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On the occassion of Diwali, Harish went to, a market with his parents. They purchased, shoes and clothes for him. His mother, purchased utensils, sugar, tea and diyas, (earthen lamps). Harish observed that the, shops in the market were flooded with, items for sale. He wondered how so many, items could be made in such large, quantities. His father explained that shoes,, clothes, sugar etc. are manufactured by, machines in large industries, some utensils, are manufactured in small industries, while, items like diyas are made by individual, artisans in household industry., Do you have some ideas about these, industries?, , Production of goods in large quantities after, processing from raw materials to more, valuable products is called manufacturing., Do you know that paper is manufactured, from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and, steel from iron ore and aluminium from, bauxite? Do you also know that some types, of clothes are manufactured from yarn which, itself is an industrial product?, People employed in the secondary activities, manufacture the primary materials into, finished goods. The workers employed in steel, factories, car, breweries, textile industries,, bakeries etc. fall into this category. Some, people are employed in providing services. In, this chapter, we are mainly concerned with, manufacturing industries which fall in the, secondary sector., The economic strength of a country is, measured by the development of, manufacturing industries., , IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING, Manufacturing sector is considered the, backbone of development in general and, economic development in particular mainly, because–, • Manufacturing industries not only help in, modernising agriculture, which forms the, backbone of our economy, they also reduce, the heavy dependence of people on, agricultural income by providing them jobs, in secondary and tertiary sectors., • Industrial development is a precondition, for eradication of unemployment and, poverty from our country. This was the main, philosophy behind public sector industries, and joint sector ventures in India. It was, also aimed at bringing down regional, disparities by establishing industries in, tribal and backward areas., • Export of manufactured goods expands, trade and commerce, and brings in much, needed foreign exchange., • Countries that transform their raw, materials into a wide variety of finished, goods of higher value are prosperous., India’s prosperity lies in increasing and, diversifying its manufacturing industries, as quickly as possible., Agriculture and industry are not exclusive, of each other. They move hand in hand. For, instance, the agro-industries in India have, given a major boost to agriculture by raising, its productivity. They depend on the latter for, raw materials and sell their products such as, irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides,, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines, and tools, etc. to the farmers. Thus,, development and competitiveness of, , 2021-22

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manufacturing industry has not only, assisted agriculturists in increasing their, production but also made the production, processes very efficient., In the present day world of globalisation,, our industry needs to be more efficient and, competitive. Self-sufficiency alone is not, enough. Our manufactured goods must be, at par in quality with those in the, international market. Only then, will we be, able to compete in the international market., Contribution of Industry to National, Economy, Over the last two decades, the share of, manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17 per, cent of GDP – out of a total of 27 per cent for, the industry which includes 10 per cent for, mining, quarrying, electricity and gas., This is much lower in comparison to, some East Asian economies, where it is 25, to 35 per cent. The trend of growth rate in, manufacturing over the last decade has been, around 7 per cent per annum. The desired, growth rate over the next decade is 12 per, cent. Since 2003, manufacturing is once, again growing at the rate of 9 to 10 per, cent per annum. With appropriate policy, interventions by the government and, renewed efforts by the industry to improve, productivity, economists predict that, manufacturing can achieve its target over, the next decade., The National, Manufacturing Competitiveness Council, (NMCC) has been set up with this objective., , are located in or near the cities. Thus,, industrialisation and urbanisation go hand, in hand. Cities provide markets and also, provide services such as banking,, insurance, transport, labour, consultants, and financial advice, etc. to the industry., Many industries tend to come together to, make use of the advantages offered by the, urban centres known as agglomeration, economies. Gradually, a large industrial, agglomeration takes place., In the pre-Independence period, most, manufacturing units were located in places, from the point of view of overseas trade, such as Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, etc., Consequently, there emerged certain pockets, of industrially developed urban centres, surrounded by a huge agricultural rural, hinterland., Industry – Market Linkage, , Industrial Location, Industrial locations are complex in nature., These are influenced by availability of raw, material, labour, capital, power and market,, etc. It is rarely possible to find all these, factors available at one place. Consequently,, manufacturing activity tends to locate at, the most appropriate place where all the, factors of industrial location are either, available or can be arranged at lower cost., A fter an industrial activity starts,, urbanisation follows. Sometimes, industries, 64, , CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II, , 2021-22, , Fig. 6.1, , The key to decision of the factory location, is the least cost. Government policies and, specialised labour also influence the, location of industry.

