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Class 10, HISTORY, NATIONALISM IN INDIA, 1906 : The All-India Muslim League was formed., 1914 : The First World War was started., Jan. 1915 :, , Mahatma Gandhi arrived in India from South Africa., , 1917, 1918 :Mahatma Gandhi organized Satyagraha movementin Champaran (Bihar), Kheda (Gujarat), and Ahmedabad (Gujarat), 1918–1920 : Peasant movement in Awadh., 1919 : The Rowlatt Act; Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre; Hartal (Strike) against the Rowlatt Act;Khilafat, Committee was formed, Sep. 1920 :, , Calcutta Congress session; Non-Cooperation was decided., , 1920 : Congress session at Nagpur and the Non-Cooperation Movement was adopted., 1921 : The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched; A militant Guerilla Movement in Andhra, Pradesh., 1922 : Chauri Chaura incident; withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement., 1924 : Sitaram Raju was executed., 1927 : FICCI was founded., 1928 : Bardoli Satyagraha; Simon Commission was set up in India; Lala Lajpat Rai was injured during a, demonstration against the Simon Commission and died., 1929 :Lahore Congress adopted demands for Purna Swaraj., 1930 : The Civil Disobedience Movement was started by breaking salt law at Dandi; Gandhiji sent a letter, to Lord Irwin., 1931 :, , Gandhi-Irwin Pact took place; End of the Civil Disobedience Movement;, , 1932 :, , Poona Pact signed; Civil Disobedience Movement was relaunched., , 1934 :, , Civil Disobedience Movement was called off., , 1942 : The Quit India Movement was started., 1. The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation, •, , The First World War led to a huge increase in defence expenditure., , •, Through the war years prices increased–doubling between 1913 and 1918–leading to extreme, hardship for the common people.

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•, Forced recruitment of rural people in the army was an important cause of widespread anger, among people., •, Crop failure during 1918-19 and 1920-21, in many parts of the country resulted in acute, shortages of foods.This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic., The Idea of Satyagraha, •, , Mahatma Gandhi advocated a novel method of mass agitation, called Satyagraha., , •, It emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. If the cause was true, if the, struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. A Satyagrahi, could win the battle through non-violence, which could unite all Indians., •, After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised Satyagraha movements in, various place.In 1917, he travelled to Champaran and inspired the peasants to struggle against the, oppressive plantation system. Then in same year, he organised a Satyagraha to support the peasants of, the Kheda. In 1918 he went to Ahmedabad to organise a Satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill, workers., The Rowlatt Act (1919), •, It was passed by Imperial Legislative Council withoutthe support of Indian members. The Act, gave enormous powers to the government to repress political activities and allowed detention of, political prisoners without trial for two years. Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience, against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April., •, People reacted like workers went on strike in railway workshops. The British government, arrested local, leaders of Amritsar. Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi. On 10th April, Police fired upon a, peaceful procession, provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial, law was imposed by General Dyer., •, On 13th April, people assembled in Jallianwalla Bagh to protest against repression and to attend, the annual Baisakhi fair. General Dyer opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds to create terror in the, minds of Satyagrahis; public reactions took a violent turn in many north Indian towns. Government, responded with brutal repression. Satyagrahis were humiliated. Seeing violence spread, Mahatma, Gandhi called off the movement., •, While the Rowlatt Satyagraha had been a widespread movement, it was still limited mostly to, cities and towns. Now Gandhiji felt that no such movement could be organised without bringing the, Hindus and Muslims together., •, The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There were rumours that a, harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor, the spiritual head of the Islamic, world (the Khalifa)., •, To defend the Khalifa’s temporal power, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March, 1919 by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Mahatma Gandhi saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims

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under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At Calcutta session of Congress in September 1920,, a resolution was passed to launch a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as for, Swaraj. Non-Cooperation Movement, •, Mahatma Gandhi in his famous book ‘Hind Swaraj’ declared that British rule was established in, India with the cooperation of Indians. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse, within a year,and Swaraj would come., •, , Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages–, , (1), , Surrender of the titles which were awarded by the British government., , (2), , Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts, and Legislative Councils., , (3), , Boycott foreign goods, schools and colleges., , •, Some Congress leaders were reluctant to boycott the council elections because they feared that, movement, might lead to popular violence. Finally, at the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a, compromise, was worked out and the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted., Exercise 1.1, I. Objective Type Questions (1 Mark), 1. Choose the correct answer from the given options (MCQs), (c), , 1927, , (i), (d) 1922, , When was the Khilafat Committee founded? (a), , 1919, , (b) 1920, , (ii), , The Non-Cooperation programme was adopted in the, , (a), , Lahore Session, , (b) Nagpur Session, (c) Gujarat Session, (d)Second Round Table ConferencSessio, (iii), , Satyagraha is also called, , (a), , Active resistance, , (c) Passive resistance, , (b) Neutral resistance, , (d) All of these, , 2. Correct the following statements and rewrite, (i), To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Non-Cooperation Committee was formed in, Bombay in March 1919., (ii), , The Non-Cooperation movement was called off in 1934.

