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Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, The following measures can prevent/control the intectious diseases:, A. For diseases transmitted through food and water like typhoid, amoebiasis, ascariasis., Maintenance of personal hysiene: By keeping the body ckean, consuming clean drinking, water, food, vegetables and fruits., (ii) Maintenance of public hysiene: Proper disposal of wastes and excreta, periodic cleaning, and disinfection of water reservoirs and pools, tanks, standard practice of hygiene in public, catering, , (, , B., , For Air-borne, , diseases, , like pneumenia,, , common cold:, , () Maintain personal hygiene., (i) Maintain public hygiene., (ii) Close contact with infected persons or their belongings should be avoided., C. For vector-borne diseases like malaria, filariasis dengue chikunguniya to above measures,, clase contact with infected persons or their belongings should be avoided., (9 Eradication of vectors and their breeding places., (i) Use of mosquito nets., (in) Avoid stagnation of water, , Human Health and Diseases 297, , (iv) Introduce fishes like Gambusia in, , ponds that ferd on mosquito larvas., () Spray insecticides in ditches drainage areas, swamps, (ri) Wire mesh at doors and windews to prevent entry of mosquitoes., D. Vaccination and immunisation programmes før diseaes like polio, diphtheria, tetanus, etc, E. Use of antibiotics and drugs to treat the intected person.

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18. Addiction and Dependence, The, , psycholugical attachment to certain eferts such as euphoria and termporary leeling of well-be, assciated with drugs and alcohol is called addiction., People take drugs/alcohol when not needed, but with repeated use, tolerance level of reception, body increases; receptors thus respond to higher doses, leadinng to greater intake and addition, Reasons for acohol abuse in adolescents:, () Social pressure, (), , Curiosity and need tor adventure, excitement and experiment., , (in) To escape from stress, depression and Irustration., (iv) To overcome hardships of daily life., , Unstable or unsupportive family structure., Effects might be perceived as beneficial for relieving stress, (vin) Perception that it is cool or progressive to smoke and consume akohol. TV, movies, inter, newspapeTS promote this perception., (vn) Pressure to excel in academics or exam, The tendency of the body to manifest characteristic and unpleasant withd rawal syndrome on abr, discontinuation of regular dose of drugs/alcohol is called dependence., Characteristics of withdrawal symptoms, (n) Shakiness, Anxiety, (iün) Nausea, (7) Sweating, (vi), Diarrhoea, Vomiting, (), (tiin) Afuscular and abdominal eramps, (vn) Insomna, (17) RestleSsness, (r) Depressed mood, (), , (e7), , (xi) Irritability, , Withdrawal symptoms are at peak atter 1-2 days of stopping the intake and slowly Lade away. T, montly disappear 3-4 weeks after abstinence., , 19. Effects of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, has an anaesthetic effect on nervous system, afferting cerebrum followed by cerebellum., other part, t atfeets the nervous system in following ways:, ) Loss of judgement, will power and elf control, (ii) Loss of emotional control., (i") Loss of moral sense., (it) Visuual probkem., , Alcohol, , (o) Staggering and inceoherent speech., (e7), , Intlammation of axn nf neuron leading to neuritis., , of drugs on males: Acne, aggressivenes,, reduction in size of testicles, decreased spe, Side-effects, praduction, premature baklness, enlargement ot prostate gland, mood swings, depression, bre, enlargement. potential lr kidney and iver dysfunctiom., Slde-effects of drugs on females: lasCulininatkon, akgressivenes, mxd swingy, depression, abnori, menstrual cyces, enlargement of clitoris and excessive facial and body hair; deapening of voice., , Warning signs of drug and alcohol abuse, ) Drop in academic pertormance., (i) Absence from schowol/college., , 306 Xam itfea Biology-XI, , (i) Lack of interest in personal hygiene., (i) Isolation, depressin, fatigue, aggressive and rebellious behaviour., (o) Deteriorating relationvhips with family and friends., (vi) Fluctuation in weight, etc., (ri) Las ot interest in hobbies., (en), , Change, , in, , eating and seeping, , habits and, , appehte, , who take drugs intravenously develop a risk of AlDS and hepatitis-B., Those, Use of acohol during adolescence may lead to heavy drinking in adulthood., chronic use of drug and alcohol damages nervous system and liver (cirrhosis) and the akcoholi, during pregnancy atfects the toxetus., turm to stealing ta get money for buying drugs/ Akohol., May, comes cause of mental and financial distress to one's family., manifest reckless behaviour, vandalism and violence., May, , The

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20. Prevention and Control_, Avoid undue pressure: Every child has his own choice and personality and hence should be respec, and nurtured accordingly. They should not be forced to perform beyond their threshold limits, be, poris, , or stiudies, etc., , Educating and counselling: Children should be educated and counselled to face problems, stress, to accept disappointments and features as part of life. We shold put in efforts to channellise chil, energy inta healthy pursuits like sports, reading, music, yoga etc., Seeking help from parents and peers: Parents and friends can guide appropriately to sort out th, problems and can thus help the youth to vent out their feeings of anxaety and guilt., Lonking for danger sign: Parents and teachers should be careful enough to look for and identify, danger signs and if there, it should be brought to the notice of parents so that appropriate measu, can be taken to diagnose the malody and underlying causes. This would help in initiating proj, remedial steps and measures., Secking profesional and medical help whenever requirod. lHelp from psychologist, psychiatris, deaddiction and rehabilitation programmes and with sutficient will power, one can get rid of probl, Comnlrtrly