remote system (IP 192.168.0.100) run the following, command:, telnet 192.168.4.100 80, If the port 80 is open, you should see the following output:, Trying 192.168.4.100..., Connected to 192.168.4.100., Escape character is '^]'., , If the port 80 is blocked or service is not running. You should see the following output:, Trying 192.168.4.100..., telnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Connection refused, , CONCLUSIONS:, In this Practical we learned how to install and enable Telnet on a Ubuntu And CentOS server., Additionally, we conclude that being insecure avoid the use with root user privileges from, remote system.

Page 13 :
4. Lab Exercise, Exercise No 4: (2 Hours) – 1 Practical, , Aim: - Installation and Configuration of FTP Server (CentOS and Ubuntu)., THEORY:, FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a relatively old and most used standard network protocol, used for, , uploading/downloading, , files, , between, , two, , computers, , over, , a, , network., , However, FTP by its original insecure, because it transmits data together with user, credentials (username and password) without encryption. FTP is unencrypted by default, so, by itself; it is not a good choice for secure transmission of data., , Installation steps to be followed: (Ubuntu), Step 1: Update System Packages, Start by updating your repositories – enter the following in a terminal window:, sudo apt-get update, The system proceeds to update the repositories., Step 2: Backup Configuration Files, Before making any changes, make sure to back up your configuration files., 1. Create a backup copy of the default configuration file by entering the following:, sudo cp /etc/vsftpd.conf /etc/vsftpd.conf_default, This command creates a copy of the default configuration file., 2. Create a new vsftpd configuration file /etc/vsftpd.conf using your preferred text editor:, $ sudo gedit /etc/vsftpd.conf, Step 3: Install vsftpd Server on Ubuntu, A common open-source FTP utility used in Ubuntu is vsftpd. It is recommended for its ease, of use., 1. To install vsftpd, enter the command:, sudo apt install vsftpd, 2. To launch the service and enable it at startup:

Page 14 :
sudo systemctl start vsftpd, sudo systemctl enable vsftpd, Step 4: Create FTP User, Create a new FTP user with the following commands:, sudo useradd –m testuser, sudo password testuser, The system should ask you to create a password for the new testuser account. Create a sample, file in the new user’s home account:, sudo mkdir /home/testuser, , Step 5: Configure Firewall to Allow FTP Traffic, If you are using UFW that comes standard with Ubuntu, it will block FTP traffic by default., Enter the following commands to open Ports 20 and 21 for FTP traffic:, sudo ufw allow 20/tcp, sudo ufw allow 21/tcp, Step 6: Connect to Ubuntu FTP Server, Connect to the FTP server with the following command:, sudo ftp ubuntu-ftp, Replace ubuntu-ftp with the name of your system (taken from the command line)., Log in using the testuser account and password you just set. You should now be successfully, logged in to your FTP server., , Installation steps to be followed: (CentOs), Step 1: Install FTP Service with VSFTPD, 1. Start by updating the package manager:, sudo yum update, Allow the process to complete.

Page 15 :
This guide uses the VSFTPD (VSFTPD stands for ―Very Secure FTP Daemon software, package‖). It’s a relatively easy software utility to use for creating an FTP server., 2. Install VSFTPD software with the following command:, sudo yum install vsftpd, When prompted, type Y to allow the operation to complete., , 3. Start the service and set it to launch when the system boots with the following:, sudo systemctl start vsftpd, sudo systemctl enable vsftpd, , 4. Next, create a rule for your firewall to allow FTP traffic on Port 21:, sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --permanent --add-port=21/tcp, sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --permanent --add-service=ftp, sudo firewall-cmd –-reload, , Step 2: Configuring VSFTPD, The, , behavior, , of, , the, , FTP, , service, , on, , your, , server, , is, , determined, , by, , the /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf configuration file., 1. Before starting, create a copy of the default configuration file:, sudo cp /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf.default, This ensures that you have a way to return to the default configuration, in case you change a, setting that may cause issues., 2. Next, edit the configuration file with the following command:, sudo nano /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf, 3. Set your FTP server to disable anonymous users and allow local users., Find the following entries in the configuration file, and edit them to match the following:, anonymous_enable=NO, local_enable=YES, This is an important step. Anonymous access is a risky – you should avoid it unless you, understand the risks., 4. Next, allow a logged-in user to upload files to your FTP server.