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3. Arrange in following in correct sequence, (i), , Mahatma Gandhi returned to India, , (ii), , First World War, , (iii), , Champaran Satyagraha, , (iv), , Rowlatt Act, , Options, (a), , (ii)–(i)–(iii)–(iv) (b), , (i)–(ii)–(iii)–(iv) (c) (iii)–(iv)–(ii)–(i), , (d) (ii)–(iii)–(i)–(iv), , II. Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark), 4., , What is meant by forced recruitment?, , 5., , What was Champaran movement?, , 6., , What decision was made in the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920?, , III. Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks), 7., , Who started Satyagraha? Explain the concept of Satyagraha. OR [CBSE 2015], , What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha? OR [NCERT], How can battles be fought with Satyagraha? [CBSE 2015], 8., after, , How did Mahatma Gandhi successfully organise Satyagraha movement in various places just, , arriving India? OR [CBSE 2011], Briefly explain the Satyagraha Movements organised between 1916 to 1918 by Gandhiji., 9., , Why was the Rowlatt Act of 1919 unpopular among the Indians? OR, , Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt, Act? How was it organised?, , OR [CBSE 2010,15,16], , Why were Indians outraged by the Rowlatt Act? OR [NCERT], Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act 1919?, Explain any three reasons. [Delhi 2017], 10., , How was Rowlatt Act opposed by the people in India? [CBSE 2013], , 11., , How did the government suppress the Satyagrahis during Rowlatt Satyagraha?, , [CBSE 2014], 12., , What was the Khilafat Agitation? Why did Gandhiji gave support to this agitation?

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OR, , [CBSE 2012], , Explain the issue behind the Khilafat Movement. [CBSE 2014], 13., , How did Non-Cooperation become a movement?, , 14., How had the First World War created a new economic situation in India? Explain with three, examples., [CBSE 2013], IV. Case Based Questions (4 Marks), 15. Read the source given below and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate option., ‘It is said of “passive resistance” that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject, of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed it calls for, intense activity. The movement in South Africa was not passive but active... ‘Satyagraha is not physical, force. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction... In the use, of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever. ‘ Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of, the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the, flame of love. ...Non-violence is the supreme dharma... ‘It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or, Europe in force of arms. The British worship the war-god and they can all of them become, as they are, becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made the, religion of non-violence their own...’, 15.1., , Identify the motive behind the passive resistance from the following options–, , (a), , It is not a physical force., , (b), , A Satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary., , (c), , Non-violence is the supreme dharma., , (d), , All of the above, , 15.2., , Which of the following is not the concept of Satyagraha?, , (a), , It emphasises the power of truth and the need to search of truth., , (b), , With an aggression a satyagrahi could win the battle., , (c), , Gandhiji believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians., , (d), , If the struggle is against injustice then physical force is not necessary to fight., , .3., , What does correctly describe the Satyagrahi?, , 15.4., , Who started the idea of Satyagraha?, , V. Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks), 16., , Describe the incidence of Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre. [Foreign 2015, CBSE SP 2019-20]

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17., , Explain the new economic and political situation created during the First World War in India., , OR, How the First World War helped in the growth of the National movement in India?, [NCERT], OR, What was the impact of the World War-I on the National movement in India?, , OR, , Explain any five major problems posed by the First World War in India., 18., How did Non-Cooperation movement start with participation of middle class people in the, cities?, Explain its impact on the economic front. [CBSE 2018], Answers, 1. (i) (a), (ii) (b), (iii) (c), 2., (i), To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat committee was formed in Bombay, in March 1919., (ii), , The Civil Disobedience Movement was called off in 1934, , 4. A process by which the colonial state forced people to join the army., 5., In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi travelled to Champaran to inspire the peasants to struggle against, the oppressive plantation system., 6., At Nagpur session in December 1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non-Cooperation, was adopted., 7., The idea of Satyagraha was started by Mahatma Gandhi. He emphasized the power of truth and, the need to search for truth. If the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice then physical force is, not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without being aggressive a satyagrahi could win the battle through, non-violence. Gandhiji believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians., The growth of nationalism was intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement. People began, discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism., 8., , Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised Satyagraha movements in various places:, , (i), In 1917 he travelled Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the, oppressive plantation system., (ii), In 1917, he organised a Satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat, affected by crop failure and could not pay the revenue and demanded that revenue collection be, relaxed.

