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Prevents soil erosion, alongwith lichens are first colonizers on barren! 13, e Is divided into two classes Liverworts (thalloid body, dorsive!, Marchantia) and Mosses (have two stages in gametophyte—creeping, green,, branched, filamentous protonema stage and the leafy stage having spirally, arranged leaves e.g., Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum)., Reproduction in Bryophytes, e Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation., e Asexual reproduction by gemmae formed in gemma cups., , e Sexual reproduction : Main plant body is haploid, produces gametes and so, called Gametophyte. By fusion of antherozoids produced in antheridium, and egg cell produced in archegonium, results in formation of zygote which, develops into sporophytic structure differentiated into foot, seta and capsule., Spores produced in a capsule germinate to from free-living gametophyt e, (Protonema). Sporophyte is not free living but attached to photosynthetic, gametophyte from which derives nutrition., , Pteridophytes :, , e First terrestrial plants., , e Prefer cool, damp and shady places to grow., , e Grown as ornamentals., , e Used for medicinal purpose, as soil binder., , e Main plant body is sporophyte which is differentiated into true root, stem, and leaves., , e@ Leaves may be small as in Selaginella or large as in ferms., , e Sporangia having spores are subtended by leaf-like appendages called, sporophylls. (Sporphylls may be arranged to form strobili or cones.), , e In Sporangia, the spore mother cells give to spores after meiosis., , e Spores germinate to form haploid gametophytic structure called prothallus, which is free living, small, unicellular and photosynthetic., , e Prothallus bears antheridia and archegonia which bear antherozoids and, egg cell respectively which on fertilisation from zygote. Zygote produces