More from Yogendra Kumawat

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Yogendra kumawat, , 1, , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1, Constitution: Why and How?, Question 1., Which of these is not a function of the constitution?, (a) It gives a guarantee of the rights of the citizen., (b) It marks out different spheres of power for different branches of government., (c) It ensures that good people come to power., (d) It gives expression to some shared values., Answer:, (c) It ensures that good people come to power., Question 2., Which of the following is a good reason to conclude that the authority of the, constitution is higher than that of the parliament?, (а) The constitution was framed before the parliament came into being., (b) The constitution makers were more eminent leaders than the members of the, parliament., (c) The constitution specifies how parliament is to be formed and what are its, powers., (d) The constitution cannot be amended by the parliament., Answer:, (c) The constitution specifies how parliament is to be formed and what are its, powers., Question 3., State whether the following statements about a constitution are True or False:, (a) Constitutions are written documents about formation and power of the, government., (b) Constitutions exist and are required only in democratic countries., (c) Constitution is a legal document that does not deal with ideals and values., (d) A constitution gives its citizens a new identity., Answer:, (a) False, (b) False, (c) False, (d) True, Question 4., State whether the following inferences about the making of the Indian, Constitution are Correct or Incorrect. Give reasons to support your answer., (a) The Constituent Assembly did not represent the Indian people since it was not, elected by all citizens., (b) Constitution making did not involve any major decision since there was a general, consensus among the leaders at that time about its basic framework., (c) There was little originality in the Constitution, for much of it was borrowed from, other countries., Answer:, (a) It is incorrect to say that Constituent Assembly did not represent Indian people, because:, 1

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , , , , 2, , Although the members of Constituent Assembly were not elected by Universal, suffrage, but there was a serious attempt to make the Assembly a, representative body., The Constituent Assembly represented the members of all religions, social and, economic groups to accommodate all shades of opinion within it., The Assembly had 26 members even from scheduled castes., , (b) It is correct to say because:, , , , , Objective the Resolution containing principles was moved by Nehru in 1946, brought by the nationalist movement., Constituent Assembly could not have functioned without any background, consensus on main principles., Our constitution does not have only rules and procedures but a moral, commitment also to establish a government to fulfill the promises made to, peoples., , (c) It is incorrect to say because:, , , , , Though they borrowed a number of provisions from Constitutions of different, countries but it was not based upon slavish imitations., Each provision before it was included, well considered by the members of, Constituent Assembly., Long debates and discussions also took place to examine the suitability to the, conditions prevailing in India along with problems and aspirations of the, people., , Question 5., Give two examples each to support the following conclusions about the Indian, Constitution:, (a) The Constitution was made by credible leaders who commanded people‘s, respect., (b) The Constitution has distributed power in such a way as to make it difficult to, subvert it., (c) The Constitution is the locus of people‘s hopes and aspirations., Answer:, (a) The following two factors are responsible:, , , , , The members of Constituent Assembly were elected by indirect election by the, members of Provincial Legislative Assemblies to be established in 1935., Assembly reflected each of the communities, provinces, princely states through, an appropriate formula. Even 28 members belonged to scheduled castes., The members of Constituent Assembly went through long debates and, discussions for 166 days spread over two years eleven months., , (b) The following two factors can be summed up for the same:, , 2

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , , , 3, , Our Constitution has made institutional arrangements of government on the, basis of check and balance approach. If one of the institutions goes beyond its, limitations, the other checks it., The procedure for amendments is well elaborated for different articles of the, Constitution., , (c) The following factors are responsible for the same because:, , , , The Constitution has provided some Fundamental Rights along with protected, provisions,tibebthe judiciary has powers to protect them., The Constitution of India has incorporated some ‗Directive Principles of State, Policy‘ which are not justiciable but a moral duty of government. The, governmenthas also given some effects to these in the form of fixed minimum, wages, formation of Panchayati Raj Institutions, employment guarantee, scheme and mid-day meal schemes, etc. to be the hopes and aspirations of, the people., , Question 6., Why is it necessary for a country to have a clear demarcation of powers and, responsibilities in the constitution? What would happen in the absence of, such a demarcation?, Answer:, It is necessary for a country to have a clear demarcation of powers and, responsibilities, in the constitution because:, , , , , , , , , , , To ensure that no single institution acquires monopoly of power., In case of transgressions, it may be checked by one of the institutions., To specify who plays important role in decision-making powers., It shows how government would be constituted., It lays down some limits on the government and citizens both which are, fundamental in nature which should not to be trespassed by government and, citizens., The Constitution shows how organs of government are interrelated alongwith a, demarcation of powers of institutions like legislature, executive and judiciary as, well as statutory bodies, ibsbElection Commission of India, etc., The judiciary has been given a specific place to declare any law, unconstitutional if not at par the provisions of Constitution., , In the absence of such a demarcation:, , , , The federal set up would get strained and there would be crisis in center as, well as states., There would be a problem to the citizens and laws will be proved to be unjust, and unfair., , Question 7., Why is it necessary for a constitution to place limitations on the rulers? Can, there be a constitution that gives no power at all to the citizens?, 3

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Yogendra kumawat, , 4, , Answer:, It is necessary for a constitution to place limitations on the rulers:, , , , , , , , These units are fundamental in the sense that the rulers may not trespass, them., Citizens have been specified certain fundamental rights in Constitution to limit, powers of rulers., Citizens have been granted some basic rights of liberties also, ibebright to, freedom of speech and expressions, freedom to form trade union and, associations, etc. which cannot be checked by the government., Only during the national emergency or in national interest, these rights may be, withdrawn during some specific periods., It is necessary for a constitution to place limitations on the rulers otherwise they, may turn to be a dictator and may overlook the people‘s interest constitution, guards and controls the rulers., , No, there can be no constitution that gives no power to its people:, , , , , , , In a Constitutional monarchy, monarch decides the powers of people., In a dictatorship, the ruler is supposed to get the support of people to cling to, the power, i.e. Pakistan‘s General Musharraf also conducted periodic, referendum to hold power., In a democratic institutions/Constitution; the people are the real source of, power where public mandate is required to enact the policies for rulers., These can‘t be a Constitution that gives no power at all to the citizens. It is, always for the welfare of the citizens of the country., , Question 8., The Japanese Constitution was made when the US occupation army was still, in control of Japan after its defeat in the Second World War. The Japanese, constitution could not have had any provision that the US government did not, like. Do you see any problem in this way of making the constitution? In which, way was the Indian experience different from this?, Answer:, The Japanese Constitution could not have had any provision that the US, government did not like, after the defeat of Japan in Second World War (1939-1945),, due to fact that Constitution seeks to perform the functions and look after the interest, of the rulers or authorities in the country who has occupied it. But, in a democratic, country, a constitution expresses the fundamental identity of people as in India., Indian experience was different from the experience of Japan in the following, manner:, , , , , The Indian Constitution was framed by the Constituent Assembly which was, elected to aspire India to be a society free of any sort of discrimination among, people., The framers of Indian Constitution worked for leading a life of social dignity and, social respect along with minimum material well-being and education to an, individual., 4

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , , , , 5, , Indian Constitution enabled the government to fulfill the aspirations of society,, to make it more better., Indian Constitution has inculcated the federal spirit with the distribution of, powers between the different levels of government as well as bicameral, legislatures and independent judiciary have also been set up., The Constituent Assembly framed Constitution after a long debates and, discussions to provide political, social and legal equalities to the people., , Question 9., Rajat asked his teacher this question: “The constitution is a fifty year old and, therefore outdated book. No one took my consent for implementing it. It is, written in such tough language that I cannot understand it. Tell me why should, I obey this document?” If you were the teacher, how would you answer Rajat?, Answer:, Had I been the teacher I would answer Rajat:, , , , , , , , Indian Constitution is a blend of flexibility and rigidity. Hence, despite being fifty, years old, it is not outdated as it has been amended a number of times, whenever required to be modified from time to time., The Constitution was framed by the Constituent Assembly of an elected, representatives from every section of society., Though Constituent Assembly was dominated by Congress which occupied, 82% of the seats in Assembly, but it has representation from every class,, religion and communities, regions to accommodate all shades of opinion within, it., Though it is not possible to consult each and every individual in framing of, Constitution, hence, the provisions were made to elect representatives from, every section to reflect the people from all these., , Question 10., In a discussion on the experience of the working of our Constitution, three, speakers took three different positions:, (a) Harbans: The Indian Constitution has succeeded in giving us a framework of, democratic government., (b) Neha: The Constitution made solemn promises of ensuring liberty, equality and, fraternity. Since this has not happened, the Constitution has failed., (c) Nazima: The Constitution has not failed us. We have failed the Constitution., Do you agree with any of these positions? If yes, why? If not, what is your own, position?, Answer:, In the above mentioned conversation of three people focused whether the, working of our Constitution is fruitful or not:, (a), , , , Indian Constitution is a document consisting the supreme and fundamental, laws of country about powers, functions and structures of the government., Constitution also shows that how the organs of government are interrelated, with each other as well as the relationship between the government and its, citizens., 5

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , 6, , In the Preamble of Constitution, India has been declared A Sovereign,, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic to provide social, economic and, political justice to all the citizens along with introduction of universal adult, franchise also. But in practice Indian democracy is suffering from various social, and economic evils which have proved a curse., , (b), , , , , , , Equality and freedom of citizens is disturbed on the basis of some, unconstitutional activities., Though the provisions for free and fair elections have been made even then, money and muscle power is prevailing everywhere., Sometimes political leaders are found to belong to criminal background and, some play the politics of vote bank., The judiciary has to interfere in the functioning of executive and legislatures,, Various problems are still being faced by country, i.e. terrorism, naxalism,, communal riots, etc., , Hence, we agree with the position of Neha that the goals which were supposed to be, achieved through Constitution, has not still been achieved due to above mentioned, facts, so we can say that the Constitution has failed to fulfill the needs of the, individuals., (c), , , , , , We have failed the Constitution because we have not applied our sincere, efforts towards citizens‘ welfare properly., Corruption has taken place in public and private sector both, this is not only, due to representatives but the citizens are not vigilant and dutiful also., The citizens are also supposed to be active in public affairs and to support, other citizens in the exercise of the rights and discharge of obligations., The citizens should get themselves educated to curb social and economic, inequality to implement the Constitution. Hence, it can be concluded that, Constitution has not failed us but we have failed the Constitution due to our, negligence towards our rights and duties, :- Yogendra kumawat…, , 6

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Yogendra kumawat, , 7, , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 (Extra Questions), Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 , Very Short Answer Type Questions, Question 1., What is the Constitution?, Answer:, The Constitution of a country is a written document which prescribes it to be a, supreme law of the country to decide the structure of the government along with the, rights and duties of citizens. The Constitution speaks of who would play a vital role in, decision-making powers., Question 2., What are the features of the Constitution?, Answer:, , , , , , It is the Supreme Law of Country., It maintains a relationship between the government and the citizens of country., It constitutes the structure of the government., It tells who would play an important role in decision-making powers., , Question 3., What is the nature of India as per the Preamble of the Indian Constitution?, Answer:, India is a Sovereign, Secular, Socialist, Democratic and Republic state., Question 4., Mention the function of Constitution which set some limits on our government but on, the other hand it favors the citizens., Answer:, The Constitution sets some limits on what a government can impose on its citizens., These limits are fundamental in the sense that government may never trespass, them., Question 5., What is the need and importance of a Constitution?, Answer:, , , , , , The Constitution provides a framework within which a government has to, work., It minimizes the chances of disputes among the various organs of the, government as it clearly defines their powers and functions separately., It also controls the misuse of power by the government., It safeguards the fundamental rights of the citizens., , 7