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(iii), In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a Satyagraha movement amongst, cotton mill workers., 9. The Rowlatt Act empowered the government to imprison a person without a trial. It was passed in, 1919 by the British government despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave enormous, powers to the government. Now, the British government could suppress the political activities, and, allow detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.Indian people reacted to it stoutly., Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, they decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the, proposed Rowlatt Act (1919).It was organised through the ways – (i) Rallies were organised in various, cities, (ii) Workers went on strike in railway workshops, (iii) Shops closed down., 10.(i) Rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops and shops, closed down., (ii), , The British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists., , (iii), Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering, Delhi., (iv), On 10th April, the police fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking widespread attacks on, banks,post offices and railway stations., (v), , Martial Law was imposed and General Dyer took command., , (vi), , On 13th April people assembled in Jallianwalla Bagh to protest against this black law., , 11.(i), , The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorise people., , (ii), Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets and do salaam to, all sahibs., (iii), , People were flogged and villages were bombed., , (iv), Seeing violence spread, Gandhiji called off the movement. The British government violated the, freedom of speech and expression., 12., The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There were rumours that a, harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor, the spiritual head of the Islamic, world, the Khalifa.To defend the Khalifa’s temporal power, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay, in March 1919 by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji supported it because he saw it as an, opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement., 13., , Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages:, , (i), , It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded., , (ii), , Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and Legislative Councils., , (iii), Boycott schools, colleges and foreign goods. Mahatma Gandhi felt that in case the government, used repression a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.

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14., Three points on the First World War’s impact on the economic situation in India are given, below:, (i), , It speeded up the process of industrialisation., , (ii), , It led to a huge rise in the defence expenditure of the Government of India., , (iii), It created a demand for industrial goods (jute bags, cloth, rails, etc.) and caused a decline of, imports from other countries into India., 15. 15.1 (d) 5.2 (b) 15.3 Passive resistance 15.4 Mahatma Gandhi, 16. Jallianwalla Bagh massacre holds an important and significant position in the freedom movement, of India. It took place in Amritsar on 13 April, 1919. On this day a protest meeting against the, government’s new repressive measures (the Rowlatt Act) was being held at Jallianwalla Bagh in, Amritsar.The meeting was attended by a large number of men, women and children. The only entrance, of the park was blocked by the British army on the orders of General Dyer. He ordered his troops to fire, on the crowd without giving a word of warning. Thousands of people were killed and many were, injured. It was the cold blooded murder of innocent people. As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread,, crowds took to streets in many north Indian towns. There were strikes, clashes with the police and, attacks on government buildings. The government responded with brutal repression. The satyagrahis, were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on the streets and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs., People were flogged and villages were bombed., 17., , The First World War created new economic and political situations because:, , (i), It led to huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing, taxes. Custom duties were raised and income tax was introduced., (ii), Prices increased doubling between 1913-18 leading to extreme hardship for the common, people., (iii), Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers through forced recruitment in rural areas caused, wide spread anger., (iv), , During 1918-19, crops failed in many parts of India which created shortage of food., , (v), Spread of Influenza epidemic and famine–12 to 13 million people died. At this stage a new, leader appeared and suggested a new mode of struggle., 18., The Non-Cooperation movement started with middle-class participation in the cities in following, ways:, (i), Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and, teachersresigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices., (ii), The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice, Party,the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some, power.The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic:

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(i), , Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge, bonfires., , (ii), The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from ` 102 Crore, to ` 57 Crore. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign, trade., (iii), As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing, only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up., 2. Differing Strands Within the Movement, •, The Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement began in January 1921. Various social groups, participated, each group with its own specific aspiration. The Movement in the Towns, •, Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and, teachers resigned. Lawyers gave up their legal practices. Foreign goods were boycotted. Liquor shops, picketed, foreign clothes burnt in huge bonfires., •, It effected the economy of the British government. Their import of foreign cloth halved from `, 102 crore to 57 crore. In many places merchants refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign, trade., •, The movement in cities gradually slowed down because Khadi cloth was more expensive than, mill made cloth. Alternative Indian institutions had not been set up, so, students and teachers began, trickling back to government schools and colleges. Rebellion in the Countryside In Awadh:, •, Movement was led by Baba Ramchandra against the landlords and talukdars because they, demanded high rents and many other cesses. So the peasants demanded reduction of revenue,, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords. Peasants organized nai-dhobi bandh., •, In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh, talking to the, villagers, and trying to understand their grievances. By October, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up, headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others., •, The peasant movement developed in forms that the congress leadership was unhappy with. As, movement spread in 1921, the houses of merchants and talukdars were attacked, bazaars were looted,, and grain hoards were taken over.In 1928, Bardoli Satyagraha was an important movement of farmers, against the increase of land revenue.This movement got huge success under the strong leadership of, Vallabh Bhai Patel. The struggle was widely publicised and generated immense sympathy in many parts, of India.In Andhra Pradesh:, •, In the Gudem hills a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s because they were, prevented from entering the forest to graze cattle, to collect fruits and firewood. The forest laws were a, threat to livelihood of tribal peasants. When the government forced them to do begar on road, constructions, they revolted under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju., •, The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on, guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj. Raju was captured and executed is 1924, and over time became a, folk hero.Swaraj in the PlantationsIn Assam:

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•, For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant retaining a link with the village from which, they had come., •, Plantation workers revolted against the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, which did not permit the, workers to leave the tea gardens without permission and they were rarely given such permissions., •, When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the, authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and, everyone would be given land in their own villages. However, they never reached their destination. In, 1922, at Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash, with the police, in which 22 policemen were burnt alive. Hearing this violence Gandhiji called off the, Non Cooperation Movement.