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1, , Green skills(chapter-5), CLASS –IT, Society and environment, Over the years, with economic development, there has been an increase in environmental pollution., For example, with the introduction of high input agriculture, we can grow more food by using, fertilisers, pesticides and hybrid crops. But it has led to soil and environmental degradation. We need, to plan the use of resources in a sustainable manner so that we and our, future generations can enjoy the good environment., , Sustainable Development, Sustainable development is the development that satisfies the needs of the present without, compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing the balance between economic, growth, care for the environment and social well-being., , Importance of Sustainable Development, ➢, , ➢, , Sustainable development is defined as ‘development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (World, Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)., For example, sustainable agriculture consists of environment friendly methods of farming, that allow the production of agricultural crops or livestock without damage to human or, natural systems. It also involves preventing the use of chemicals so as to avoid adverse effects, to soil, water and biodiversity., , Problems Related to Sustainable Development, Three major problems related to sustainable development are:, (a) Food: The amount of rich, fertile land needed to grow crops, such as wheat, rice, etc., is, becoming less as we are using up more and more land for other purposes. Soil nutrients are, also getting depleted and lots of chemicals are spoiling the soil due to use of chemical, fertilisers., (b) Water: We use fresh water from rivers and ponds for drinking and cleaning but dump, garbage into them. The rivers and ponds are getting polluted. This way after several years,, we will have no clean water for our use., (c) Fuel: We are using a lot of wood from trees as fuels and for construction of homes and, furniture. As more and more trees are being cut, it is affecting the climate of the place., Extreme weather conditions, such as floods, extreme cold or heat, are seen in many places,, which affect the people living there., , Sustainable development includes, • reducing excessive use of resources and enhancing resource conservation;, • recycling and reuse of waste materials;, • scientific management of renewable resources, especially bio-resources;, • planting more trees; green grassy patches and trees to be interspersed between concrete, buildings;, • using more environment friendly material or biodegradable material and, • use of technologies, which are environmental friendly and based on efficient use of, resources, , Notes by INDRA

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2, , Sustainable Development Goals, The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal call of action to end poverty, protect the, planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The Sustainable Development Goals, (SDGs) were launched at the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit in New York in, September 2015, forming the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It has set targets that the, countries have to should work towards and achieve by 2030., The 17 SDGs have been made with the aim to take care of important issues facing businesses,, governments and society. Some of these issues are poverty, gender equality, water use, energy,, climate change and biodiversity. Countries are now making policies and regulations that will, promote sustainable systems needed in all economic sectors to provide a secure, affordable and, sustainable economy., , Then 17 sustainable development goals are-, , No poverty,Zero Hunger, Good Health and well being, Quality Education,Gender, Equality,Clean water and Sanitation,affordable and clean energy,decent work and economic, growth,industry innovation and infrastructure,reduced inequality,sustainable cites and, communities,responsible consumption and production,climate action,life below water,life on, land,peace justice and institutions,partnerships for the goal., , Sustainable Development Initiatives, When plastics were banned by the municipal corporation of Mangalore, an innovator and, entrepreneur Mr Avasth Hedge found an eco-friendly alternative. He made a 100 per cent biodegradable bag which can dissolve in hot water and decompose in natural environment. This is now, being used in many countries and is going to help the environment., Another innovative idea was to stop the use of plastics spoons, forks, etc. Narayana Peesapaty made, edible cutlery made out of a grain — these spoons can be eaten and even if they are not eaten they, will easily decompose in the soil enriching it., , Sustainable Processes, •, •, , Some practices, such as organic farming, vermi-composting and rainwater harvesting, are being used to help preserve the environment., Organic farming is where farmers do not use chemical pesticides and fertilisers to, increase their production. They use organic and natural fertilisers, such as cow dung, to help in growing crops. This helps in better quality chemical free crops while at the, same time maintaining the soil quality for future use. This is a true example of, sustainable developmen where we are not only using the earth resources but are also, preserving it for our future generations., , Our Role in Sustainable Development, , Sustainable development can actually happen only when each one of us works towards it. We have to, become responsible environment citizens who can protect the environment through our own efforts., Here are some basic ways in which people can help towards Sustainable Development Goals., , Quality Education, , Education is the most important factors for sustainable development. Children who have gone to, school will be able to do jobs so that they can take care of themselves and their families. Education, helps us become aware of our role as a responsible citizen. We should, 1. use the facilities present in our areas., 2. take our friends to school., 3. help friends study., 4. stop friends from dropping out of school., , Clean Water and Sanitation, We must make efforts to make India free of open defecation by building toilets and creating awareness, towards sanitation. Industrial pollution is polluting our water resources, which in near future will cause, scarcity of clean drinking and usable water. We must take measurable steps by promoting awareness to, keep water sources clean., , Notes by INDRA