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Yogendra kumawat, , 8, , Question 6., What do you mean by ‗Democratic‘ with special reference to India?, Answer:, , , , , Democratic denotes to choose democracy as a way of life and run the, administration through democratic institutions like legislatures, executive, free, and fair judiciary, etc., ‗Democratic‘ word in Preamble refers to social and economic democracy, except political democracy., , Question 7., What do the political and economic justice stand for?, Answer:, , , , , Political Justice: Political justice refers to equal political rights to be enjoyed by, all the citizens of country where every citizen has right to elect the, representatives as well as the right to be elected as representatives., Economic Justice: It refers to every citizen to get the equal opportunities to, earn one‘s livelihood as well as equal payment for equal work., , Question 8., What is Preamble to the Constitution?, Answer:, Preamble to the Constitution is an introductory part of Constitution which enables the, people to assess and evaluate the performance of government in the light of, objectives laid down into the Preamble., Question 9., Mention the four main features of Indian Constitution., Answer:, , , , , , It establishes a Sovereign, democratic republic in India., It establishes India as a secular state., It has provisions of fundamental rights as well as fundamental duties to the, citizens of India., It establishes a parliamentary form of government in India., , Question 10., ―India is a secular state‖. Justify the statement., Answer:, , , , , , The word ‗Secular‘ was put in the Preamble to Constitution through the 42nd, Amendment., ‗Secular‘ refers that the state has no religion of its own but shows due respect, to all religions., The state observes complete neutrality in religious matters., The 45th Amendment carries equal respect and recognition to all religions., , 8

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , 9, , No discrimination in India has ever been made against any individual belonging, to different communities, religions, castes, etc., , Question 11., What do you understand by the terms liberty, equality and fraternity in the Preamble, to Constitution?, Answer:, Liberty: It is stated in the Preamble as a goal that the people should have liberty of, thought, expression, belief and faith, jfeftthe state should remove the obstacles for, the individuals to enjoy freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship., Equality: The Preamble to the Constitution always emphasizes to remove any sort of, discrimination on the basis of sex, religion, race, colour, caste, etc. by making the, provisions:, , , , , , , Article 14— Equality of Justice, Article 15—Social equality, Article 16—Equality to achieve administrative services, Article 17—Untouchability is removed (Social inequality), Article 18—All the designations except academic and military were finished., , Fraternity: Fraternity refers to brotherhood means equality of all citizens and their, integrity. Everybody in society should be provided with the basic right to food,, housing and clothing without any discrimination. Every citizen of the state is to be, regarded as the part of the decision-making process., Question 12., What is the main difference between the position of the head of state in India and, that of the USA?, Or, How can you justify that India is a Republic?, Answer:, India is a Republic because the head of the state is the President who is elected by, the Electoral College of the Parliament and the State Legislative Assembly for a fixed, period of five years., The difference between the position of the President of India and the USA is that in, the USA, the President is the head of the presidential form of democratic, government (real head of executive) whereas in India, President is the head of the, parliamentary government, i.e. Prime Minister and his Cabinet is real executive and, the President is the nominal head of the state., Question 13., What is the Constitution? How can we say that the Constitution is a living document?, Answer:, A Constitution is a written set of rules and regulations to run the government of a, country. It also defines the positions of three organs of the Government, i.e. the, executive, the legislature and the judiciary along with maintaining relations between, , 9

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Yogendra kumawat, , the Government and the citizens., A Constitution is a living document because:, , , , , , It contains provisions to resolve social-economic problems., To update at par the provisions of constitution, the amendments are made., Judicial interpretations, executive orders, customs also support to the growth of, a constitution., A Constitution is capable to adopt the new conditions as they arise., , Question 14., Why should we respect our Constitution?, Answer:, We should respect our Constitution because:, , , , , , A Constitution is a supreme and fundamental law of country., A Constitution distributes the powers and functions among the three organs of, government, i.e. the legislature, the executive and the judiciary., The Government of India is composed of principles laid down in a Constitution., A Constitution maintains relations between the government and the citizens., , Question 15., ―India is a Sovereign, Democratic, Republic‖. Justify the statement., Answer:, India as a Sovereign State:, , , , , India has attained a full status of independent statehood., India is no longer under subjugation of any foreign power., India is free to conduct her internal and external affairs as she deems, desirable., , India as a Democratic State:, , , , , , , The ultimate source of political and constitutional authority in India is vested, with the people., Elections are held on regular intervals on the basis of adult franchise., Equality is the basic principle of a democratic form of government., Citizens of India enjoy the justifiable fundamental rights., Rule of Law is an essential feature of Indian Democratic State., , India as a Republic:, , , , The head of the state is the President of India., He is elected by the electoral college of parliament and state assemblies after, every five years., , Question 16., Indian Constitution contains some provisions for social justice. Examine., Answer:, 10, , 10

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Yogendra kumawat, , In India, social justice is lacking due to the fact that persons who enjoy greater, wealth and property, have power and others are deprived., Provisions made in Indian Constitution to end social injustice in India:, , , , , , , The Indian Constitution has declared the practice of untouchability, a, punishable offence., The state will provide equal opportunities to all citizens of India., No one can be discriminated from using public facilities on the ground of caste,, religion, language, etc., India works on welfare state‘s philosophy to the welfare of people and, upliftment of weaker sections., Constitution has given special privileges to SC‘s, ST‘s, OBC‘s and even to, women and minorities., , Question 17., Write a note on Constituent Assembly., Answer:, , , , , , , , , , The Indian Constitution was made by Constituent Assembly., It held its first sittings on 9 December 1946 and reassembled on 14 August, 1947 by the elected members of Provisional Legislative Assemblies through an, election., It was composed roughly along the lines suggested by Cabinet Mission and on, 26 November 1949, 284 actual members appended their signature to the, Constitution., Constituent Assembly was made seriously a representative body in which the, representation from all section of society was made and accommodated all, shades of opinion., The Assembly took 166 days spread over two years, eleven months and, eighteen days to frame the Constitution finally adopted., , Question 18., What is the philosophy of the Indian Constitution? Discuss., Answer:, , , , , , , , Framers of the Constitution expressed their vision for a new society and polity., Despite the differences of opinion, the framers reached a consensus to be, reflected in the Constitution., Indian Constitution was attempted to reach a goal of building a new social, order on the basis of democracy, equality, and justice., It also projected fundamental rights and civil liberties of Indian citizens, alongwith fundamental duties and directive principles of state policy., Indian Constitution is based on a liberal-welfare-democratic society to be, reflected in the Preamble., Thus the philosophy of the Constitution finds its expression in the Preamble of, the Indian Constitution., , 11, , 11

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Yogendra kumawat, , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 , Passage Based Questions, Passage 1., Read the passage (NCERT Textbook, page 18) given below carefully and answer, the questions that follow:, ―… I have realised as nobody else could have, with what zeal and devotion the, members of the Drafting Committee and especially its Chairman, Dr. Ambedkar in, spite of his indifferent health, have worked. We could never make a decision which, was or could be ever so right as when we put him on the Drafting Committee and, made him its Chairman. He has^not only justified his selection but has added lustre, to the work which he has done. In. this ‗ connection, it would be invidious to make, any distinction as among the other members of the Committee. I know they have all, worked with the same zeal and devotion as its Chairman, and they deserve the, thanks of the country.‖, Questions:, 1. Who was the Chairman of Drafting Committee?, 2. What made the Constituent Assembly of India unique?, 3. How long the Constitution of India took in framing?, 4. Who was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly?, Answers:, 1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee., 2. Constituent Assembly of India included the members from all shades of opinion, who did not simply advance their interest but gave principled reasons to other, members., 3. 2 years 11 months and 18 days., 4. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly, Passage 2., Read the passage (NCERT Textbook, page 21) given below carefully and answer, the questions that follow:, ―One likes to ask whether there can be anything new in a Constitution framed at this, hour in the history of the world… The only new things, if there can be any, in a, Constitution framed so late in the day are the variations made to remove the faults, and to accommodate it to the needs of the country.‖, Questions:, 1. Whose words have been referred to here?, 2. What was the main new thing according to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar during the process, of framing the Indian Constitution?, , 12, , 12

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Yogendra kumawat, , Answers:, 1. Here, the words of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar have been referred to., 2. According to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar the only new thing in the new Constitution framed, so late in the day are the variations made to remove the failures and accommodate it, to the needs of India., Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 NCERT Long Answer Type Questions, Question 1., Write the Preamble to the Indian Constitution., Answer:, The Preamble: We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India, into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to, secure to all its citizens: justice, social, economic and political, liberty of thought,, expression, belief, faith and worship., Equality of status and of opportunity, and to promote among them all:, Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the, nation. In our Constituent Assembly, this twenty-sixth day of November 1949, do, hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution., Question 2., What was ‗Objectives Resolution‘? Explain., Answer:, The best summary of the principles that the nationalist movement brought to the, Constituent Assembly is the Objectives Resolution that defines the aims of the, Assembly, moved by Nehru in 1946. It encapsulated the aspirations and values, behind the Constitution:, , , , , , , , , , , , India is an independent, sovereign, republic;, India shall be a Union of erstwhile British Indian territories, Indian States and, other parts outside British India and Indian States as are willing to be a part of, the Union., Territories forming the Union shall be autonomous units and exercise all, powers and functions of the Government and administration, except those, assigned to or vested in the Union;, All people of India shall be guaranteed and secured social, economic and, political justice. Equality of status and opportunities and equality before law and, fundamental- freedom of speech, expression, belief, faith, worship, association, and action-subject to law and public morality., The minorities, backward and tribal areas, depressed and other backward, classes shall be provided adequate safeguards., The land would make full and willing contribution to the promotion of world, peace and welfare of mankind;, All powers and authority of sovereign and independent India and its, constitution shall flow from the people;, 13, , 13

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , The territorial integrity of the Republic and its sovereign rights on land, sea and, air shall be maintained according to justice and law of civilized nations, , Question 3., What are the unique features of Indian Constitution?, Answer:, The unique features of Indian Constitution are as follows:, , , , , , , , , Indian Constitution is written set of rules and regulations and it is the lengthiest, Constitution in the world containing 395 articles, 12 schedules and a book of, more than 250 pages., Indian Constitution has provided to Indian citizens fundamental rights and to, establish a welfare state, directive principles of state policy have also been, generated., By the 42nd Amendment in 1976, some (ten) fundamental duties have also, been added up in the Constitution., Indian Constitution is federal in structure but unitary in spirit., The Indian Constitution is a blend of flexibility and rigidity, i.e. some of the, Articles in Constitution can be amended by simple-majority but some require, 2/3 majority of the parliament and voting in each house as well as to be ratified, by at least half of the state legislatures., , Question 4., Mention the sources of the Indian Constitution along with the feature taken from, these sources., Answer:, The Government of India Act, 1935:, About two-thirds of the Indian Constitution is derived from the Government of India, Act, 1935, , , , , , Provincial autonomy, Parliamentary system, Federal count, Federal system, , British Constitution:, , , , , , , , Parliamentary form of government, The idea of the rule of law, Institution of the speaker and his role, Law-making procedure, Single citizenship, Single integrated judiciary, , United States Constitution:, , , , Charter of Fundamental Rights, Power of judicial review and independence of the judiciary, 14, , 14

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , Preamble to Constitution, , Irish Constitution:, , , , Provided for the guidelines to the state, Included directive principles of state policy, , French Constitution:, , , , Principles of liberty, Principles of equality and fraternity, , Canadian Constitution:, , , , A quasi-federal form of government (a federal system with a strong central, government)., The idea of residual powers., , German Constitution:, , , , Emergency provisions, Indian President‘s powers to impose external or internal emergencies., , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 NCERT Picture-Based Questions, 1. Read the cartoon (NCERT Textbook, page 5) given below and answer the, questions that follow:, , Question:, 15, , 15