Page 16 :
Find the following entry, and edit to match as follows:, write_enable=YES, 5. Limit FTP users to their own home directory. This is often called jail or chroot jail. Find, and adjust the entry to match the following:, chroot_local_user=YES, allow_writeable_chroot=YES, 6. The vsftpd utility provides a way to create an approved user list. To manage users this, way, find the userlist_enable entry, then edit the file to look as follows:, userlist_enable=YES, userlist_file=/etc/vsftpd/user_list, userlist_deny=NO, You can now edit the /etc/vsftpd/user_list file, and add your list of users. (List one per line.), The userlist_deny option lets you specify users to be included; setting it to yes would change, the list to users that are blocked., 7. Once you’re finished editing the configuration file, save, , your changes. Restart, , the vsftpd service to apply changes:, sudo systemctl restart vsftpd, , Step 3: Create a New FTP User, 1. To create a new FTP user enter the following:, sudo adduser testuser, sudo passwd testuser, The system should prompt you to enter and confirm a password for the new user., 2. Add the new user to the userlist:, echo “testuser” | sudo tee –a /etc/vsftpd/user_list, 3. Create a directory for the new user, and adjust permissions:, sudo mkdir –p /home/testuser/ftp/upload, sudo chmod 550 /home/testuser/ftp, sudo chmod 750 /home/testuser/ftp/upload, sudo chown –R testuser: /home/testuser/ftp

Page 17 :
This creates a home/testuser directory for the new user, with a special directory for uploads., It sets permissions for uploads only to the /uploads directory., 4. Now, you can log in to your FTP server with the user you created:, ftp 192.168.01, Replace this IP address with the one from your system. You can find your IP address in, Linux with the ip addr command., The system should prompt you for a username – enter whatever username you created earlier., Type the password, and the system should log you in., , CONCLUSIONS:, In this Practical we learned how to install and enable FTP Server on a Ubuntu And CentOS., By following above steps you should have installed an FTP server on Ubuntu with vsftpd., You should now be able to configure your user lists and accounts, and connect to your new, FTP server.

Page 18 :
5. Lab Exercise, Exercise No 5: (2 Hours) – 1 Practical, , Aim: - Using command upload/download files from FTP Server., THEORY:, FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a relatively old and most used standard network protocol, used for, , uploading/downloading, , files, , between, , two, , computers, , over, , a, , network., , However, FTP by its original insecure, because it transmits data together with user, credentials (username and password) without encryption. FTP is unencrypted by default, so, by itself; it is not a good choice for secure transmission of data., , Establishing an FTP Connection, 1. To open an ftp connection to a remote system, invoke the ftp command followed by, the remote server IP address or domain name. For example, to connect to an FTP, server at ―192.168.4.77‖ you would type:, ftp 192.168.4.77, 2. If the connection is established, a confirmation message will be displayed, and you, will be prompted to enter your FTP username., 3. Once you enter the username you will be prompted to type your password:, , 4. If the password is correct, the remote server will display a confirmation message and, the ftp> prompt., Common FTP Commands, Most of thr FTP commands are similar or identical to the commands you would type in the, Linux shell prompt., Below are some of the most common FTP commands, , , help or ? - list all available FTP commands., , , , cd - change directory on the remote machine., , , , lcd - change directory on the local machine., , , , ls - list the names of the files and directories in the current remote directory.

Page 19 :
, , mkdir - create a new directory within the current remote directory., , , , pwd - print the current working directory on the remote machine., , , , delete - remove a file in the current remote directory., , , , rmdir- remove a directory in the current remote directory., , , , get - copy one file from the remote to the local machine., , , , mget - copy multiple files from the remote to the local machine., , , , put - copy one file from the local to the remote machine., , , , mput - copy one file from the local to the remote machine., , Downloading Files with the ftp Command, 1. To download a single file from the remote server, use the get command. For example,, to download a file named backup.zip you would use the following command:, ftp > get backup.zip, 2. To download multiple files at once, use the mget command. You can provide a list of, individual file names or use wildcard characters:, ftp> mget backup1.zip backup2.zip, , Uploading Files with the FTP Command, 1. To upload a file from a local directory to a remote FTP server, use the put command:, ftp> put image.jpg, , 2. To upload multiple files from a local directory to a remote FTP server, invoke, the mput command:, ftp> mput image1.jpg image2.jpg, , CONCLUSIONS:, In this Practical Session you learned how to use the ftp command to download and upload, files to your remote FTP server

Page 20 :
6. Lab Exercise, Exercise No 6: (2 Hours) – 1 Practical, , Aim: - Installation and Configuration of Samba Server (CentOS and Ubuntu)., , THEORY:, Samba is a free and open-source re-implementation of the SMB/CIFS network file sharing, protocol that allows end users to access files, printers, and other shared resources., A Samba file server enables file sharing across different operating systems over a network. It, lets you access your desktop files from a laptop and share files with Windows and macOS, users., Samba has both client and server components. Samba uses the SMB protocol, which is, necessary when accessing assets on a file server from a Microsoft computer. Samba can also, work as a domain controller that is compatible with Microsoft Active Directory., , Installation steps to be followed: (Ubuntu), Step 1: To install Samba, we run:, sudo apt update, sudo apt install samba, , Step 2: Setting up Samba, Now that Samba is installed, we need to create a directory for it to share:, mkdir /home/<username>/sambashare/, The command above creates a new folder sambashare in our home directory which we will, share later., The configuration file for Samba is located at /etc/samba/smb.conf. To add the new directory, as a share, we edit the file by running:, sudo nano /etc/samba/smb.conf, At the bottom of the file, add the following lines:

Page 21 :
[sambashare], comment = Samba on Ubuntu, path = /home/username/sambashare, read only = no, browsable = yes, Then press Ctrl-O to save and Ctrl-X to exit from the nano text editor., Now that we have our new share configured, save it and restart Samba for it to take effect:, sudo service smbd restart, , Step 3: Update the firewall rules to allow Samba traffic:, sudo ufw allow samba, Step 4: Setting up User Accounts and Connecting to Share, Since Samba doesn’t use the system account password, we need to set up a Samba password, for our user account:, sudo smbpasswd -a username, Step 5: Connecting to a Samba Share from Windows, Windows users also have an option to connect to the Samba share from both command line, and GUI. The steps below show how to access the share using the Windows File Explorer., 1. Open up File Explorer and in the left pane right-click on ―This PC‖., 2. Select ―Choose a custom network location‖ and then click ―Next‖., 3. In ―Internet or network address‖, enter the address of the Samba share in the, following format \\samba_hostname_or_server_ip\sharename., , Installation steps to be followed: (CentOs), Step 1: Samba is available from the standard CentOS repositories. To install it on your, CentOS system run the following command:, sudo yum install samba samba-client

Page 22 :
Step 2: Once the installation is completed, start the Samba services and enable them to start, automatically on system boot:, sudo systemctl start smb.service, sudo systemctl start nmb.service, , Step 3: Configuring Firewall, Now that Samba is installed and running on your CentOS machine, you’ll need to configure, your firewall and open the necessary ports. To do so, run the following commands:, firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-service=samba, firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-service=samba, , Step 4: Creating Samba Users, To create a new user named cse, use the following command:, sudo useradd -M -d /samba/cse -s /usr/sbin/nologin -G sambashare cse, , Step 5: Set a password and enable the user:, sudo smbpasswd -a sadmin, sudo smbpasswd -e sadmin, , Step 6: Configuring Samba Shares, Open the Samba configuration file and append the sections:, sudo nano /etc/samba/smb.conf, , [cse], path = /samba/cse, browseable = no, read only = no, force create mode = 0660, force directory mode = 2770, valid users = cse

Page 23 :
Step 7: Connecting to a Samba Share from Linux, The syntax to access a Samba share is as follows:, smbclient //samba_hostname_or_server_ip/share_name -U username, Mount the share using the following command:, sudo mount -t cifs -o username=username //samba_hostname_or_server_ip/sharename, /mnt/smbmount, , Conclusion:, In this Practical, you have learned how to install a Samba server on Ubuntu & CentOS and, create different types of shared and users. We have also learn how to connect to the Samba, server from Linux and Windows devices.

Page 24 :
7. Lab Exercise, Exercise No 7: (2 Hours) – 1 Practical, , Aim: - Installation and Configuration of HTTP Server (CentOS and Ubuntu)., , THEORY:, The Apache HTTP server is the most widely-used web server in the world. It provides many, powerful features, including dynamically loadable modules, robust media support, and, extensive integration with other popular software., The Apache HTTP Server Project is an effort to develop and maintain an open-source HTTP, server for modern operating systems including UNIX and Windows. The goal of this project, is to provide a secure, efficient and extensible server that provides HTTP services in sync, with the current HTTP standards., The Apache HTTP Server ("httpd") was launched in 1995 and it has been the most popular, web server on the Internet since April 1996. It has celebrated its 25th birthday as a project in, February 2020., , Installation steps to be followed: (Ubuntu), Step 1: Installing Apache, Apache is available within Ubuntu’s default software repositories, so you can install it using, conventional package management tools., Update your local package index:, sudo apt update, Install the apache2 package:, sudo apt install apache2, , Step 2: Configuration of firewall, sudo ufw allow 'Apache

Page 25 :
Step 3: Checking Web Server, Check with the systemd init system to make sure the service is running by typing:, sudo systemctl status apache2, Access the default Apache landing page to confirm that the software is running properly, through your IP address:, http://your_server_ip, , Installation steps to be followed: (CentOs), Step 1: Installing Apache, As the non-root sudo user configured in the prerequisites, update the local, Apache httpd package index to reflect the latest upstream changes:, sudo yum update httpd, , Once the packages are updated, install the Apache package:, sudo yum install httpd, After confirming the installation, yum will install Apache and all required dependencies., , Step 2: Configuration of firewall, sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http, If you plan to configure Apache to serve content over HTTPS, you will also want to open up, port 443 by enabling the https service:, sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https, Next, reload the firewall to put these new rules into effect:, sudo firewall-cmd --reload, After the firewall reloads, you are ready to start the service and check the web server., , Step 3: Checking Web Server, Apache does not automatically start on CentOS once the installation completes. You will, need to start the Apache process manually:, sudo systemctl start httpd