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3, , Affordable and Clean Energy, Using solar power i.e., power generated using the sun does not cause pollution as it does not require, burning of non-renewable fuels, such as coal. We are making efforts to increase the solar power, generation so that our electricity needs are met and at the same time we do not pollute the environment, or use up natural resources. Use of biogas is also an eco-friendly alternative to natural gas., , Decent Work and Economic Growth, We can, (a) study and find good jobs to take care of ourselves and our families., (b) work hard and contribute to society., (c) learn and develop skills so that we get add value in our community., , Reduced Inequalities, , To reduce inequalities we can, 1. be helpful to one another., 2. be friendly with everyone., 3. include everyone while working or playing., 4. help others by including everyone whether they are small or big, girl or boy, belong to any class, or caste., , Sustainable Cities and Communities, Creating Sustainable Cities, , 1. Save energy by switching off lights and fans when not in use., 2. Use natural light as much as possible., 3. Use energy efficient lights (LED bulbs) and appliances., , Responsible Consumers and Producers, , We can become responsible about our own environment by, 1. reusing paper, glass, plastic, water, etc., 2. taking cloth bags to market carrying fruits and vegetables., 3. donate things we do not use such as clothes, books, furniture, food, etc., 4. Buy and eat seasonal fruits and vegetables from local growers., 5. Repair leaking taps and pipes to avoid wasting water., 6. Sort and treat garbage before disposing., , Protect Life Below Water, , Tons of plastic is found in the seas, which is killing marine life. Protecting marine life, saving our oceans, from pollution is necessary to preserve the marine life., , Protect Life on Land, , Cutting of trees is leading to soil erosion and making land dry and unusable for cultivation. Planting more, tree to replace the ones that we have cut is an important step towards sustainable development., , Notes by INDRA

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4, , Communication Skills(chapter-1), , Methods of Communication, , ➢ The word ‘communication’ comes from the Latin word commūnicāre, meaning ‘to share’., ➢ Being able to communicate effectively is one of the most important life skills., Communication skills are needed to communicate effectively with people and customers., This module aims to help you improve your communication skills., ➢ Clear and concise communication is of immense importance in work and business, environment as there are several parties involved., , Communication has three important parts:, 1. Transmitting — The sender transmits the message through one medium or another., 2. Listening — The receiver listens or understands the message., 3. Feedback — The receiver conveys their understanding of the message to the sender in the, form of feedback to complete the communication cycle., , Communication Process and Elements, The various elements of a communication cycle are:, ✓ Sender: the person beginning the communication., ✓ Message: the information that the sender wants to convey., ✓ Channel: the means by which the information is sent., ✓ Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent., ✓ Feedback: the receiver’s acknowledgement and response to the message., , Methods of Communication, • Face-to-face informal communication: There is nothing better than face-to-face, •, •, •, , •, , communication. It helps the message to be understood clearly and quickly. Also, since body, language can be seen in this case; it adds to the effectiveness of the communication., e-mail: e-mail can be used to communicate quickly with one or many individuals in various, locations. It offers flexibility, convenience and low-cost., Notices/Posters: It is effective when the same message has to go out to a large group of people., Generally used for where email communication may not be effective. For example, ‘Change in the, lunch time for factory worker,’ or ‘XYZ Clothing will remain closed for customers on Sunday., Business Meetings: Communication during business meetings at an organisation are generally, addressed to a group of people. It can be related to business, management and organisational, decisions., Other Methods: There can be various other methods like social networks, message, phone call, for communication, newsletter, blog, etc ., , Choosing the right method of communication depends on, • target audience, • costs, • kind/type of information, • urgency/priority, , Verbal Communication, , Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language, and speech. Speaking is one of the most, effective and commonly used way of communicating. It helps in expressing our emotions in, words., Type of Verbal Communication, 1. Interpersonal Communication: This form of communication takes place between two, individuals and is thus a one-on-one conversation. It can be formal or informal., For example-Two friends discussing homework., 2. Written Communication: This form of communication involves writing words. It can be, letters, circulars, reports, manuals, SMS, social media chats, etc. It can be between two or more, people., , Notes by INDRA