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Yogendra kumawat, , Does this always happen in any constitution-making?, Answer:, No, this does not happen in all Constitution-making if the representatives in, Constituent Assembly are elected either directly or indirectly from all sections of, society, the attempt of framing the Constitution would be successful., 2. Read the cartoon (NCERT Textbook, page 7) given below and answer the, questions that follow:, , Questions:, (i) Can you identify what these different groups stand for?, (ii) Who do you think prevailed in this balancing act?, Answers:, (i) The cartoon refers to different religions, cultures, castes and regions having, different preferences, i.e. liberal nationalists and radical nationalists., (ii) Both the songs ‗Jana Gana Mana‘ and ‗Vande Mataram‘ were accepted as, national heritage. The first is our national anthem and the second is our national, song. All the Indians show respect and sing both the songs. Despite so many, diversities of languages customs, cultures, festivals the whole country has the same, respect for national song and the tricolour. They balance the diversity of India., 3. Read the cartoon (NCERT Textbook, page 9) given below and answer the, questions that follow:, , 16, , 16

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Yogendra kumawat, , Questions:, (i)What do these different people stand for?, (ii) Compare the conflict depicted here with that depicted in earlier cartoons for the, European Union and India., Answers:, (i) The cartoon refers to three different ethnic groups in Iraq, i.e. Shiites, Sunnis,, Kurdis. The above groups stand for their own philosophies, ideologies and interests., (ii) The Iraqi people expect to frame a new Constitution and to be accepted by all, ethnic groups of Iraq. In the European Union, the attempt of the people failed but in, India, the same attempt got success., 4. Read the cartoon (NCERT Textbook, page 14) given below and answer the, questions that follow:, , 17, , 17

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Yogendra kumawat, , Questions:, (i) Why does the cartoonist describe the new Iraqi Constitution as the castle of, cards?, (ii) Would this description apply to the Indian Constitution?, Answers:, (i) Because it is being prepared by pro-US. The people as well as the Constituent, Assembly of Iraq is not representing all ethnic groups of the country. Hence, the, Constitution is imposed and will be scattered as a castle of cards., (ii) This description does not apply to the Indian Constitution because:, , , , , Indian Constitution is not imposed on Indians, but it was framed from among, different shades of opinion after a long discussions and debates., It was adopted by people willfully., It is a living document to be amended from time to time at par aspirations of, people., , 18, , 18

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Yogendra kumawat, , Class 11th Political Science, Chapter 2. Rights in the Indian Constitution, January 10, 2021 by Yogendra sir…, , Question 1., Write true or false against each of these statements:, (a) A Bill of Rights lays down the rights enjoyed by the people of a country., (b) A Bill of Rights protects the liberties of an individual., (c) Every country of the world has a Bill of Rights., (d) The Constitution guarantees remedy against violation of Rights., Answer:, (a) True, (b) True, (c) False, (d) True, Question 2., Which of the following is the best description of Fundamental Rights?, (а) All the rights an individual should have., (b) All the rights given to citizens by law., (c) The rights given and protected by the Constitution., (d) The rights given by the Constitution that cannot ever be restricted., Answer:, (c) The rights given and protected by the Constitution., Question 3., Read the following situations. Which Fundamental Right is being used or, violated in each case and how?, (a) Overweight male cabin crew are allowed to get promotion in the national airlines, but their women colleagues who gain weight are penalised., (b) A director makes a documentary film that criticises the policies of the, government., (c) People displaced by a big dam take out a rally demanding rehabilitation., (d) Andhra society runs Telugu medium schools outside Andhra Pradesh., Answer:, (a) In this situation, Right to Equality is being violated on the ground of discrimination, whereas nobody should be discriminated under the Right to Equality on behalf of, Caste, Sex, Religion, Race, etc., (b) In the second situation the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression is being, used., (c) People displaced by a big dam take out a rally demanding rehabilitation. Though, our Constitution grants right to reside and settle in any part of India in the Right to, Freedom. But people have Right to Freedom of speech and expression also. In this, case, the government can impose some restrictions to maintain law and order., (d) This case refers to the rights of linguistic minorities to set up their own, 19, , 19

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Yogendra kumawat, , educational institutions to preserve their culture. Hence, Andhra Pradesh can enjoy, the right to run Telugu medium schools outside Andhra Pradesh., Question 4., Which of the following is a correct interpretation of the Cultural and, Educational Rights?, (a) Only children belonging to the minority group that has opened educational, institution can study there., (b) Government schools must ensure that children of the minority group will be, introduced to their belief and culture., (c) Linguistic and religious minorities can open schools for their children and keep it, reserved for them., (d) Linguistic and religious minorities can demand that their children must not study, in any educational institution except those managed by their own community., Answer:, (c) The statement of the above options is the correct interpretation because:, , , , Article 29(i) protects the interest of minorities in India to preserve their own languages,, script and culture., Article 30 provides that all minorities shall have the right to establish and administer, educational institutions of their choice., , Question 5., Which of the following is a violation of Fundamental Rights and why?, (a) Not paying minimum wages, (b) Banning of a book, (c) Banning of loudspeakers after 9 pm., (d) Making a speech, Answer:, (a) Not paying minimum wages is a violation of Fundamental Right because:, , , , , This act comes under Right against Exploitation., Begar, forced labour, bonded labour or not paying minimum wages come under the, Right against Exploitation., It has now been declared a crime and a punishable offence., , Question 6., An activist working among the poor says that the poor don‟t need, Fundamental Rights. What they need are Directive Principles to be made, legally binding. Do you agree with this? Give your reasons., Answer:, The most basic necessities of poor people are food, cloth and shelter. Hence, we, can say that the activist is partly correct in saying that the poor don‘t need, Fundamental Right., Directive principles contain various non-justicable rights on which livelihood of poor, depends:, , , , Right to adequate livelihood., Equal pay for equal work., 20, , 20

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , , Right against economic exploitation., Right to work., , But, we cannot ignore Fundamental Rights which are important to guarantee the, Right to Life, Employment and Right against Exploitation., Question 7., Several reports show that caste groups previously associated with scavenging, are forced to continue in this job. Those in positions of authority refuse to give, them any other job. Their children are discouraged from pursuing education., Which of their Fundamental Rights are being violated in this instance?, Answer:, In this instance, the following Fundamental Rights are being violated:, , , , , , , Right to Freedom: Under the situation given here the Right to freedom of profession of, an Indian citizen has been violated due to force to continue in their jobs and to be, refused the other jobs., Culture and Educational Rights: The cultural and educational rights are also violated, due to discourage of their children from pursuing education because every child has, the right to get admission to any government or government aided educational, institution., Right to Equality: The Untouchability has also been abolished and everyone has the, right to equal opportunities in employment because all the citizens are equal before, law. Hence, right to equality is also violated., , Question 8., A petition by a human rights group drew attention of the court to the condition, of starvation and hunger in the country. Over five crore tonnes of food grains, was stored in the godowns of the Food Corporation of India. Research shows, that a large number of ration cardholders do not know about the quantity of, food grains they can purchase from fair price shops. It requested the court to, order the government to improve its public distribution system, (a) Which different rights does this case involve? How are these rights interlinked?, (b) Should these rights form part of the right to life?, Answer:, (a) This case involves the following rights:, , , , , , , Right to Equality where everybody is equal before law and enjoys equal protection of, law. This case refers that a large number of ration card holders do not know about, quality of food grains from ration shops., Right against exploitation due to ration shop owners exploit these ignorant people who, are not having equal protection of law., Right to life due to some of the people do not have knowledge about how much, quantity can be purchased from ration shops, hence may starve in want of food., Right to Constitutional Remedies is also involved because human rights group drew, attention of the court to condition of saturation and hunger in the country., , (b) Yes, all these rights should form the part of the right to life., , 21, , 21

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Yogendra kumawat, , Question 9., Read the statement by Somnath Lahiri in the Constituent Assembly quoted in, this chapter. Do you agree with him? If yes, give instances to prove it. If not,, give arguments against his position., Answer:, After reading Somnath Lahiri‘s statement (on page 36 NCERT Textbook). We agree, with Lahiri‘s views because a police constable vigil over unlawful activities to, maintain law and order into the society. Maximum fundamental rights work under this, framework only as if, these are violated and requires remedial order by the court, later on. These rights do not include:, , , , , , Right to adequate livelihood, Equal pay for equal work, Right to work, Right against Economic Exploitation, , These are substantive to human life and should be incorporated as fundamental, rights of people., Question 10., Which of the Fundamental Rights is in your opinion the most important right?, Summarise its provisions and give arguments to show why it is most, important., Answer:, In my opinion, the Right to Constitutional Remedies is considered as the ‗heart and, soul‘ of Constitution, hence important, because:, A citizen can approach to the Supreme court or High court under this right, in case of, violation of any of the fundamental rights., The court can issue some special orders for the enforcement of these fundamental, rights under the title of:, , , , , , , Habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto, Certiorari, , Under the above mentioned writs, the fundamental rights are defendable., , 22, , 22

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Yogendra kumawat, , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 NCERT Extra, Questions Solved, Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 NCERT Very Short Answer Type, Questions, , Question 1., What do you mean by rights?, Answer:, Rights are conditions of social life to be given by society and recognized by the state, to promote welfare of the people., Question 2., What does „duty‟ stand for?, Answer:, Duty is the performance towards others, i.e. towards people, or nation or society, etc., Question 3., What are „Fundamental Rights‟?, Answer:, ‗Fundamental Rights‘ are granted by the Constitution of India to its citizens to be, mandatory for the development and progress of the people., Question 4., Why Fundamental Rights are important?, Answer:, Fundamental Rights are important because:, , , , These Rights ensure all those freedoms which make one‘s life worth living., Fundamental rights provide equality of status and opportunity as well as protect, individuals from any type of exploitation., , Question 5., What does the Right to Equality stand for?, Answer:, Right to Equality stands for:, , , , All citizens of India are equal before law., This is an important right to abolish inequality among people of different castes and, religion as well as between man and woman., , Question 6., Who has the power to amend the Fundamental Rights?, Answer:, The Parliament has the right to amend the Fundamental Right., 23, , 23

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Yogendra kumawat, , Question 7., Why Right to Freedom of Religion is an important right?, Answer:, The Right to Freedom of Religion is important because:, , , , , , Religion is a matter of faith, relates to conscience of a person., Citizens are free to adopt any religion., Citizens can opt any mode of worship as per choice., Citizens are free to manage their own religious affairs., , Question 8., What is the importance of Article 21 of Indian Constitution?, Answer:, Article 21 provides protection of life and personal liberty, i.e. no person shall be, deprived of one‘s life except according to the procedure established by law of India., Question 9., What do you mean by „Right to Freedom‟?, Answer:, Right to Freedom implies:, , , , , , Freedom of speech and expression., To assemble peacefully and without arms., To form associations and unions., To move freely inside territory of country., , Question 10., What does the „Right to Life‟ stand for?, Answer:, Right to Life stands for:, , , , To live up without fear, injury and external danger., Even the individual himself does not possess the right to take away his own life, i.e. to, commit suicide is also a crime before law., , Question 11., What do you mean by the „Right to Work‟?, Answer:, Right to work includes:, , , , , It is the duty of the state to provide a work to all citizens to earn one‘s own livelihood., There should be efforts to remove unemployment from the society., Every state is responsible to make its citizens mentally and morally fit for struggle of, life., , Question 12., What do the Fundamental Duties refer in Indian Constitution?, Answer:, The Fundamental Duties were inserted in Constitution by 42nd Amendment in 1976:, 24, , 24

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , , To remind its citizens, though they enjoy basic fundamental rights but they are, supposed to observe certain basic norms of democratic conducts and behavior., A set of ten fundamental duties of citizens have been enumerated by the amendment., , Question 13., What are Directive Principles of State Policy?, Answer:, Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines only to the government which are, ‗non-justiciable‘. It implies:, , , , , The goals and objectives that we as a society should adopt., Certain rights that an individual should enjoy apart from Fundamental Rights., Certain policies that the government should adopt., , Question 14., Are there some exceptions to the Right to Equality? Explain., Answer:, Yes, there are two exceptions to the Right to Equality:, , , , Right to Equality refers to making special provisions for women and children, SCs and, STs, OBCs., Right to Equality emphasises not to discriminate against anyone in the matter of, employment but special provisions have been made for the reservation of post for, backward classes., , Question 15., Mention any two discrimination‟s against women in our society., Answer:, , , , Normally women are low paid workers rather than a man as well as women are not, economically independent., Women are illiterate in our society which is the main reason for the backwardness of, women. Mostly parents prefer education of a boy- child rather than a girl-child., , Question 16., Mention the features of the writ of mandamus., Answer:, , , , , This is issued by the Supreme Court to Lower Court, an official or an association., It protects the right of a petitioner and gets some duty done by the authority to whom, writ is issued., The Supreme Court issues the writ to protect fundamental rights but the high court is, empowered to issue it for other purposes also except safeguarding the Rights only., , Question 17. What do you mean by the writ Quo Warranto?, Answer:, , , , Quo warranto issued to an individual who has usurped a public office., It is issued only if there is no other way to come out of grievances., , 25, , 25