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allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit, has changed over a period of time. At, present the maximum investment allowed, is rupees one crore., On the basis of ownership:, • Public sector, owned and operated by, government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc., , Fig. 6.2, , Classification of Industries, List the various manufactured products you, use in your daily life such as – transistors,, electric bulbs, vegetable oil, cement,, glassware, petrol, matches, scooters,, automobiles, medicines and so on. If we, classify the various industries based on a, particular criterion then we would be, able to understand their manufacturing, better. Industries may be classified as, follows:, On the basis of source of raw materials, used:, • Agro based: cotton, woollen, jute, silk, textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee,, edible oil., • Mineral based: iron and steel, cement,, aluminium,, machine, tools,, petrochemicals., According to their main role:, • Basic or key industries are those which, supply their products as raw materials to, manufacture other goods e.g. iron and, steel and copper smelting, aluminum, smelting., • Consumer industries that produce goods, for direct use by consumers – sugar,, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines,, fans etc., On the basis of capital investment:, • A small scale industry is defined with, reference to the maximum investment, , • Private sector industries owned and, operated by individuals or a group of, individuals –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.,, Dabur Industries., • Joint sector industries which are jointly run, by the state and individuals or a group of, individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly, owned by public and private sector., • Cooperative sector industries are owned, and operated by the producers or, suppliers of raw materials, workers or, both. They pool in the resources and share, the profits or losses proportionately. Such, examples are the sugar industry in, Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala., Based on the bulk and weight of raw material, and finished goods:, • Heavy industries such as iron and steel, • Light industries that use light raw, materials and produce light goods such, as electrical goods industries., , Classify the following into two groups on the, basis of bulk and weight of raw material and, finished goods., (i) Oil, (vi) Sewing Machines, (ii) Knitting needles (vii) Shipbuilding, (iii) Brassware, (viii) Electric Bulbs, (iv) Fuse wires, (ix) Paint brushes, (v) Watches, (x) Automobiles, Agro-based Industries, Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and, edible oil, etc. industries are based on, agricultural raw materials., MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, , 2021-22, , 65

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Fig. 6.3: Value addition in the textile industry, , Textile Industry: The textile industry, occupies unique position in the Indian, economy, because it contributes significantly, to industrial production, employment, generation and foreign exchange earnings. It, is the only industry in the country, which is, self-reliant and complete in the value chain, i.e., from raw material to the highest value, added products., Cotton Textiles: In ancient India, cotton, textiles were produced with hand spinning, and handloom weaving techniques. A fter, the 18 th century, power-looms came into, use. Our traditional industries suffered, a setback during the colonial period, because they could not compete with the, mill-made cloth from England., • The first successful textile mill was, established in Mumbai in 1854., • The two world wars were fought in Europe,, India was a British colony. There was a, demand for cloth in U.K. hence, they gave, a boost to the development of the cotton, textile industry., In the early years, the cotton textile, industry was concentrated in the cotton, growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat., Availability of raw cotton, market, transport, including accessible port facilities, labour,, moist climate, etc. contributed towards its, localisation. This industry has close links, with agriculture and provides a living to, farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers, engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving,, 66, , CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II, , 2021-22, , dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and, sewing. The industry by creating demands, supports many other industries, such as,, chemicals and dyes, packaging materials, and engineering works., While spinning continues to be centralised, in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu,, weaving is highly decentralised to provide, scope for incorporating traditional skills and, designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari,, embroidery, etc. I ndia has world class, production in spinning, but weaving supplies, low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of, the high quality yarn produced in the country., Weaving is done by handloom, powerloom, and in mills., The handspun khadi provides large scale, employment to weavers in their homes as a, cottage industry., Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on, spinning yarn and weaving khadi?, , Why is it important for our country to, keep the mill sector loomage lower than, power loom and handloom?, India exports yarn to Japan. Other, importers of cotton goods from India, are U.S.A ., U.K ., Russia, France, East, European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri, Lanka, and A frican countries., We have a large share in the world trade, of cotton yarn. Our spinning mills are, competitive at the global level and capable of, using all the fibres we produce. The weaving,, knitting and processing units cannot use, much of the high quality yarn that is, produced in the country. There are some large, and modern factories in these segments, but

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India: Distribution of cotton, woollen and silk industries, , MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, , 2021-22, , 67

