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Nationalism in India, , MiThe First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation, * Impact of World War | on India:, , 1) Increase in defence expenditure of British army was financed by, Introducing Income Tax in India, , 2) Through the war years prices increased 2x and cause hardship, for common people, , 3) Forced recruitment in villages..., , 4) Crop failure in many parts of India resulted into food shortage, , 5) Acc. to Census 12 to 13 million people died due to famines, and epidermis, , 1.1) The Idea of Satyagraha, * Satyagraha: A method of mass hesitation in which people fought, for truth without violence, , - Gandhi ji came India in January 1915, , - In 1916 started Satyagraha at Champaran, Bihar - Against, Plantation system, , - In 1917 - Kheda, Gujarat - For no revenue collection, , - In 1918 - Ahmedabad, Gujarat - With Cotton mill workers, , 1.2) The Rowlatt Act (1919), , 1) This Act had been passed hurriedly through the Imperial, Legislative council despite the United opposition of the Indian, members, , 2) It gave the government enormous power to repress political, activities, , 3) It allowed detention of political prisoners without trail, for two, years

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* 6 April, 1919-Gandhi ji started Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act, - Rallies were organised in various cities, , - Workers went on strike in railway workshops and shops closed, down, , * Martian Law: To give powers to army of a particular region, , - 13 April: Jallianwalla Bhag incident took place which was done, by General Dyer, , - He blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing, hundreds, , - After this, people started fighting with police and attacking, government offices and in respect British started fighting with, people and destroying villages through Bonds., , - Finally after so much violence, Gandhi ji stopped Satyagraha, - Gandhi ji wanted to combine Hindu and Muslim. so they raised, ‘Khilafat Issue’, , * Khilafat Issue, , 1) World War 1 ended with defeat of Ottoman... Rumour spread, that there will be harsh Treaty on Ottoman Empire (The Khalifa), , 2) To defend Khalifa's Power, Khalifa committee was formed in, Bombay in March 1919, , 3) Muslim leaders like Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali (Ali, Brothers), , 4) Gandhi ji saw this opportunity to unite Hindu and Muslim, , 5) At Calcutta session of Congress (September 1920) he, convinced leaders to start a non-cooperation movement for, Swaraj and Khilafat issue, , 1.3) Why Non-cooperation?, , - Gandhi ji wrote Book: Hind Swaraj (1909) they declared that, British rule established because we help them and if we stop, helping them, then we get Swaraj in 1 year

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* Congress not accepting N.C.M. Why?, , 1) Because in this Council election has to be boycott, but they, want to take part in elections, , 2) There will be so much violence, , * Finally, Congress adopted N.C.M in Nagpur session in Dec. 1920, , Differing Strands within the Movement, , - The N.C.M began in January 1921, , 2.1) The Movement in the Towns, , * How middle adopted?, , 1) Students and teachers left government controlled schools and, colleges..., , 2) The Council election were boycotted in most provinces except, Madras, , 3) Liquor shops were pickted, , 4) People stared wearing Khadi, , * Drawbacks: 1) Khadi was expensive, 2) Very few Indian Institutions, , - So people rejoined government controlled schools, colleges and, Courts, 2.2) Rebellion in the Countryside, , * Peasents:, - For them movement is for Talukdars and landlords, , 1) Problem:- (i) Talukdars demanded high rent, (ii) Begar... had to work without getting paid, , 2) Demands: (i) Reduction of revenue

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(ii) Abolition of begar, (iii) Redistribution of Land, (iv) Social boycott of oppressive landlords, , 3) Protest: (i) No service were provided to landlords, (ii) Talukdars were attacked, (iii) Bazaars were looted, (iv) Formed Oudh kisan Sabha, , * Baba Ram Chandra - Head of peasants in Awhad, , * Tribal People:, , 1) Problems: (i) Britishers closed large forest, (ii) Forced them to do work, (iii) Prevented them from entering forest and grazing, cattle or collecting fruits, , 2) Started Guerrilla war in Gudem Hills (Andhra Pradesh), , - Lead by Alluri Sitaram Raju, , - People say that Raju has superstitious powers and refer him God, , - Raju was Inspired by N.C.M - persuade people to wear khadi and, boycot liquor, , - He is follower of Gandhi ji but he thougt that violence must be, used to liberate Indian, , - Gudem rebels attacked Police station and killed British officials, , * 1924 - Raju was arrested and killed, , 2.3) Swaraj in the Plantations, - For them freedom was moving freely in and out for land, , 1) According to Inland Emigration Act (1859) plantation workers, were not allowed to leave the plantation without permission, , 2) Owing N.C.M thousands workers left plantation and headed, home, , 3) They believed Gandhi ji Raj was coming and everyone would be, given land in their villages

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* In February 1922 Gorakpur, chori-chaura Bazaar, a peaceful, demonstration turn into violence, , Wi Towards Civil Disobedience, * Gandhi ji finally called off N.C.M, , - Now leaders get tired of mass struggle and wanted to participate, in Provincial Council that had been set up by the Government of, India Act of 1919, , - They wanted to oppose British policies within the councils and, argue for reform, , - C.R Das and Motilal Nehru formed Swaraj party to went back to, Council, , * Two factors shaped Indian politics towards the late 1920's, , 1) World wide economic depression, , - Agriculture prices began to fall in 1926 and collapsed after 1930, , - Demands and export declined, , - Farmers found it difficult to sell their harvest and pay their, revenue, , 2) Simon Commission, * Commission: Official group of some people to control, something, , - This commission was made by British governmen, , - Head was Sir John Simon, , - They were send to India to saw the functioning of Indian, Constitution and suggest some changes, , - But there is one drawback: there is no Indian in this commission, , - So In 1928, when commission come in India they were greeted, by 'Go Back Simon’ slogan, , - Lord Irwin offer dominance status, , * Congress leaders were not satisfied. they demanded full, Independence, , * Under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru in Lahore session of, , congress, Dec 1929 they demanded 'PURNA SWARAJ' and, , declared 26 January, Independence day