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , In reply to Quo warranto the person concerned has to legally prove his right to hold the, office, otherwise the court can get office vacated., , Question 18., Mention the six Fundamental Rights granted by the Constitution of India, alongwith importance of these rights., Answer:, The Constitution of India guarantees six Fundamental Rights as follows:, , , , , , , , , , , Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, Right to Constitutional Remedies These rights are of great importance because:, These rights assure a man for his overall development., Without these rights, one‘s life cannot be made worth living., If these rights are violated, the court is responsible to justice., , Question 19., Which fundamental rights of Constitution protect the interest of minorities?, Answer:, The following Fundamental Rights especially protect the interests of minorities:, Right to Freedom of Religion The minorities have been given the right and freedom, to follow any of the religions as per their choices., Cultural and Educational Right, , , , Minorities have right to protect and preserve their own culture, language, etc., The minorities can establish their own educational institutions for preserving their own, culture., , Question 20., Mention some Fundamental Duties of Indian Citizens., Answer:, In 1976, by 42nd Amendment of the Constitution, ten fundamental duties were, inserted. Some of them are as follows:, i) To safeguard the sovereignty and integrity of the nation., ii) To protect the country and even to serve whenever needed., (iii) To protect and safeguard those great ideals with which we succeeded in the, national struggle., (iv) To abide by the Constitution and to respect its ideals, National flag and National, Anthem., Answer:, (i) The Fundamental Rights are not absolute because some restrictions can be, imposed in the interest of public order, decency or morality., (ii) These rights are justiciable., (iii) The state cannot make a law which may violate the Fundamental Rights., (iv) Some rights are available to all as the Right to Life and personal liberty and, 26, , 26

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Yogendra kumawat, , some rights are available to only citizens as the Right to Freedom of speech and, expression., Question 21., Write a note on “National Human Rights Commission”., Answer:, National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is composed of:, , , , , , A former chief justice of Supreme Court of India., A former Judge of Supreme Court., A former Chief Justice of a High Court., Two other members who have knowledge and practical experience in the matters, relating to human rights., , The commission‘s functions are to receive complaints of:, , , , , , , , Custodial deaths, Custodial rape, Disappearance, Police excesses, Failure in taking action, Indignity to women, , The commission‘s most significant intervention has been in the case of disappeared, youth in Punjab and investigation and trial of Gujarat riot cases. The commission, does not have the power of prosecution, it can merely make recommendations., Question 22., What do you mean by Right to Property and Work?, Answer:, , , , , , , In 1978, by 44th Amendment to the Constitution the ‗Right to Property‘ was removed, from the list of Fundamental Rights and scheduled as a legal right under article 300 A., Right to Property provides citizens with incentives to work to achieve their desired, goals., Property may be immovable like houses, farms or movable like cash, jewellery and, furniture., Right to Work is another right to be possessed by citizens., It is the duty of society to provide every citizen with work, adequate means of, livelihood and reasonable hours of work., , Question 23., “Rights and Duties are interrelated with each other”. Justify the statement., Answer:, Rights and Duties go hand in hand:, , , , Rights help to develop one‘s personality while duties help others to develop their, personalities., We own rights but we owe duties., 27, , 27

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , , Duties are our obligations towards others whereas Rights are other‘s obligations, towards us., Rights are incomplete without duties whereas duties are meaningless without rights., Hence, it can be concluded that Rights and Duties are the two sides of the same coin., , Question 24., Discuss the importance of the Article 16 of the Constitution in reference of, fulfillment of the Right to Equality of opportunity?, Answer:, , , , , , , , Our Constitution mentions Equality of Status and Equality of Opportunity., The government is supposed to implement special schemes and measures to improve, the conditions of certain sections of society., There is provision for reservations in jobs and admissions for children, women and, socially and educationally backward classes despite we follow the principle of equality., Article 16 (4): explicitly clarifies that a policy of reservation will not be seen as a, violation of Right to Equality. If we try to find out the spirit of Constitution this is, required for the fulfillment of the Right to Equality of opportunity., Article 16 (4): nothing in this article shall prevent the state from making any provision, for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens, which, in the opinion of State, is not adequately represented in the services under the, State., , Question 25., What do you mean by Right against Exploitation?, Answer:, , , , , , The Constitution prohibits ‗traffic‘, i.e. selling, letting or disposing of men and women, like goods, especially women and girl for immoral purposes., The Constitution prohibits Begar or bonded labour, i.e. to make a person to work, against his will and not to pay him genuine wages also., No child under the age of 14 years shall be employed in any factory or hazardous, work., Children are the asset of a nation, hence they should be protected from abuse and, exploitation., , 28, , 28

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Yogendra kumawat, , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 NCERT Passage-Based Questions, Passage 1., Read the passage (NCERT Textbook, page 29) given below carefully and, answer the questions that follow:, Bill of rights in the South African Constitution The South African Constitution was, inaugurated in December 1996. Its creation and promulgation took place at a time, when South Africa still faced the threat of a civil war after the dissolution of the, Apartheid government. The South African Constitution says that its ―Bill of Rights is a, cornerstone of democracy in South Africa‖. It forbids discrimination on the grounds of, ―race, gender, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour, age,, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language and birth‖. It grants perhaps, the most extensive range of rights to the citizens. A special constitutional court, enforces the rights enshrined in the constitution., Some of the Rights included in the constitution of South Africa include:, , , , , , , , , , , , Right to Dignity, Right to Privacy, Right to fair labour practices, Right to healthy environment and right to protection of environment, Right to adequate housing, Right to health care, food, water and social security, Children‘s rights ., Right to basic and higher education, Right of cultural, religious and linguistic communities, Right to information, , Questions:, 1. Which rights are common between Constitution of Indian and South Africa?, 2. Which rights are available in South Africa but not in India?, 3. Mention the rights which are clearly granted in South Africa but implicit in, the Indian Constitution., Answers:, 1. Right to dignity, Right to fair labour practices., Children‘s rights, Right to basic education, Right to cultural, religious and linguistic communities, Right to information, 2. Right to privacy, Right to healthy environment and right to protection of environment., Right to adequate housing, Right to health care, food, water and social securityRight to higher education., 3. Right to dignity, Right to privacy, Right to fair labour practices, 29, , 29

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Yogendra kumawat, , Right to healthy environment and right and protection of environment,, Children‘s rights., Passage 2., Read the passage (NCERT Textbook, page 33) given below carefully and, answer the questions that follow:, You Are The Judge:, You have received a post card from Hadibandhu, who identifies himself as a, ―member of the dalit community‖ in Puri district in Orissa. Men from this community, refused to follow a custom that required them to wash the feet of the groom and, guests of the ‗upper caste‘ during marriage ceremonies. In revenge, four women, from this community were beaten up and another was paraded naked. The post card, writer says ―Our children are educated and they are not willing to do the customary, job of washing the feet of upper caste men, clear the left-overs after the marriage, feast and wash the utensils.‖, Questions:, 1. Does the above mentioned case involve violation of Fundamental Rights?, 2. What would you order the government to do in this case?, 3. Who wrote the letter to judge and what was his identity?, Answers:, 1. Yes, the cases and above involves violation of Fundamental Rights, i.e. Right to, Dignity (Honour) is being violated., 2. As a judge, I would order the government to conduct inquiry through CBI or, magistrate or Human Rights Commission and to punish properly as per the law., 3. ―Hadibandhu‖ who identified himself as the ―member of dalit community‖ wrote, letter to judge., Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 NCERT Long Answer Type Questions, Question 1., ―The Right to Freedom is a cluster of several rights‖. Explain., Answer:, The Right to Freedom guarantees various freedoms to the citizens of India:, , , , , , , Freedom of Speech and Expression:Every citizen of India enjoys the Right to Freedom, of Speech and Expression of his views/ideas freely either orally or in written form., Freedom to form Unions and Associations:Citizens of India enjoy the freedom to form, unions or associations to safeguard the interests to secure justice and equal, opportunities., Freedom to Assemble Peacefully: Citizens of India can assemble at a place peacefully, without arms to interact with each other., Freedom to reside in any part of India: Indian citizen may reside in any part of India, which may be limited only for the sake of public order., 30, , 30

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , , , Freedom to move freely within the territory of India: Citizens of India are free to move, freely within the territory of India subject to the restrictions imposed in the interest of, public order or to safeguard the interest of ST‘s., Freedom to Practice any Profession or Occupation: Every citizen has the freedom to, choose one‘s profession as per choice as well as enjoy the right to change the, profession according to will and circumstances., , Question 2., What are the provisions of the Right to Equality?, Answer:, ‗Right to Equality‘ refers that all citizens of India are equal before law, not to be, discriminated on the grounds of caste, colour, religion, language, race, sex or place, of birth, etc., Right to Equality has been included under Articles 14 to 18 of Indian Constitution:, , , , , , , , , , Article 14: Guarantees equality before law and equal protection of law to persons, living within territory of India without any discrimination on the ground of caste, colour,, race, religion, language, sex, etc., Article 15: Guarantees social equalities, i.e. no discrimination on any ground as well as, equal access of each and every person to the public places and facilities. And state, cannot be prevented from making any special provision for women and children., Article 16: Guarantees equal opportunities for all citizens in the matters of employment, or appointment to any office under the state without any discrimination means, employment and appointments should be on the basis of merit., Article 17: Abolishes untouchability and its practices in any of the form are also, forbidden., Article 18: Abolishes titles except the degrees and titles concerned with military and, education. Even foreigners who are serving in India are not entitled to receive any title, from foreign government without the consent of the President of India., , Question 3., Mention the Fundamental Duties of a Citizen in Constitution of India., Answer:, By the 42nd Amendment in 1976, ten Fundamental Duties of Citizens of India were, incorporated under Article 51A of the Constitution of India:, , , , , , , , , , , , To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, national flag, and, national anthem., To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for, freedom., To uphold and protect sovereignty, unity and integrity of India., To defend the country and render national services whenever required., To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of, India and to renounce those practices which seem to be indignified towards women., To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture., To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and, wildlife as well as to have compassion towards all living creatures., To safeguard public property., To develop scientific temper and the spirit of inquiry and reform., To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual or collective activities to reach, the nation to the higher levels of endeavours and achievements., , 31, , 31

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Yogendra kumawat, , Question 4., Throw some light on the relationship between the Fundamental Rights and, Directive Principles of State Policy., Answer:, The Fundamental Rights are guaranteed to the individuals but the Directive, Principles are the instructions to the State:, , , , , , , , , The Fundamental Rights are justiciable means in case of their violation, it can be, challenged either in the High Court or Supreme Court that, oars a duty to safeguard, the rights.Whereas Directive Principles of State Policy are not justiciable, these are, only to remind to central and state governments about their duties., Fundamental Rights are directly concerned with each and every individual whereas, Directive Principles of State Policy are directly concerned with the State only, where a, State is expected to implement and also to achieve the goal of Welfare State., Fundamental Rights may be suspended during the case of emergency by the, President including the Right to Constitutional Remedies also whereas Directive, Principles of State Policy cannot be suspended even during these circumstances., Fundamental Rights concern with the overall development of an individual whereas, Directive Principles of State Policy concern with society as a whole which have been, mentioned in Article 38 to create a society by the State where all enjoy social and, economic justice., , Question 5., What is the importance of the Right to Constitutional Remedies? Explain., Answer:, ‗Right to Constitutional Remedies‘ is the ‗Heart and Soul‘ of Indian Constitution to, protect the rest of the Fundamental Rights of the Citizens under Article 32 and 226., This right contains various writs to be issued by the Supreme Court and High Court, from time to time:, The Writ of Habeas Corpus:, , , , The Court orders that the arrested person should be presented before it., Court can order to set free an arrested person if the grounds of arrest are unlawful., , Mandamus:, , , , When the court finds that the particular office holder is not performing legal duty., Thereby, he is infringing on the right of an individual., , Prohibition:, , , , It is issued by a higher court to a lower court on considering a case to go beyond its, jurisdiction., Higher court orders to stop the proceedings of certain case., , Quo Warranto:, , , , If the court finds that a person is holding office but is not entitled to hold that office., This restricts that person from acting as an office holder., , 32, , 32