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most of the production is in fragmented small, units, which cater to the local market. This, mismatch is a major drawback for the, industry. As a result, many of our spinners, export cotton yarn while apparel/garment, manufactures have to import fabric., Suppose that yarn is sold at Rs. 85 per kg. If it, is sold as a trouser it fetches Rs 800 per kg., Value is added at every stage from fibre to, yarn to fabric and to garment., Why is it important for us to improve our, weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in, large quantities?, , A lthough, we have made significant, increase in the production of good quality, long staple cotton, the need to import is, still felt. Power supply is erratic and, machinery needs to be upgraded in the, weaving and processing sectors in, particular. Other problems are the low, output of labour and stiff competition with, the synthetic fibre industry., Jute Textiles, India is the largest producer of raw jute and, jute goods and stands at second place as an, exporter after Bangladesh. Most of the mills, are located in West Bengal, mainly along the, banks of the Hugli river, in a narrow belt., The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in, 1855 at Rishra. After Partition in 1947, the, jute mills remained in India but three-fourth, of the jute producing area went to, Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan)., Factors responsible for their location in, the Hugli basin are: proximity of the jute, producing areas, inexpensive water, transport, supported by a good network of, railways, roadways and waterways to, facilitate movement of raw material to the, mills, abundant water for processing raw, jute, cheap labour from West Bengal and, adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar, Pradesh. Kolkata as a large urban centre, provides banking, insurance and port, facilities for export of jute goods., 68, , CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II, , 2021-22, , Challenges faced by the industry include, stiff competition in the international market, from synthetic substitutes and from other, competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil,, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. However,, the internal demand has been on the, increase due to the Government policy of, mandatory use of jute packaging. To, stimulate demand, the products need to be, diversified. The main markets are U.S.A.,, Canada, Ghana, Saudi A rabia, U.K. and, Australia. The growing global concern for, e n v i r o n m e n t f r i e n d l y, b i o d e g r a d a b l e, materials, has once again opened the, opportunity for jute products., Sugar Industry, India stands second as a world producer of, sugar but occupies the first place in the, production of gur and khandsari. The raw, material used in this industry is bulky, and, in haulage its sucrose content reduces. The, mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,, Maharashtra, K arnataka, Tamil Nadu,, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty per cent mills, are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. This industry, is seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suited to, the cooperative sector. Can you explain why, this is so?, In recent years, there is a tendency for, the mills to shift and concentrate in the, southern and western states, especially in, Maharashtra, This is because the cane, produced here has a higher sucrose content., The cooler climate also ensures a longer, crushing season. Moreover, the cooperatives, are more successful in these states., Major challenges include the seasonal, nature of the industry, old and inefficient, methods of production, transport delay in, reaching cane to factories and the need to, maximise the use of baggase., Mineral-based Industries, Industries that use minerals and metals as, raw materials are called mineral-based, industries. Can you name some industries, that would fall in this category?

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Iron and Steel Industry, , The iron and steel industry is the basic, industry since all the other industries — heavy,, medium and light, depend on it for their, machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture a, variety of engineering goods, construction, material, defence, medical, telephonic,, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer, goods., , was only around 74.3 kg per annum against, the world average of 229.3 kg., Table 6.1: Total production of finished, steel in India, Year, , Make a list of all such goods made of steel, that you can think of., Production and consumption of steel is, often regarded as the index of a country’s, development. Iron and steel is a heavy, industry because all the raw materials as well, as finished goods are heavy and bulky, entailing heavy transportation costs. Iron ore,, coking coal and lime stone are required in, the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some, quantities of manganese, are also required to, harden the steel. Where should the steel plants, be ideally located? Remember that the finished, products also need an efficient transport, network for their distribution to the markets, and consumers., In 2019 with 111 million tonnes of crude, steel production, India ranked 2nd among the, world crude steel producers. It is the largest, producer of sponge iron. In 2019 per capita, consumption of finished steel in the country, , Production, (in million tonnes), , 2015–16, , 106.60, , 2016–17, , 120.14, , 2017–18, , 126.85, , 2018–19, , 101.29, , 2019–20, , 102.62, , Source: Ministry of Steel, Government of, India, steel.gov.in/overview.steel_sector, Why is the per capita consumption of steel, so low in India?, , Collect information about products of steel, plants in India., Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric, furnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron., They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as, well. They produce mild and alloy steel of, given specifications., , Processes of Manufacture of Steel, , Fig. 6.4, , MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, , 2021-22, , 69

