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ISOMURISM, , Constitnional, r, , Stereoisomerism, , Structural isomerisnm, , Conformational, , Configurational, isomerism, , isomerism, , Geometrical, , Optical isomerism, , or, , or, , Cis-trans isomerism, , Enantiomerism, , 2.3 CONSTITUTIONAL ISOMERISM, , The term constitution, refers, atom is bonded to which to the number, kind, and connectivity, atoms in a, The isomers which differ, molecule., in, constitutional isomerism. For connectivity of their atoms are called, , which, as, , of the, , atoms in, , a, , molecuc, , example, ethanol and dimethyi, constitutional isomers and this pnen, specitically,, ether are isomers, they, are, because they have, differently. The oxygen in etnanol is bonded constitutional isomers, because the atoms in, to a, formula, C,HGO., , More, , uc, , carbons., , carbon and to a, hydrogen, while the, , There, , are, , various types, , metamerism. Tautomerism, It, , should, , be defined, , as, , of, , is a, , constitutionalCH3-CH2-0-H, isomerism, viz, chain, , special type, , of, , be noted that the, term structure, compounds having the same, , each, , compou, oxygen in dimetny en, , two, , CH3-0-CH3, , functional isomerism.isomerism, position isomerism, functional isomerisit, , includes constitution,, configuration, and conformation. Thus, isomers, molecular formula but different, may, structures. The term isomers and, , are synonymous., , and, , aiso, , structural is0ners, , 2.4 TYPES OF, CONSTITUTiONAL, 2.4-1., , Chain, Nuclear, , or, , ISOMERISM, , Skeleton lsomerism, , Isomeric substances that differ, only in the, of carbon atoms, isomers and isomerism, between them is known asarrangement, chain, , isomerism., , Notes, , (1), , (2), (3), (4), , forming, , the base chain, , are, , known, , as, , chain, , Except alkynes chain isomerism, , is observed when the, number of carbon atoms is four or, Chain isomers differ in the, more than four., nature of carbon chain, i.e., in, of, the, length, carbon chain., The isomers, showing chain isomerism belong to the same, homologous series, i.e., functional group, class, compound (cyclic or open) remains, , unchanged., not possible, together between two, cannot be positional isomers., , Chain and, positional isomerism is, chain isomers then these two, , Exanples :, , CH10, , CH3-CH2-CH2-CH, n-Butane, , and, , isomeric, , compounds. If two compounds are, , CH3-CH-CH, CH3, Isobutane, , CH3, CgH12, CgH12, , CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3,, CH3-CH-CH,-CH, n-Pentane, CH3, Isopentane, , of the, , CH3-C-CH3, , CH3, Neopentane