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Mode of Nutrition,  Parasites: They usually obtain their food from a living, host. A parasite could be facultative or obligate. The, obligate parasites survive and settle on a living host, throughout their life. The facultative parasites are, saprophytes that have turned parasitic.,  Saprophytes: These organisms procure their nutrition, from dead and decaying organic matter.,  Symbionts: Some fungi develop in symbiotic, association with the green or blue-green algae. These, constitute the lichen. Here the algal component is, photosynthetic. While the fungal component plays the, reproductive part.

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Reproduction, The fungi either reproduces vegetatively, asexually or, sexually:, Vegetative Reproduction, 1) Fragmentation: Some forms belonging to, Ascomycotina and Basidiomycotina multiply by breakage, of the mycelium., 2) Budding: Some unicelled forms multiply by budding., A bud arises as a papilla on the parent cell and then after, its enlargement separates into a completely independent, entity., 3) Fission: simple reproduction method which involves, mitosis followed by the splitting of a parent individual

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Asexual Reproduction, 1) Sporangiospores: These are thin-walled, nonmotile spores formed in a sporangium. They may, be uni-or multinucleate. On account of their, structure, they are also called as aplanospores., 2) Zoospores: They are thin-walled, motile spores, formed in a zoosporangium., 3) Conidia: In some fungi, the spores are not, formed inside a sporangium. They are born freely, on the tips of special branches called, conidiophores. Thus, these spores are conidia.

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Sexual reproduction:,  With the exception of Deuteromycotina (Fungi, imperfecti), we find sexual reproduction in all groups of, fungi.,  Sexual reproduction by oospores, ascospores and, basidiospores produced in fruiting bodies.,  Sexual reproduction involve 3 steps:, i) Plasmogamy (Fusion of protoplasmas), ii) Karyogamy (Fusion of two nuclei), iii) Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores.,  Dikaryophase is a condition of having dikaryon in an, intervening dikaryotic stage (n+n i.e. two nuclei per cell), between plasmogamy and karyogamy.

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Classification of Fungi, Phycomycetes,  Aquatic habitat and on decaying wood in moist and, damp places.,  The mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic.,  Asexual reproduction takes place by zoospores (motile), or by aplanospores (non-motile).,  The sexual spores are known as zygospores.

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 Ascomycetes, , –, , They are also called as sac fungi., They can be coprophilous (growing on dung),, decomposers, parasitic or saprophytic., The sexual spores are called ascospores., Asexual reproduction occurs by conidiospores., Example – Saccharomyces

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 Basidiomycetes, Mushrooms are the most commonly found, basidiomycetes and mostly live as parasites., Sexual reproduction occurs by basidiospores., Asexual reproduction occurs by conidia, budding or, fragmentation., Example- Agaricus,Ustilago,  Deuteromycetes, They are otherwise called imperfect fungi as they do not, follow the regular reproduction cycle as the other fungi., They do not reproduce sexually., Asexual reproduction occurs by conidia., Example – Trichoderma.

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Viruses, Viroids, Prions and Lichens, , Viruses

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Lichens