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India: Iron and Steel Plants, , 70, , CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II, , 2021-22

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We also import good quality steel from, other countries. However, the overall, production of steel is sufficient to meet our, domestic demand., Liberalisation and Foreign Dir ect, Investment have given a boost to the, i n d u s t r y w i t h t h e e f f o r t s o f p r i vate, entrepreneurs. There is a need to allocate, resources for research and development to, produce steel more competitively., , An integrated steel plant is large, handles, everything in one complex – from putting, together raw material to steel making, rolling, and shaping., Most of the public sector undertakings, market their steel through Steel Authority of, India Ltd. (SAIL)., In the 1950s China and India produced, almost the same quantity of steel. Today, China, is the largest producer of steel. China is also, the world’s largest consumer of steel., Chhotanagpur plateau region has the, maximum concentration of iron and steel, industries. It is largely, because of the relative, advantages this region has for the development, of this industry. These include, low cost of, iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity,, cheap labour and vast growth potential in, the home market. Though, India is an, important iron and steel producing country, in the world yet, we are not able to perform, to our full potential largely due to: (a) High, costs and limited availability of coking coal, (b) Lower productivity of labour (c) Irregular, supply of energy and (d) Poor infrastructure., , Have you read about the Kalinganagar, controversy? Collect information from, different sources and discuss., Aluminium Smelting, Aluminium smelting is the second most, important metallurgical industry in India., It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good, conductor of heat, malleable and becomes, strong when it is mixed with other metals. It, is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and, wires. It has gained popularity as a, substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in, a number of industries., , Indi a, , China, 996, , Production in Million Tonnes, , 1000, 900, 800, , 870.9, , 808.4, , 803.8, , 928.3, , 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200, 100, , 95.6, , 89, , 101.5, , 111, , 106.5, , 0, 2015, , 2016, , 2017, , 2018, , 2019, , Year, Fig. 6.5: Crude Steel Production in India and China, , Source: World Steel Association, website: www.worldsteel.org, https://steel.gov.in/overview-steel-sector, , MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, , 2021-22, , 71

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Aluminium smelting plants in the country, are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala,, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and, Tamil Nadu., , A factory produces aluminium saucepans with, plastic handles. It obtains aluminium from a, smelter and a plastic component from, another factory. All the manufactured, saucepans are sent to a warehouse:, 1. (a) Which raw material is likely to be most, expensive to transport and why?, (b) Which raw material is likely to be, the cheapest to transport and why?, 2. Do you think the cost of transporting the, finished products after packaging is likely, to be cheaper or more expensive than the, cost of transporting aluminium and, plastic? Why?, , Fig. 6.6: Strip coasting mill at smelter of NALCO, , Bauxite, the raw material used in the, smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish, coloured rock. The flow chart given below, shows the process of manufacturing, aluminium. Regular supply of electricity, and an assured source of raw material at, minimum cost are the two prime factors, for location of the industry., , Chemical Industries, , The Chemical industry in India is fast growing, and diversifying. It comprises both large and, small scale manufacturing units. Rapid, growth has been recorded in both inorganic, and organic sectors. Inorganic chemicals, include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture, , Fig. 6.7, , Fig. 6.8, , 72, , CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II, , 2021-22