Page 26 :
Verify that the service is running with the following command:, sudo systemctl status httpd, You will see an active status when the service is running:, , Step 4:, Managing the Apache Process, Now that you have your web server up and running, let’s go over some basic management, commands., To stop your web server, type:, sudo systemctl stop httpd, To start the web server when it is stopped, type:, sudo systemctl start httpd, To stop and then start the service again, type:, sudo systemctl restart httpd, If you are simply making configuration changes, Apache can often reload without dropping, connections. To do this, use this command:, sudo systemctl reload httpd, By default, Apache is configured to start automatically when the server boots. If this is not, what you want, disable this behavior by typing:, sudo systemctl disable httpd, To re-enable the service to start up at boot, type:, sudo systemctl enable httpd, Apache will now start automatically when the server boots again., , Conclusion:, In this Practical, we have installed and managed the Apache web server. Now that you have, your web server installed, you have many options for the type of content you can serve and, the technologies you can use to create a richer experience.

Page 27 :
8. Lab Exercise, Exercise No 7: (2 Hours) – 1 Practical, , Aim: - Configuration of Proxy Server., , THEORY:, A proxy server is basically another computer which serves as a hub through which internet, requests are processed. By connecting through one of these servers, your computer sends, your requests to the server which then processes your request and returns what you were, wanting. Moreover, in this way it serves as an intermediary between your home machine and, the rest of the computers on the internet. Proxies are used for a number of reasons such as to, filter web content, to go around restrictions such as parental blocks, to screen downloads and, uploads and to provide anonymity when surfing the internet., Why to Use a Proxy?, If you want to surf the web anonymously then proxies can provide you with a means to hide, your home IP address from the rest of the world. By connecting to the internet through, proxies, the home IP address of your machine will not be shown but rather the IP of the proxy, server will be shown. This can provide you with more privacy then if you were simply, connecting directly to the internet. To clarify, there are a number of proxies that can provide, you with service. For instance, we searched and found several. Some are free and some, charge a small fee, the choice is up to you but we have found that the paid services are more, reliable, faster, and more secure., , Installation & configuration of Squid Proxy Server on Ubuntu:, Squid is a Linux-based proxy application. The Squid proxy server is used for filtering traffic,, security, and DNS lookups., Also, Squid can speed up a web server by caching resources. The Squid Proxy allows a server, to cache frequently visited web pages. When the user requests a web page or file, the request, goes directly to the proxy server — an intermediary device between the user’s device and the, internet. The proxy server pulls up the resources and relays them to the user.

Page 28 :
Step 1: Install Squid Package on Ubuntu, To install Squid, run the command:, sudo apt-get update, sudo apt-get install squid, , Step 2: Configuring Squid Proxy Server, The Squid configuration file is found at /etc/squid/squid.conf., 1. Open this file in your text editor with the command:, sudo nano /etc/squid/squid.conf, 2. Navigate to find the http_port option. Typically, this is set to listen on Port 3218. This, port usually carries TCP traffic. If your system is configured for traffic on another port,, change it here., You may also set the proxy mode to transparent if you’d like to prevent Squid from, modifying your requests and responses., Change it as follows:, http_port 1234 transparent, 3. Navigate to the http_access deny all option. This is currently configured to block all, HTTP traffic. This means no web traffic is allowed., Change this to the following:, http_access allow all, 4. Navigate to the visible_hostname option. Add any name you’d like to this entry. This is, how the server will appear to anyone trying to connect. Save the changes and exit., 5. Restart the Squid service by entering:, sudo systemctl restart squid, , Step 3: Configure Proxy Authentication, This forces users to authenticate to use the proxy., Start by installing apache2-utils:, sudo apt-get install apache2-utils, Create a passwd file, and change the ownership to the Squid user proxy:, sudo touch /etc/squid/passwd

Page 30 :
Commands When Working with the Squid Service:, To check the status of your Squid software, enter:, sudo systemctl status squid, This will tell you whether the service is running or not., To start the service enter:, sudo systemctl start squid, Then set the Squid service to launch when the system starts by entering:, sudo systemctl enable squid, You can re-run the status command now to verify the service is up and running., To stop the service, use the command:, sudo systemctl stop squid, To prevent Squid from launching at startup, enter:, sudo systemctl disable squid, , Conclusion:, In this practical we have learn how Squid works, and how to install and configure Squid, Proxy on Ubuntu., , .