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Yogendra kumawat, , Certiorari:, , , The Court orders a lower court or another authority to transfer a matter pending before, it to the higher authority or court., , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 NCERT Picture-Based Questions, Study the picture (NCERT Textbook, page 37) given below and answer the, questions that follow, , Questions:, 1. Name the Fundamental Rights whose violation is depicted in this, photograph., 2. What is the provision under Right against Exploitation regarding the same, picture?, 3. Name any other form of exploitation mentioned under the Right against, Exploitation except mentioned above., Answers:, 1. Right against Exploitation., 2. The Constitution forbids employment of children below the age of 14 years in, dangerous jobs like factories and mines alongwith making child labour illegal., 3. Begar or bonded labour or forced labour or ‗Trafficking‘ of human beings,, especially women and girls are the other forms of exploitation mentioned under the, Right against Exploitation., , 33, , 33

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Yogendra kumawat, , Class 11th Political Science, Chapter 3. Election and Representation, January 31, 2021 by Yogendra sir…, , Question 1., Which of the following resembles most a direct democracy?, (a) Discussions in a family meeting., (b) Election of the class monitor., (c) Choice of a candidate by a political party., (d) Decisions taken by the Gram Sabha., (e) Opinion polls conducted by the media, Answer:, (d) Decisions taken by the Gram Sabha., Question 2., Which of the following tasks are not performed by the Election Commission?, (a) Preparing the Electoral Rolls., (b) Nominating the candidates., (c) Setting up polling booths., (id) Implementing the model code of conduct., (e) Supervising the Panchayat elections., Answer:, (e) Supervising the Panchayat elections., Question 3., Which of the following is common to the method of election of the members of Rajya, Sabha and Lok Sabha?, (a) Every citizen above the age of 18 is an eligible voter., (b) Voter can give preference order for different candidates., (c) Every vote has equal value., (d) The winner must get more than half the votes., Answer:, (a) Every citizen above the age of 18 is an eligible voter., Question 4., In the First Past the Post System, that candidate is declared winner who:, (a) Secures the largest number of postal ballots., (b) Belongs to the party that has highest number of votes in the country., (c) Has more votes than any other candidate in the constituency., (d) Attains first position by securing more than 50% votes., Answer:, (c) Has more votes than any other candidate in the constituency., Question 5., What is the difference between the system of reservation of constituencies and the, system of separate electorate? Why did the Constitution makers reject the latter?, Answer:, There is much difference between the system of reservation of constituencies and system of, separate electorate:, Separate electorate system:, , , It has been a curse to India., , 34, , 34

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , , , The British started this system to divide votes between the Sikhs, the Muslims, and, some other minorities., These groups elected their own representatives by separate vote., In separate electorate system, the candidates are elected by those voters, who belong, to that particular community., , System of reservation of constituencies:, , , , , All voters are eligible to vote., Candidate must belong to a particular community for which seat is reserved., The constitution provides the reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha and the State, Legislative Assemblies. The constitution-makers rejected the latter because they were, aware that the system of separate electorate destroyed the spirit of national, integration., , Question 6., Which of the following statements are incorrect? Identify and correct them by, substituting, adding or rearranging only one word or phrase., (a) FPTP system is followed for all the elections in India., (b) Election Commission does not supervise PanChayat and Municipal elections., (c) President of India cannot remove an Election Commissioner., (d) Appointment of more than one Election Commissioner in the Election Commission is, mandatory., Answer:, (a) This is incorrect, the correct statement is FPTP system is followed for all elections in, India except election of the President, the Vice President and for the elections to the Rajya, Sabha and the Vidhan Parishad., (b) This is correct statement, (c) This is incorrect because the President can remove an Election Commissioner., (d) This is also incorrect. The correct statement is the appointment of more than one Election, Commissioner is not mandatory., Question 7., Indian electoral system aims at ensuring representation of socially disadvantaged, sections. However, we are yet to have even 10 per cent women members in our, legislatures. What measures would you suggest to improve the situation?, Answer:, The Indian Constitution provides the reservation for SC‘s and ST‘s in our legislative‘s. But it, lacks the similar reservation for disadvantaged groups. As there should be some more, reservation for women through the constitutional amendment, which should not only be a, proposal, but also be passed., Question 8., Here are some wishes expressed in a conference to discuss a constitution for a new, country. Write against each of these whether FPTP or Proportional Representation, system is more suited to meet each of these wishes., (a) People should clearly know who is their representative so that they can hold him or her, personally accountable., (b) We have small linguistic minorities who are spread all over the country; we should ensure, fair representation to them., (c) There should be no discrepancy between votes and seats for different parties., (d) People should be able to elect a good candidate even if they do not like his or her, political party., 35, , 35

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Yogendra kumawat, , Answer:, (a) FPTP, (b) Proportional Representation, (c) Proportional Representation, (d) FPTP, Question 9., A former Chief Election Commissioner joined a political party and contested, elections. There are various views on this issue. One view is that a former Election, Commissioner is an independent citizen and has a right to join any political party and, to contest election. According to the other view, leaving this possibility open can, affect the impartiality of the Election Commission. So, former Election Commissioners, must not be allowed to contest any elections. Which position do you agree with and, why?, Answer:, Election Commission of India is a constitutional independent body set for conducting, elections of the Union Parliament, the state Legislative Assembly, President and Vice, President under the Article 324(i) of India Constitution. The Election Commission is an, impartial agency to conduct free and fair elections in country. Hence, Election Commissioner, must not be allowed to contest any election because it can affect the impartiality of the, Commission., Question 10., “Indian democracy is now ready to shift from a crude First Past the Post system to a, system of Proportional Representation”. Do you agree with this statement? Give your, reasons for or against this statement., Answer:, Yes, I agree with the statement along with the following reasons:, , , , , , , , India enjoys a multi-party system including regional parties, hence to provide the, shape to all the political parties, the proportional system is far better., Decentralization of power strengthens the sense of responsibility along with national, unity and integrity., Representation democracy makes the democracy more effective and trustworthy., It ensures the political parties to get seats along with proportionate votes., The election system has allowed the voters to change governments peacefully both at, the state and the national level., Voters have consistently keen interest to the election process. Hence, the number of, candidates and parties are continuously on rise., , 36, , 36

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Yogendra kumawat, , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 NCERT, Extra Questions Solved, Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 NCERT Very Short Answer Type Questions, Question 1., What is Democracy?, Answer:, Democracy is a type of government of the people, for the people and by the people., Question 2., What is meant by a direct democracy?, Answer:, In direct democracy, the citizens directly participate in day-to-day decision making and in the, running of the government. Example – Greece., Question 3., What do you mean by Universal Adult Franchise?, Answer:, All adult citizens of a country above maturity age are entitled to enjoy the right to vote, without any discrimination, known as Universal Adult Franchise., Question 4., What does FPTP and PR stand for?, Answer:, FPTP: First Past the Post System., PR: Proportional Representation., Question 5., Mention the amendment made in constitution of India in 1989., Answer:, It reduced the eligibility age of Universal Adult Franchise from 21 to 18.(61st C.A.1989 Article, 326), Question 6., What do you mean by Election System?, Answer:, Election system is a medium to elect the representatives especially in indirect democracy to, form the government. The representatives are elected by the people to act in accordance, with the wishes of the people., Question 7., What is electoral behavior?, Answer:, Through elections people participate in election process to determine who will hold power., Hence, elections are visible expression of public interest which is determined by individual‘s, own reasons and perceptions as well as his being a part of a group. Electoral behavior, depends on both short term and long term influences., , 37, , 37

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Yogendra kumawat, , Question 8., What is Direct Method of Election?, Answer:, In Direct Method of Election:, , , , , , A voter participates in election directly., A voter casts his vote to a candidate of one‘s own choice., Secret method of ballot is used., Elected representatives hold the rein of government of the country., , Question 9., What is an Indirect Method of Election?, Answer:, In Indirect Method of Election:, , , , , Voters do not elect the representatives directly., Voters elect intermediary electors who are collectively known as Electoral College., Electoral college elects the representatives to the legislative assemblies., , Question 10., What do you understand by Simple Majority Representation System?, Answer:, The Simple Majority Representation System declares the candidate elected who secures, votes more than others. In this system to secure absolute majority is not necessary. In this, system in the case of multi-cornered contests, candidate even with less than 50% votes is, elected., Question 11., What is Political Minority?, Answer:, Political Minority refers to the opposition party. After elections, the party who gets majority, forms the government and other parties who do not get majority become opposition parties, and known as political minority who enjoys the right to convert themselves into political, majority democratic methods., Question 12., Mention the shortcomings of the Simple Majority System of Elections., Answer:, Simple Majority System of Elections declares the candidate to be winner even in the case of, not getting an absolute majority or if even more than 50% voters do not like the candidate., Question 13., Define Secret Ballot system., Answer:, Secret Ballot system refers to the secret ballot-when everyone chooses one‘s own candidate, in secret as well as does not disclose one‘s choice also, so that others could not pressurize, the one., Question 14., What are Mid-term Elections?, Answer:, Mid-Term Elections refer to elections held before the expiry of the term of Lok Sabha or, 38, , 38

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Yogendra kumawat, , State Legislative Assembly due to some reasons or the other or if Lok Sabha or state, Legislative Assemblies are dissolved by the President or Governor before expiry of the terms, of Lok Sabha or Legislative Assemblies., Question 15., What do you mean by Bye-election?, Answer:, Bye-election refers to the elections held on creating some sudden reasons which make the, seat vacant, i.e. resignation or the sudden death of the member, etc., Question 16., “Universal Adult Franchise is important in a democracy”. Justify the statement., Answer:, Universal Adult Franchise is important in a democracy for the following reasons:, , , , , , , Right to vote is enjoyed by every adult without any discrimination on any ground., Only lunatics, bankrupts, minors or criminals are deprived of right to vote., The age of adulthood differs from country to country, i.e. 18 years in India, 21 years in, the USA and 23 years in Norway and so on., Everyone is treated equally., This provides political education to the citizens and develop self-respect., , Question 17., What is political participation?, Answer:, , , , , , To elect the representatives or to be elected as a representative., To be a member of executive., To be selected for government post., A steady increase in percentage of voters turnout despite some functions., , Question 18., What is Election Manifesto? Explain., Answer:, Election Manifesto is a document to let the voters know about programmes, policies and, aims of political party to be declared on the eve of elections:, , , , , It clarifies the internal and external policies of the government., People became aware of performance of the political party on winning., People can pressurize even the winning party or the government to work on behalf of, manifesto., , Question 18., What do you mean by the list system?, Answer:, , , , , , Large multi-member constituencies are formed., Many members/representatives are elected from each constituency., Each political party submits a list of as many candidates as are to be elected from, political constituency., The voters vote for the list, which are indivisible to be elected., , 39, , 39