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fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics,, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid,, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass,, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic, soda. These industries are widely spread, over the country., , limestone, silica and gypsum. Coal and, electric power are needed apart from rail, transportation., Where would it be economically viable to, set up the cement manufacturing units?, , Why do you think it is so?, , Organic chemicals include petrochemicals,, which are used for manufacturing of, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics,, dye-stuf fs, drugs and pharmaceuticals., Organic chemical plants are located near, oil refineries or petrochemical plants., The chemical industry is its own largest, c o n s u m e r. B a s i c c h e m i c a l s u n d e r g o, processing to further produce other, chemicals that are used for industrial, application, agriculture or directly for, consumer markets. Make a list of the, products you are aware of., Fertilizer Industry, , The fertilizer industry is centred around the, production of nitrogenous fertilizers, (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and, ammonium phosphate (DA P) and complex, fertilizers which have a combination of, nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K)., The third, i.e. potash is entirely imported, as the country does not have any reserves, of commercially usable potash or potassium, compounds in any form., A fter the Green Revolution the industry, expanded to several other parts of the, c o u n t r y. Gu j a r a t , Ta m i l Na d u , U t t a r, Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute, towards half of the fertilizer production., Other significant producers are A ndhra, P r a d e s h , O d i s h a , R a j a s t h a n , B i h a r,, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa,, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka., Cement Industry, , Cement is essential for construction activity, such as building houses, factories, bridges,, roads, airports, dams and for other, commercial establishments. This industry, requires bulky and heavy raw materials like, , The industry has strategically located, plants in Gujarat that have suitable access, to the market in the Gulf countries., , Find out where the plants are located in other, States of India. Find their names., The first cement plant was set up in, Chennai in 1904. After Independence the, industry expanded., Improvement in the quality has found, the produce a readily available market in, East Asia, Middle East, A frica and South, Asia apart from a large demand within the, country. This industry is doing well in terms, of production as well as export. Efforts are, being made to generate adequate domestic, demand and supply in order to sustain this, industry., Automobile Industry, , Automobiles provide vehicle for quick, transport of good services and passengers., Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters,, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are, manufactured in India at various centres., A fter the liberalisation, the coming in of, new and contemporary models stimulated, the demand for vehicles in the market,, which led to the healthy growth of the, industry including passenger cars, two and, three-wheelers. The industry is located, around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune,, Ch e n n a i , K o l k a t a , L u c k n o w, I n d o r e ,, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru., Information Technology and, Electronics Industry, , The electronics industry covers a wide range, of products from transistor sets to television,, MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, , 2021-22, , 73

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telephones, cellular telecom, telephone, exchange, radars, computers and many, other equipments required by the, telecommunication industry. Bengaluru has, emerged as the electronic capital of India., Other important centres for electronic goods, are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune,, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore., The major industry concentration is at, B engaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai,, Hyderabad and Pune. A major impact of, this industry has been on employment, generation. The continuing growth in the, hardware and software is the key to the, success of IT industry in India., , Fig. 6.9: Cable manufacturing facilities at HCL,, Rupnarainpur (West Bengal), , Industrial Pollution and Environmental, Degradation, Although industries contribute significantly, to India’s economic growth and development,, the increase in pollution of land, water, air,, noise and resulting degradation of, environment that they have caused, cannot, be overlooked. Industries are responsible for, four types of pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c), Land (d) Noise. The polluting industries also, include thermal power plants., Air pollution is caused by the presence of, high proportion of undesirable gases, such, as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Airborne particulate materials contain both solid, and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist, and smoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical, 74, , CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II, , 2021-22, , and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and, smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels, in big and small factories that ignore pollution, norms. Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous, with long-term effects. Are you aware of the, Bhopal Gas tragedy that occurred? A ir, pollution adversely affects human health,, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere, as a whole., Water pollution is caused by organic and, inorganic industrial wastes and affluents, discharged into rivers. The main culprits in, this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile, and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries, and electroplating industries that let out dyes,, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like, lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers,, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and, rubber, etc. into the water bodies. Fly ash,, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are, the major solid wastes in India., Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot, water from factories and thermal plants is, drained into rivers and ponds before cooling., What would be the effect on aquatic life?, Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear, and weapon production facilities cause, cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Soil, and water pollution are closely related., Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful, chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging,, salts and garbage renders the soil useless., Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the, pollutants to the ground and the ground, water also gets contaminated., Noise pollution not only results in irritation, and anger, it can also cause hearing, impairment, increased heart rate and blood, pressure among other physiological effects., Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source, of stress. Industrial and construction, activities, machinery, factory equipment,, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric, drills also make a lot of noise., Control of Environmental Degradation, Every litre of waste water discharged by our, industry pollutes eight times the quantity of