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5, For example-A manager writing an appreciation e-mail to an employee., , 3. Small Group Communication: This type of communication takes place when there are more, than two people involved. Each participant can interact and converse with the rest., For ex-Press conferences, Board meetings, Team meetings, 4. Public Communication: This type of communication takes place when one individual, addresses, a large gathering., For example-Election campaigns, , Advantages of Verbal Communication, , It is an easy mode of communication in which you can exchange ideas by saying what you want, and get a quick response. Verbal communication also enables you to keep changing your, interaction as per the other person’s response., , Disadvantages of Verbal Communication, Since verbal communication depends on written or spoken words, sometimes the, meanings can be confusing and difficult to understand if the right words are not used., Mastering Verbal Communication, 1. Think Before You Speak: Think about your topic., • Think about the most effective ways to make your listeners understand the topic., • Write or note down whatever you plan to say., 2. Concise and Clear: Speak clearly, loudly and at moderate speed., • Be sure the information you want to share is to the point., 3. Confidence and Body Language: Be confident., • Maintain eye contact, stand straight and be attentive., • Be friendly., , Non-verbal Communication, , Non-verbal communication is the expression or exchange of information or messages, without using any spoken or written word., Importance of Non-verbal Communication, In our day-to-day communication, • 55% communication is done using body movements, face, arms, etc., • 38% communication is done using voice, tone, pauses, etc., • only 7% communication is done using words., Gestures :• Raising a hand to greet or say goodbye, Pointing your finger at someone, Expressions: • Smiling when you are happy, Making a sad face when you are sad, Body Languag: Postures by which attitudes and feelings are communicated. Standing, straight,, showing interest., Types of Non-verbal Communication, 1.Facial Expressions: Our expressions can show different feelings, such as Happiness, Sadness,, Anger, Surprise, Fear, etc., 2.Posture: Postures show our confidence and feelings. For example, a straight body posture shows, confidence while a slumped posture is a sign of weakness., 3.Gestures or Body Language: Gestures include body movements that express an idea or meaning., For example, raising a hand in class to ask a question and biting nails when nervous., 4.Touch: We communicate a great deal through touch. For example, a firm handshake to display, confidence and pat on the back to encourage someone., , Notes by INDRA

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6, 5.Space: Space is the physical distance between two people. The space between two persons while, communicating, generally depends on the intimacy or closeness between them., 6.Eye Contact: The way we look at someone can communicate a lot. Eye contact shows that we are, paying attention to the person as opposed to looking away, which can make the other person feel, ignored., , 7.Paralanguage: How we speak affects our communication and includes the tone, speed and volume of, our, voice. For example, talking fast may show happiness, excitement or nervousness while speaking slow, may show seriousness or sadness., , Visual Communication, , Visual communication proves to be effective since it involves interchanging messages only, through images or pictures and therefore, you do not need to know any particular language for, understanding it. It is simple and remains consistent across different places., Example of visual communications:, a) Under construction b) No pets allowed c) No parking zone d) Danger warning, , Communication Cycle and Importance of Feedback, , Feedback is an important part of the communication cycle. For effective communication, it is, important that the sender receives an acknowledgement from the receiver about getting the, message across. While a sender sends information, the receiver provides feedback on the, received message., , A good feedback is always specific , helpful ,kind., , Types of Feedback, 1. Positive Feedback: for example-I noticed you finished the work perfectly. Great job!, 2. Negative Feedback: For example-You take really long to reply to e-mails! Are you always so, busy?, 3. No Feedback: For example-It is also a feedback in itself which indicates disagreement of, ideas., , A good feedback is one that is:, ✓ Specific: Avoid general comments. Try to include examples to clarify your statement., Offering alternatives rather than just giving advice allows the receiver to, decide what to do with your feedback., , ✓ Timely: Being prompt is the key, since feedback loses its impact if delayed for, too long., ✓ Polite: While it is important to share feedback, the recipient should not feel, offended by the language of the feedback., ✓ Offering continuing support: Feedback sharing should be a continuous process., After offering feedback, let recipients know you are available for support., Importance of Feedback, ▪ It validates effective listening: The person providing the feedback knows they have, ▪, , ▪, ▪, ▪, , been understood (or received) and that their feedback provides some value., It motivates: Feedback can motivate people to build better work relationships and, continue the good work that is being appreciated., It is always there: Every time you speak to a person, we communicate feedback so it is, impossible not to provide one., It boosts learning: Feedback is important to remain focused on goals, plan better and, develop improved products and services., , It improves performance: Feedback can help to form better decisions to, improve and increase performance., , Notes by INDRA