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , , Each candidate has to secure minimum votes fixed by the quota to be obtained by, dividing the total number of votes polled to the party by the quota., The same number of candidates enumerated in the party list from top are declared, successful., , Question 19., How does India ensure the secret ballot?, Answer:, Secret ballot is ensured in India:, , , , , , , , The voter is given a secret ballot paper by the presiding officer of the polling booth., The voter goes behind the curtain to vote to the candidate of one‘s own choice., Now-a-days, EVM‘s (Electronic Voting Machines) are being used in place of ballot, paper., The voter presses the button against the candidate of his/her choice with the symbols, assigned to them., This maintains the complete secrecy because no one else comes to know to whom the, voter has voted., Even the candidate does not come to know who has voted him or not., , Question 20., How does the Election Commission recognize the regional party?, Answer:, The Election Commission lays down the following criterion to recognize the regional parties:, , , , , , The Election Commission declares and decides that which political party stands at, national level or which should stand at regional level., The Election Commission has been empowered to see the popularity of the regional, party in a particular region., The Election Commission checks the organization and membership of the party., The Election Commission looks after either the regional party works under the code of, conduct or not as assigned by the Election Commission., , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 NCERT Passage-Based Questions, Passage 1., Read the passage (NCERT Textbook, page 72) given below carefully and answer the, questions that follows:, No system of election can ever be perfect. And in actual election process, there are bound to, be many flaws and limitations. Any democratic society has to keep searching for, mechanisms to make elections free and fair to the maximum. With the acceptance of adult, suffrage, freedom to contest elections, and the establishment of an independent Election, Commission, India has tried to make its election process free and fair. However, the, experience of the last fifty five years has given rise to many suggestions for reforming our, election system. The Election Commission, political parties, various independent groups,, and many scholars have come up with proposals for electoral reform. Some of these, suggestions are about changing the constitutional provisions., Questions:, 1. What is being referred to in the passage?, 2. What mechanisms have been adopted by India to make free and fair election?, 40, , 40

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Yogendra kumawat, , 3. On what, more emphasis has been given regarding electoral reforms?, Answers:, 1. Passage refers to the electoral reforms required by country., 2. Acceptance of adult suffrage, Freedom to contest election, Establishment of an independent election commission., 3. To change the constitutional provisions, i.e. FPTP should be changed to PR system,, some more reservations should also be ensured and the candidates from criminal, background should be barred from contesting elections, etc., Passage 2., Read the passage (NCERT Textbook, page 70) given below carefully and answer the, questions that follows:, The Election Commission has very limited staff of its own. It conducts the elections with the, help of the administrative machinery. However, once the election process has begun, the, commission has control over the administration as far as election related work is concerned., During the election process, the administrative officers of the State and central governments, are assigned election related duty and in this respect, the Election Commission has full, control over them. The EC can transfer the officers, or stop their transfers; it can take action, against them for failing to act in a non-partisan manner., Questions:, 1. How does the Election Commission conduct the elections?, 2. During election process, who are assigned election related duty?, 3. What are the powers of Election Commission?, Answers:, 1. The Election Commission conducts the election with the help of administrative machinery., 2. The administrative officers of the state and central governments are assigned election, related duty and Election Commission has full control over them., 3. The Election Commission has full control over them., The EC can transfer the officers or stop their transfers., It can take action against them for failing to act in a non-partisan manner., , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 NCERT Long Answer Type Questions, Question 1., Explain the role of Election Commission of India., Answer:, The role of Election Commission can be summarized as follows:, , , , , The Election Commission controls over the election machinery to conduct free and fair, elections as supervises and makes changes if needed in the electoral rules of the, elections., The Election Commission prepares the voters‘ list who enjoy the right to vote as well, as considers objections also to be raised by voters in reference of voters‘ list., 41, , 41

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , , , Election Commission provides the election symbols to the political parties as well as to, independent candidates. As Congress (I) has been assigned the symbol of hand and, lotus has been provided to BJP. The independent candidates are provided symbols on, temporary basis., The Election Commission declares and recognizes the political parties as national or, regional., , Question 2., How does the Election Commission of India ensure its independence?, Answer:, The Election Commission ensures its independence by the following provisions, , , , , , , , Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners and Regional Election, Commissioners are appointed for a fixed term., The Chief Election Commissioner cannot be removed from his office before the expiry, of his term except on the grounds of incapacity and misbehavior only if a resolution to, this effect is passed by both the houses of parliament by a two-third majority., Other Election Commissioners and Regional Election Commissioners can be removed, from the Office only on the recommendations of the Chief Election Commissioner., Salaries and other allowances of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election, Commissioners are to be paid out of consolidated fund of India., Tenure and other service conditions of Chief Election Commissioner and others, are, fixed by the president, but they cannot be changed to their disadvantage during their, term of office., , Question 3., What is the composition of Election Commission of India?, Answer:, , , , , , , , The Election Commission consists of Chief Election Commissioner and the number of, other Election Commissioners may also be fixed by the president from time to time., Thus, the Election Commission may be single member or multi member body. Till, 1989, the Election Commission was a single member body., In 1993, two more Election Commissioners were also appointed and become, multi¬member body since then., The Chief Election Commissioner presides over the Election Commission, but the, other Election Commissioners also enjoy the same power to work mainly on, consensus as a collective body only., The constitution of India has ensured independence of Election Commission and, declared it can important body to conduct free and fair elections., , Question 4., Sometimes criticism has taken place against Universal Adult Suffrage. Explain them., Answer:, Universal Adult Suffrage refers to the right to vote given to all adult citizens without any, distinction of caste, class, colour, creed, language, religion, etc. It has faced some criticisms, also:, , , Right to vote is a special privilege to confer on those who utilize it for the welfare of the, state. Hence, it should be conferred only to the educated persons and illiterate persons, should be debarred from it because they cannot understand who is the best candidate, for the state., , 42, , 42

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , , , , , , The Universal Adult Suffrage establishes the government of fools because fools and, ignorant form the majority in the society which can create some dangerous, consequences in the state., All the people should not be given the right to vote equally and to contest elections as, well because God has not created everybody equal., The right to vote should be extended to those persons only who are competent or, capable of using it because it is a responsibility not the right and a responsibility cannot, be extended to the incompetent persons., The Universal Adult Suffrage leads to corruption because contesting and voting, both, are usually made on the bases of money and muscle power by dominating the poor, the downtrodden people., , Question 5., Suggest some major suggestions for electoral reforms., Answer:, The various committees have worked on electoral reforms, i.e. the Goswami Committee and, Tarkunde Committee, but these have not brought substantial changes in electoral system, and law. It seems that political parties are indifferent to electoral reforms because in some, cases, political parties have neutralized the steps taken by the Election Commission to bring, in some desired changes. It is now widely recognized to preserve and strengthen the, democratic setup a comprehensive agenda of reforms is necessary in system, structure and, processes:, , , , , , , , Criminalization should be checked in politics., Political parties‘ functions should be regulated., Voters‘ participation and awareness should be ensured., Make the election machinery effective and credible., The use of money and muscle power should be stopped., A proportionate share to every class, section and society should also be provided in, the parliament., , Question 6., What is the electoral process in India?, Answer:, The electoral process is performed into different stages under the provisions of, Representation of People Act, 1950 and 1951:, , , , , , , , , , First of all, constituencies are formed in a territorial area from where a candidate, contest election., The nomination papers are filled with the returning officer., The scrutiny is made to check whether the information filled in nomination form, are, correct., After the scrutiny is over, the candidate is given a date for withdrawal., Then Election campaign takes place by various techniques by holding rallies,, meetings, processions, distributing handbills and door-to-door canvassing, etc., The election campaign stops 48 hours earlier before polling is held on the due date., Presiding officers and polling officers supervise the whole polling process. The voters, vote through the secret ballot., After the voting is over, the counting made on a fixed date and time. The candidate, getting highest number of votes, is declared elected., , 43, , 43

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Yogendra kumawat, , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 NCERT Picture-Based Questions, 1. Read the cartoon (NCERT Textbook, page 52) given below and answer the, questions that follow:, , Questions;, 1. They say elections are carnival of democracy. But this cartoon depicts chaos instead. Is, this true of elections always?, 2. Is it good for democracy?, Answers:, 1. No, this is not true of elections always. Generally, maximum elections are conducted, peacefully in a democratic way., 2. It is not good for democracy to conduct elections in chaotic lawlessness. This is harmful to, destroy democracy only because most of the people will not go to the polling booth, themselves, 2. Read the cartoon (NCERT Textbook, page 61) given below and answer the, questions that follow:, , 44, , 44

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Yogendra kumawat, , Questions:, 1. These members of the ruling party are trying to listen to the ‗tiny‘ opposition! Was this the, effect of our electoral system?, 2. What does the cartoon represent?, Answers:, 1. Yes, in the beginning, there was only one political party that dominated in the Lok Sabha, or the Rajya Sabha. The opposition was not so popular to play any role, they were only the, nominated representatives in both the houses of parliament., 2. The cartoon represents the role played by opposition party and the ruling party is making, efforts to hear its voice., 3. Read the cartoon (NCERT Textbook, page 67) given below and answer the, questions that follow:, , Questions:, 1. Why is the Universal Adult Franchise compared to an elephant?, 2. Is it unmanageable?, 3. Or is it like the story in which everyone describes the elephant only by its parts?, Answers:, 1. An elephant is of a giant size and in such a manner, all adult of a country (above 18, years) prepare a very big electoral vote., 2. Yes, it is quiet difficult to manage such a big group, but it is not unmanageable as since, 1952, our election commission has been managing it successfully till date., 3. Yes, in India, such a huge group of adult voters in different areas, belonging to different, castes are described by every political party in different groups or sections or interests., Except elections of Lok Sabha, different elections are conducted by Election Commission in, different phases also., , 45, , 45

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Yogendra kumawat, , 4. Read the cartoon (NCERT Textbook, page 71) given below and answer the, questions that follow:, , 1. The Netaji is afraid of EC. Why do leaders fear the Election Commission?, 2. Is this good for democracy?, Answers, 1. The leaders fear the Election commission because they want to win the election by hook, or crook but the election commission keeps check on them not to try money or muscle power, to win by issuing a code of conduct on them., 2. Yes, this is good for democracy to ensure free and fair elections as Election Commission, enjoys several rights, powers and functions being an autonomous body of country., , 46, , 46

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Yogendra kumawat, , 5. Read the cartoon (NCERT Textbook, page 73) given below and answer the, questions that follow:, , Questions:, 1. What does the cartoon represent?, 2. Should a person accused of a serious crime be barred from contesting an election?, Answers:, 1. The cartoon shows the image of a criminal turned politician facing the public., 2. A person accused of a serious crime should be barred from contesting elections because:, , , , , He or she can threaten the voters and candidates, contesting elections., He or she can use money or muscle power., The group that believes in bullet and not in ballot., , 47, , 47

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Yogendra kumawat, , Class 11th Political Science, Chapter 4. Executive, Feb 18, 2021 by Yogendra sir…, , Questions 1., A parliamentary executive means:, (а) Executive where there is a parliament, (б) Executive elected by the parliament, (c) Where the parliament functions as the Executive, (d) Executive that is dependent on support of the majority in the parliament, Answer:, (d) Executive that is dependent on support of the majority in the parliament., Questions 2., Read this dialogue. Which argument do you agree with? Why?, Amit: Looking at the constitutional provisions, it seems that the President is only a, rubber stamp., Shama: The President appoints the Prime Minister. So, he must have the powers to, remove the Prime Minister as well., Rajesh: We don‘t need a President. After the election, the Parliament can meet and, elect a leader to be the Prime Minister., Answer:, We agree with the dialogue of Shama because the office of the President of India is, the office of respect and nominal supremacy. He is not only a rubber stamp but he, can use his discretionary power at the appointment of the Prime Minister in case of, no single party gets majority. The Council of Ministers is answerable to the people., As soon as the council loses the confidence of the lower house it falls automatically., Hence, no need to remove the Prime Minister by the President., Question 3., Match the following:, I. Works within the particular State in which recruited, , a) Indian Foreign Service, , II. Works in any central government office located either at the, b) State Civil Services, national capital or elsewhere in the country, , III. Works in a particular State to which allotted; can also be sent on, c) All India Services, deputation to the center, , IV. Works in Indian missions abroad, , d) Central Services, , 48, , 48