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freshwater. How can the industrial pollution of, fresh water be reduced? Some suggestions are(i) minimising use water for processing by, , reusing and recycling it in two or more, successive stages, (ii) harvesting of rainwater to meet water, , requirements, (iii) treating hot water and, , effluents before, releasing them in rivers and ponds., Treatment of industrial effluents can be, done in three phases, (a) Primary treatment by mechanical means., , This involves screening, grinding,, flocculation and sedimentation., (b) Secondary treatment by biological process, (c) Tertiary treatment by biological,, , chemical and physical processes. This, involves recycling of wastewater., Overdrawing of ground water reserves, by industry where there is a threat to, ground water resources also needs to be, regulated legally. Particulate matter in the, air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks, to factories with electrostatic precipitators,, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial, separators. Smoke can be reduced by using, oil or gas instead of coal in factories., Machinery and equipment can be used and, generators should be fitted with silencers., Almost all machinery can be redesigned to, increase energy efficiency and reduce noise., , Fig. 6.10: Sewage Treatment plant under Yamuna, action plan at Faridabad, , 76, , CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II, , 2021-22, , Noise absorbing material may be used apart, f r o m p e r s o n a l u s e o f e a r p l u g s and, earphones., The challenge of sustainable development, requires integration of economic development, with environmental concerns., NTPC shows the way, NTPC is a major power providing corporation, in India. It has ISO certification for EMS, (Environment Management System) 14001., The corporation has a proactive approach, for preserving the natural environment and, resources like water, oil and gas and fuels, in places where it is setting up power plants., This has been possible through(a) Optimum utilisation of equipment, adopting latest techniques and, upgrading existing equipment., (b) Minimising waste generation by, maximising ash utilisation., (c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological, , balance and addressing the question of, special purpose vehicles for afforestation., (d) Reducing environmental pollution through, , ash pond management, ash water recycling, system and liquid waste management., (e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-, , line database management for all its, power stations., , Fig. 6.11: Ramagundam plant

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EXERCISES, , EXERCISES, , EXERCISES EXERCISES, , EXERCISES, , 1 . Multiple choice questions., (i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material., (a) A luminium, (b) Cement, (c) Plastic, (d) Automobile, (ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?, (a) H A IL, (b) SA IL, (c) TATA Steel, (d) MNCC, (iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?, (a) A luminium Smelting, (b) Cement, (c) Paper, (d) Steel, (iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc., (a) Steel, (c) A luminium Smelting, (b) Electronic, (d) Information Technology, , 2 . A nswer the following briefly in not more than 30 words., (i) What is manufacturing?, (ii) Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry., (iii) Name any three human factors for the location of an industry., (iv) What are basic industries? Give an example., (v) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement?, 3 . Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words., (i) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What, problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a, rise in the production capacity?, (ii) How do industries pollute the environment?, (iii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation, by industry?, , ACTIVITY, Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry., letters in each word are hinted in brackets., (i) Used to drive machinery, , The number of, , (5) P..........................., , (ii) People who work in a factory, , (6) W.........................., , (iii) Where the product is sold, , (6) M.........................., , (iv) A person who sells goods, , (8) R..........................., , (v) Thing produced, , (7) P..........................., , (vi) To make or produce, , (11) M.........................., , (vii) Land, Water and Air degraded, , (9) P..........................., , PROJECT WORK, Select one agro-based and one mineral-based industry in your area., (i) What are the raw materials they use?, (ii) What are the other inputs in the process of manufacturing that involve, , transportation cost?, (iii) A re these factories following environmental norms?, , MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, , 2021-22, , 77

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ACTIVITY, Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden, answers., , G, , G, , G, , P, , V, , A, , R, , A, , N, , A, , S, , I, , U, , O, , J, , I, , P, , G, , X, , K, , M, , Q, , W, , V, , K, , S, , U, , G, , A, , R, , C, , A, , N, , E, , E, , N, , O, , T, , T, , O, , N, , O, , Z, , V, , O, , P, , T, , R, , A, , U, , E, , L, , U, , B, , H, , I, , L, , A, , I, , U, , T, , K, , O, , C, , R, , A, , Q, , N, , T, , R, , L, , N, , E, , I, , R, , O, , N, , S, , T, , E, , E, , L, , S, , J, , E, , N, , A, , N, , O, , E, , P, , I, , T, , L, , R, , Y, , G, , A, , N, , U, , J, , D, , R, , A, , G, , D, , T, , A, , N, , T, , A, , R, , P, , O, , A, , P, , U, , E, , P, , Y, , A, , S, , N, , A, , E, , N, , J, , D, , I, , Y, , S, , K, , S, , M, , H, , V, , L, , I, , A, , J, , H, , S, , K, , G, , 1 . Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials, from agriculture are called…, 2 . The basic raw material for sugar industry., 3 . This fibre is also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’., 4 . Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry., 5 . A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh., 6 . Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place., , 78, , CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II, , 2021-22