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7, , Barriers to Effective Communication, What is Effective Communication?, ✓ Effective communication follows the basic principle of professional communication skills., , ✓ These can be abbreviated as 7 Cs i.e., Clear, Concise, Concrete, Correct, Coherent,, Complete and Courteous., ✓ Absence of any of these 7Cs can lead to miscommunication., , Barriers to Effective Communication, 1. Physical Barriers: Physical barrier is the environmental and natural condition that, , act as a barrier in communication in sending message from sender to receiver. Not being, able to see gestures, posture and general body language can make communication less, , effective. For example, text messages are often less effective than face-to-face, communication., 2. Linguistic Barriers: The inability to communicate using a language is known as, , language barrier to communication. Language barriers are the most common, communication barriers, which cause misunderstandings and misinterpretations, between people. For example, slang, professional jargon and regional colloquialisms can, make communication difficult., 3. Interpersonal Barriers: Barriers to interpersonal communication occur when the, sender’s message is received differently from how it was intended. It is also very difficult, to communicate with someone who is not willing to talk or express their feelings and, views. Stage fear, lack of will to communicate, personal differences can create, interpersonal barriers to communication., 4. Organisational Barriers: Organisations are designed on the basis of formal, hierarchical structures that follow performance standards, rules and regulations,, procedures, policies, behavioural norms, etc. All these affect the free flow of, communication in organisations and therefore, need to be suitably managed. Superiorsubordinate relationships in a formal organisational structure can be a barrier to free flow, of communication. Also, sometimes due to the stringent rules, the employees find it, difficult to communicate with their peers too., 5. Cultural Barriers: Cultural barriers is when people of different cultures are unable to, understand each other’s customs, resulting in inconveniences and difficulties.People, sometimes make stereotypical assumptions about others based on their cultural, background, this leads to difference in opinions and can be a major barrier to effective, communication., , Ways to Overcome Barriers to Effective Communication, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, , Use simple language, Do not form assumptions on culture, religion or geography, Try to communicate in person as much as possible, Use visuals, Take help of a translator to overcome differences in language, Be respectful of other’s opinions, , Writing Skills — Parts of Speech, Notes by INDRA

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8, , Writing skills are part of verbal communication and include e-mails, letters, notes,, articles, SMS/chat, blogs, etc., Capitalisation rule, ‘TINS’is a set of simple rules that help you capitalise words correctly., T(titles)- Capitalise the first letter in the titles used before people’s names., Example-Dr Malik and Mr Pandey were invited to the party., Word(I)- Capitalise the letter ‘I’ when it is used as a word (Pronoun), Example-He said that I should accompany him to the mall., N(Names)- Capitalise the first letter in the names of people, places, days and months., Example-The summer break is starting this Friday and will continue till the end of June., Suresh is, planning to visit London next year., S(Starting letter of sentences)- Capitalise the first letter in every sentence., Example-The little girl lost her book., , Punctuation rules, ✓ Full stop(.)- a) Used at the end of a sentence. b) Used with short form of long words., ✓ Comma(,)- a) Used to indicate a pause in the sentence. b) Used to separate two or more, items in a row., ✓ Question mark(?)- Used at the end of a question., ✓ Exclamation mark(!)-Used at the end of a word or a sentence to indicate a strong feeling., ✓ Apostrophe(‘)- a) Used followed by an ‘s’ to show possession or belonging., b) Used with shortened form of words in informal speech., , Basic Parts of Speech, , The part of speech indicates how a particular word functions in meaning as well as, grammatically within the sentences .some examples are, nouns,pronouns,adjectives,verbs,adverbs,conjunctions,prepositions,interjections., , Writing Skills — Sentences, , Parts of a Sentence, Subject: Person or thing that performs an action., Verb: Describes the action., Object: Person or thing that receives the action., Types of Objects, In a sentence, there can be two types of objects —, 1. Direct and, 2. Indirect., Types of Sentences, , 1., 2., 3., 4., , Statement or Declarative sentence, Question or Interrogative sentence, Emotion/Reaction/Exclamatory sentence, Order or Imperative sentence, , Active and Passive Sentences, 1. Radha is reading a book., 2. A book is being read by Radha., , Notes by INDRA

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9, The action (verb) in both sentences is reading a book. But the ‘subject’ of both sentences is, different. In the first sentence, the subject (Radha) does the action. In the second sentence, the, subject (a book) receives the action., , Notes by INDRA