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Yogendra kumawat, , Ans., , , (b), , , , (c), , , , (d), , , , (a), , Question 4., Identify the ministry which may have released the following news items. Would this, be a ministry of the central government or the State government? Why?, (a) An official release said that in 2004-05, the Tamil Nadu Textbooks Corporation, would release new versions for standards VII, X and XI., (b) A new railway loop line bypassing the crowded Tiruvallur-Chennai section to help, iron-ore exporters. The new line, likely to be about 80 km long, will branch off at, Puttur and then reach Athipattu near the port., (c) The three-member sub-divisional committee formed to verify suicide by farmers, in Ramayampet mandal has found that the two farmers who committed suicide this, month have had economic problems due to the failure of crops., Answer:, (a) This news has been released from the Ministry of Education belonging to the, State Government because Education subject is in the state list and a state can, execute laws on it., (b) This news has been released by the Ministry of Railway and the subject, mentioned in Union List (Central Government)., (c) This news item belongs to Ministry of Agriculture, the subject mentioned in the, state list (State Government)., Question 5., While appointing the Prime Minister, the President selects, (a) Leader of the largest party in the Lok Sabha., (b) Leader of the largest party in the alliance which secures a majority in the Lok, Sabha., (c) The leader of the largest party in the Rajya Sabha., (d) Leader of the alliance or party that has the support of the majority in Lok Sabha., Answer:, (a) Leader of the alliance or party that has the support of the majority in Lok Sabha., Question 6., Read this discussion and say which of these statements applies most to India., Alok: Prime Minister is like a king, he decides everything in our country., Shekhar: Prime Minister is only the ‗first among equals‘, he does not have any, special powers. All ministers and the PM have similar powers., Bobby: Prime Minister has to consider the expectations of the party members and, other supporters of the government. But after all, the Prime Minister has a greater, say in policy making and in choosing the ministers., Answer:, The statement of Bobby applies most to India., , 49, , 49

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Yogendra kumawat, , Question 7., Why do you think is the advice of the Council of Ministers binding on the President?, Give your answer in not more than 100 words., Answer:, The advice of the Council of Ministers is binding on the President because:, , , , , , The President is the formal head of the government in a parliamentary system., Article 74(1) states that there will be a council of ministers as a head to aid and advise, the President., President will act in accordance with such advice by the council., After reconsideration, the President will act in accordance with the advice., , Question 8., The parliamentary system of executive vests many powers in the legislature for, controlling the executive. Why, do you think, is it so necessary to control the, executive?, Answer:, , , , , In a parliamentary system, the Prime Minister is the head of the government alongwith, the President as a nominal head of the government, The executive is responsible to the parliament and holds powers till it enjoys the, confidence of the parliament., It is necessary to ensure the sensitivity towards public expectations and accountability, to the needs and aspirations of the people., , Question 9., It is said that there is too much political interference in the working of the, administrative machinery. It is suggested that there should be more and more, autonomous agencies which do not have to answer to the ministers., (a) Do you think this will make administration more people-friendly?, (b) Do you think this will make administration more efficient?, (c) Does democracy mean full control of elected representatives over the, administration?, Answer:, (a) This will not make administration more friendly to the people., In a democracy, the elected representatives and the ministers are the in-charge of, the government., Hence, the administrative officers cannot act in violation of the policies adopted by, the legislature., The administrative machinery is supposed to be faithful and efficient in policy, formation and implementation., (b) Yes, if there would be autonomous agencies, it will make administration more, efficient., (c) The elected representatives enjoy the right to make the policies but the, administrative officers implement those policies effectively and efficiently. Hence,, democracy does not refer full control of elected representatives over administration., , 50, , 50

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Yogendra kumawat, , Question 10., Write an essay of two hundred words on the proposal to have an elected, administration instead of an appointed administration., Answer:, An elected administration in place of an appointed administration would be harmful, because an elected administration will have instability to implement the different, policies whereas the appointed administration is selected on the basis of merit to, handle the welfare policies of the government in an effective manner alongwith full, knowledge and practical approach of their concerned departments. Hence, the, appointed administration is more efficient and capable to implement and perform the, developmental functions. An appointed administration will also be able to perform the, functions of planning and social welfare., , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Extra Questions, Question 11., Mention two ceremonial executives., Answer:,  Constitutional Monarchy (England),  Parliamentary Republic (India), , Question 12., In which country, we find Semi-Presidential Executive?, Answer:, In Sri-Lanka or France or Russia, Question 13., Mention the tenure of the President of India., Answer:, The tenure of the President of India is five years, he can resign if he likes before the, completion of his term of office., or, The President can be removed from his office through an action of impeachment if, he does not work according to the constitution., Question 14., How is the Vice-President elected in India?, Answer:, The Vice-President is elected by the members of both the Houses of Parliament on, the basis of proportional representation., Question 15., How can a Vice President be removed?, Answer:, A Vice President may be removed from his office by a resolution of Rajya Sabha and, agreed to by the Lok Sabha. But no resolution will be moved for this purpose without, a notice of 14 days., 51, , 51

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Yogendra kumawat, , Question 16., Write down any two powers of the Vice President of India., Answer:, , , , He is the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha., He shall act as acting President in the event of occurrence of vacancy in the office of, president on account of his death, removal or resignation, etc., , Question 17., What do you mean by ‗Council of Ministers‘?, Answer:, Council of Ministers is a constitutional body., , , , , According to Article 74(1), there shall be a council of ministers to aid and advise the, president,, The President shall act on the advice of Prime Minister, the leader of ruling party., The number of members of Council of Ministers shall not exceed 15% of the total, numbers of members of the Lok Sabha determined by 91st Amendment Act of 2003., , Question 18., What is the tenure of Governor?, Answer:, A Governor is appointed for five years, though he can resign earlier also and the, President, too, if he likes, can remove him from his office, as well as he can extend, his tenure also. But the state legislature cannot remove a Governor., Question 19., What do you mean by Executive?, Answer:, Executive is an organ of the Government to enforce the will of the legislature and to, maintain law and order in the society, and runs the administration of the country., Question 20., What is Plural Executive?, Answer:, In a Plural Executive, the authority to direct is exercised not by a single authority but, by a group of persons having co-equal status of authority, e.g. Swiss Federal, Council., Question 21., Who is the real executive in India?, Answer:, The Council of Ministers along with the Prime Minister as a head at the central level, and the Chief Minister alongwith his council of ministers at state level are the real, executives in India., , 52, , 52

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Yogendra kumawat, , Question 22., Mention the classification of Civil Services., Answer:, All India services:, , , , Indian Administrative Services, Indian Police Service, , Central Services:, , , , Indian Foreign Services, Indian Revenue Services, , State Services:, , , Sales Tax Officer, , Question 23., Mention the qualifications for a person to become the President of India., Answer:, , , , , , , He should be a citizen of India., His age should not be less than 35 years., He should be qualified for the membership of the Lok Sabha., He should not hold the office of profit under the Government., He should not be a member of the Parliament or any state legislature and if he is, he, must resign., , Question 24., Mention the classification of the Council of Ministers., Answer:, , , , , Cabinet Ministers are independent heads of their respective department., State Ministers assist the Cabinet Ministers and they are sometimes given, independent charge of some portfolios., Deputy Ministers do not have any independent department but assist either to Cabinet, or State Ministers., , Question 25., What are the merits of a good executive?, Answer:, , , , , To maintain law and order in the country not to let fulfill the evil intentions of anybody., To protect and preserve the national boundaries to protect the country from external, aggression., To avoid financial fluctuations in the country to maintain stability in economy., , 53, , 53

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Yogendra kumawat, , Question 26., What is the relation between the Council of Ministers and Legislative Assembly?, Answer:, , , , , Chief Minister along with his Council of Ministers is the leader of majority party in the, Legislative Assembly., All these ministers participate in the meetings of the legislature, discuss the various, topics and express their opinion on it., The sessions of legislature are called after the will of the Council of Ministers., , Question 27., What is the relation between the Governor and the Legislative Assembly?, Answer:, , , , , , The Governor calls the session of the Legislative Assembly as well as he only may, suspend it or end the session., The Governor can send messages to the Legislative Assembly., He signs all the bills passed by the Legislative Assembly. No bill becomes law, till he, does not sanction it., The Governor can dissolve the Legislative Assembly and call for fresh elections., , Question 28., How is the Governor of a state appointed?, Answer:, The Governor of state is appointed by the President of India on the basis of, qualifications mentioned in our constitution. But, Governor is a nominee of the, central cabinet because the Prime Minister and the other members of his cabinet like, to have a man of confidence on this post., Question 29., Mention the qualifications for a Governor of a state., Answer:, , , , , , , He must be a citizen of India., He must be at least 35 years of age., He must not be a member of the parliament or of any state legislature and if he is, he, must resign., He must not be holding any office of profit at any level of Government., He must not be a lunatic or insolvent., , Question 30., How can the President of India be removed?, Answer:, The President of India is elected for a tenure of five years. He can be removed from, his office by an impeachment only for violation of the constitution. This may be, initiated by either house of parliament and if it is passed by 2/3 majority of the total, membership of the house, then it is sent to the other house. And if the other house, also passes it with the 2/3 majority, only then the President can be removed., , 54, , 54

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Yogendra kumawat, , Question 31., What are the Executive powers of the Governor?, Answer:, , , , , , , The Governor is the head of the state., All the laws are executed in his name and he maintains law and order in the state., All the important officers of the state are appointed by him., He appoints Chief Minister and other ministers also on the advice of the Chief Minister., He also has the power to dismiss the Council of Ministers., , Question 32., In the absence of no single majority party, how is the Chief Minister appointed?, Answer:, The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor. If no single party commands, majority in the Legislative Assembly, the Governor can use his discretion in, appointing the Chief Minister to the person whom he thinks fit to get the support of, the majority in the Legislative Assembly., Example: Appointment of Bhajan Lai, Congress (I) leader, by Governor G.D. Tagore, in 1982 in Haryana., Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Short Answer Type Questions, Question 1., What do you understand by the dominance of executive leadership?, Answer:, In the parliamentary system, the legislature is formed mainly by the elected, representatives because the political party who gets the majority, the leader of that, party is called upon by the President to form the government. The parliament enjoys, many powers even to pass no confidence motion against the Prime Minister and his, Council as well as to remove them from their office. But in fact, the Prime Minister, leads the parliament whenever he wants, can dissolve the Lok Sabha. Hence, it is, considered as dominance of executive leadership., Question 2., Write a short note on the relationship between the President and the Prime Minister., Answer:, , , , , According to the constitution, the appointment of the Prime Minister is made by the, President who calls upon to the leader of majority party to form the government., The President is the constitutional head while the Prime Minister is the real head of the, state., The Prime Minster serves as a link between the President and the Council of, Ministers., , 55, , 55

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Yogendra kumawat, , Question 3., How is the President of India elected?, Answer:, The President of India is elected by the electoral college which consists of:, , , , , , Elected members of both the houses of parliament., Elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the states., The elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of Delhi and Pondicherry have, been authorized to be the part of Electoral College by 70th Amendment of 1992., The President should fulfill all the qualifications also as assigned by the constitution of, India., , Question 4., Distinguish between the Political executive and the Permanent executive., Answer:, , , , , , , Political executives are elected by the people through the process of elections where, permanent executives are appointed by the Government of India on the basis of, merits., The tenure of Political executives depends on the popular election in order to, formulate policy and give direction to administration as long as they command the, support of the electorates whereas the civil servants continue in service till they reach, the age of superannuation., Political executives keep on changing after some duration but the permanent, executives are there to cooperate with whichever leader comes in power by, maintaining political neutrality in the discharge of their official duties., , Question 5., Mention the situations to when a Governor can use his discretionary powers., Answer:, , , , , , , If any party does not get the absolute majority or the winning is unable to choose its, leader, the Governor can appoint chief minister of his own choice., If constitutional machinery fails in the state, the Governor immediately sends the report, to the President and he is not bound to consult with the council of ministers under, such circumstances, he can work independently., If the President declares emergency in the state, the Governor acts as an agent to the, president in place to act in accordance with the advice of council of ministers., If the Governor feels some bills to be contradictory to the Central Government, he can, reserve this bill for the approval of the President., , 56, , 56

