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€ basic gates while NOR and NAND are universal gates., ved Gates. Boolean algebra deals with Boolean laws,, m and De"Morgan’s Theorems, logic structures. “When a, to operate, designers may refer to this condition as positive, , jitive voltage causes the action to take place. On the other, circuit requires a logic 0 to cause action, this type cireuit is referred to, , logic. e use of the higher (positive) voltage level to represent the, value 0 and the lower voltage (negative) level to represent the Boolean, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , rT : ‘ways by which logic level changes that is low voltage to high, "Voltage and vice versa. Hence on this basis there are two types of logic., , 1. Positive Logic, , 2x led, , a4, ee,, , In positive tae High (1) represents the more positive of two voltage levels and, , - Low(0) represents the other voltage level., For example, if two voltage levels are +5V and OV, in positive logic High (1), Tepresents +5V and Low (0) represents 0V., Highly) +5V ma, Low) oy —, If two yoltage levels are OV and -4V, in positive logic High (1) represents 0V, and Low (0) represents -4V., , , , Hight} 0¥, Lowi -4¥, , , , , , , , | 2 Negative logic:, In negative logic Low (0) represents the more positive of Wo voltage levels and, , High (1) represents the other voltage level.

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25 DE, , , , , , 1f4.B,C, etc. are, , input then, output, , Y=A.B.C, , , , , , , , , , , , , , If A,B,C, ete. are, input then, output, Y=A+B+C, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , constructed by combination of two or more basic gates., . EX-OR and EX-NOR are derived gates. These derived, ‘own unique Symbols, Truth Tables and Boolean, , , , Symbol Truth Table Logic equation, [— tapes One] a] | If A,B,C etc. are, , A 5 Y=. input then output, Low(0) |Law(0) High(1), , Low(0) [High 1) | High(i) ——, Hotere High) Y= ABC, High(1)|High(!)| Lowy0)

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-YRB+AB, , , , 27 DE, , , , , , , , , , , } ¥=(K+B).(A +B), , , , Y=AB+AB, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Deseo, , , , , , , , Exclusive-OR gate, , , , I, SERan Ngici) Satpal when Wan Od ole, of high(1) inputs., , , , , , 2. Logic symbol:, VP or, , ae, $ ) De sen, , , , 3. Logic equation of mod-2 addition is, -Y-AB+AB_, , , , , , , , , , , , , , 4. Truth table:, , , , Input, A B iY-A@B, HLaw(0) {Lowi0) | Low(0), Loot) |High(l) | High1), ‘High(1) |Low(0) | High(1), High(1)/High(!) | Low(0), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 5. Its derived pate