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Yogendra kumawat, , Question 6., In what circumstances, the President‘s rule is imposed in a state? What role does, the Governor play during this?, Answer:, Under the following circumstances. President‘s rule is imposed in a state:, , , , If no political party gets the majority and formation of government in the state becomes, quiet impossible then on the advice of the Governor, President‘s rule is imposed., If the President gets information of failing of constitutional machinery in the state. Role, of Governor: When a President‘s rule is imposed, the legislative assembly is dissolved, and all the powers of government come into the hands of the Governor who works as, an agent to the President of India and the legislative powers of the state go into the, hands of parliament., , Question 7., What are the Emergency powers of the President of India?, Answer:, The President of India can declare emergency mainly in the following cases:, , , , , , If the President feels the internal disturbances in the country, external aggression due, to war, an emergency can be proclaimed by the President when parliament has the, authority to form laws and fundamental rights of the citizens are also suspended., If a constitutional machinery fails in any of the state and the state legislative assembly, is dissolved and all the legislative powers of state go into the hands of the parliament., The President can declare a financial emergency also and may decrease the pay and, allowances of government employees., , Question 8., Write a short note on single and plural executive., Answer:, Single Executive: Refers to a person who does not share powers with others as in, USA. In the UK and other parliamentary form of governments, the executive, authority is vested in the cabinet, a plural body but in fact constituting a singular, executive. The British cabinet acts as a unit and goes out of the office together. It, functions under the leadership of Prime Minister., Plural Executive: Refers to directing authority by one single individual for a term but, a group of persons have co-equal authority as the Swiss federal council consisting of, seven Councillors and the chairman of the council is selected only for a term of one, year and is merely the first among equals., Question 9., Do you think that the Presidential form of Government is the most suitable for India?, Justify., Answer:, Sometimes, it is presumed to have presidential form of government to be the most, suitable for India for it is considered to be strong and stable to meet emergencies, effectively. In my opinion parliamentary form of government is the most suitable for, India because the government is responsible to the legislature and the people., Relation between the legislature and the executive makes passing of good laws, possible. Moreover, parliamentary form of government has been working in India for, past long years, hence it is the most suitable for India., 57, , 57

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Yogendra kumawat, , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Passage-Based Questions, Passage 1., Read the passage (Textbook, page 95) given below carefully and answer the, questions that follows:, The Indian bureaucracy today is an enormously complex system. It consists of the, All-India services, State services, employees of the local governments, and technical, and managerial staff running public sector undertakings. Makers of our Constitution, were aware of the importance of the non-partisan and professional bureaucracy., They also wanted the members of the civil services or bureaucracy to be impartially, selected on the basis of merit. So, the Union Public Service Commission has been, entrusted with the task of conducting the process of recruitment of the civil servants, for the government of India. Similar public service commissions are provided for the, States also. Members of the Public Service Commissions are appointed for a fixed, term. Their removal or suspension is subject to a thorough enquiry made by a judge, of the Supreme Court., Questions:, 1. What do you mean by bureaucracy?, 2. What does the Indian bureaucracy consist of?, 3. How are the public servants appointed?, 4. How can the public servants be removed?, Answers:, 1. Bureaucracy stands for the government officers and it includes all the government, servants who hold office on permanent basis till they retire at a fixed age., 2. The Indian bureaucracy consists of the All-India services, state services,, employees of the local governments and technical and managerial staff running, public sector undertaking., 3. The public servants are appointed by the process conducted by Union Public, Service Commission for their recruitment as well as similar public commissions have, also been appointed at the state level also., 4. The public servants are appointed for a fixed term. Their removal or suspension is, subject to a thorough enquiry made by a judge of the Supreme Courts., , 58, , 58

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Yogendra kumawat, , Passage 2., Read the passage (Textbook, pages 86—87) given below carefully and answer the, questions that follows:, The President also has veto power by which he can withhold or refuse to give assent, to Bills (other than Money Bill) passed by the Parliament. Every bill passed by the, Parliament goes to the President for his assent before it becomes a law. The, President can send the bill back to the Parliament asking it to reconsider the bill. This, ―veto‘ power is limited because, if the Parliament passes the same bill again and, sends it back to the President, then, the President has to give assent to that bill., However, there is no mention in the Constitution about the time limit within which the, President must send the bill back for reconsideration. This means that the President, can just keep the bill pending with him without any time limit. This gives the, President an informal power to use the veto in a very effective manner. This is, sometimes referred to as ‗pocket veto‘., Questions:, 1. What is the ‗Veto‘ power of the President?, 2. How a bill can be passed in Parliament and become a law?, 3. What do you mean by a ‗Pocket Veto‘?, Answers:, 1. The ‗Veto‘ Power of the President is a power to withhold or refuse to give his, assent to bills (other than money bill) passed by the Parliament., 2. Every bill passed by the Parliament goes to the President for his assent before it, becomes a law. Though the President can send the bill back to the Parliament, asking it to reconsider the bill., 3. After reconsideration, if the parliament passes the bill again and sends it to the, President, then, the President has to give assent to the bill. However, there is no, mention in the constitution about the time limit within which the President must send, the bill back for reconsideration means the President can just keep the bill pending, with him without any time limit. This gives the President an informal power to use the, veto in a very effective manner. This is sometimes referred to as ‗Pocket Veto‘., , 59, , 59

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Yogendra kumawat, , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Long Answer Type Questions, Question 1., Describe the powers and functions of the President of India., Answer:, The powers of the President can be summarised as follows:, Executive Powers:, , , , , , The President appoints the Prime Minister who is the leader of the majority party and, the other members also on the advice of the Prime Minister., The President appoints the high officials in India, i.e. Governors of the state, Lt., Governors of Union Territories, Attorney General, Controller and Auditor General, the, Chairman and the members of UPSC, the Ambassadors or High Commissioners in, other countries., The President of India is the supreme commander of the Defense forces. The, President can declare war and make peace., , 2. Legislative Powers:, , , , , , , , , The President nominates 12 persons to the Rajya Sabha who are distinguished in the, fields of art, literature, science and social service, as well as he can nominate two, Anglo-Indian members to the Lok Sabha also., The President can summon both the houses, if there are some differences on any bill, issued by the parliament, the joint session might be summoned., The President has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha before completion of its term, and can order for fresh elections, but on the recommendation of the Prime Minister., The President has the power to give his assent to the bill, because no bill passed by, the Parliament can become an Act without the assent of the President. He has no, power to reject the Money Bill passed by the Parliament., The President has the power to issue the ordinances during the intervals of the, sessions of parliament which have the force of laws., , 3. Financial Powers:, , , , , , The President has the duty to place the budget before the beginning of financial year, by the finance minister on behalf of the President., Money bills can be introduced only in the Parliament on the recommendation of the, President., The President has a full control over the contingency fund to spend it according to his, will even prior to the consent of the Parliament., The President has the power to distribute the share of income-tax among the states., , 4. Judicial Powers:, , , , The President has the power to appoint the judges of the Supreme Court and the High, Courts., The President of India has the power to pardon, reprieve or commute the punishment, of any criminal for whom he thinks to deserve pardon., , 60, , 60

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Yogendra kumawat, , Question 2., Describe the powers and functions of the Prime Minister of India., Answer:, , , , , , , , , The Prime Minister forms the Council of Ministers according to the capability of the, ministers, he assigns duty to them., The Prime Minister allocates the department to the ministers and if he does not find, the working satisfactory, can change the departments of the ministers., The Prime Minister presides over the meetings of cabinet, he prepares an agenda for, meetings and controls it., The Prime Minister makes the appointments of state Governors, Ambassadors,, members of UPSC by giving the advice to the President to appoint the same., The Prime Minister works as a link between the President and the Council of, Ministers. No minister can discuss the issues directly with the President without the, permission of the Prime Minister., The Prime Minister leads the cabinet in the Parliament as he explains the policy and, decisions of the cabinet to parliament and if the President requires any information, regarding the functioning of Parliament, he would demand such information from the, Prime Minister only., , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Picture-Based Questions, 1. Read the cartoon (Textbook, page 89) given below and answer the questions, that follow:, , Questions:, 1. What does the cartoon represent?, 2. What message does the cartoon convey?, Answers:, 1. The cartoon represents the Council of Ministers led by the Prime Minister., 2. The cartoon conveys the message that the Prime Minister is the head of the, council of ministers which is sometimes bound by the words of the Prime Minister., , 61, , 61

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Yogendra kumawat, , 2. Read the cartoon (Textbook, page 90) given below and answer the questions, that follow:, , Questions:, 1. Why do people want to be ministers?, 2. This cartoon seems to suggest that it is only for perks and status! Then why is, there competition for some portfolios?, Answers:, 1. The people want to be minister for gaining the advantages of the perks and status., 2. There is competition for some portfolios for better status, more power and for, more extra earning and more importance among people and leaders., , 62, , 62

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Yogendra kumawat, , 3. Read the cartoon (Textbook, page 93) given below and answer the questions, that follow:, , Questions, 1. What does the cartoon represent?, 2. The Chief Minister is not happy after winning the confidence motion! Can you, imagine why this is so?, Answers, 1. The cartoon represents the need of a confidence vote by the members of the, Legislative Assembly for the Chief Minister at the state level., 2. Because after the Chief Minister gets the confidence vote of the members, he is, bound by the limitations set by members in place of the independent decision taken, by himself or he has to make some compromises also to compensate the confidence, vote of members., , 63, , 63

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Yogendra kumawat, , Class 11th Political Science, Chapter 10. The philosophy of the costitution, Feb 27, 2021 by Yogendra sir…, , Question 1., The following are certain laws. Are they connected with any value? If yes, then what, is the underlying value? Give reasons., (a) Both daughters and sons will have share in the family property., (b) There will be different slabs of sales tax on different consumer items., (c) Religious instructions will not be given in any government school., (d) There shall be no begar or forced labour., Answer:, (a) It is connected with the value of ‗social justice‘ under the right to equality, no one, can be discriminated on the ground of colour, race, religion or sex, etc., (b) It is based on the principle of utility of different items only, it comes under, economic justice., (c) It is concerned with the secularism., (d) It also refers to social justice, not to be discriminated on any grounds except, capability., Question 2., Which of the options given below cannot be used to complete the following, statement? Democratic countries need a constitution to:, (i) Check the power of the government., (ii) Protect minorities from majority., (iii) Bring independence from colonial rule., (iv) Ensure that a long-term vision is not lost by momentary passions., (v) Bring social change in peaceful manner., Answer:, (iii) Bring independence from colonial rule., Question 3., The following are different positions about reading and understanding Constituent, Assembly debates., (i) Which of these statements argues that Constituent Assembly debates are relevant, even today? Which statement says that they are not relevant?, (ii) With which of these positions do you agree and why?, , , , , , Common people are too busy in earning livelihood and meeting different, pressures of life. They can‘t understand the legal language of these debates., The conditions and challenges today are different from the time when the, Constitution was made. To read the ideas of Constitution makers and use them, for our new times is trying to bring past in the present, Our ways of understanding the world and the present challenges have not, changed totally. Constituent Assembly debates can provide us reasons why, certain practices are important. In a period when constitutional practices are, being challenged, not knowing the reasons can destroy them., , 64, , 64

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Yogendra kumawat, , Answer:, (i) This statement shows relevancy today., This statement is not relevant today., It states that these are relevant even today., (ii) Yes, I agree because it is necessary to understand and interpret the, variousarticles which contain a lot of legal terms, not to be easily comprehended., Yes, again I agree because the constitution has been amended more than 100 times, till date., Yes, I agree with this position also because the most important challenges have not, been changed still., Question 4., Explain the difference between the Indian Constitution and western ideas in the light, of, (a) Understanding of secularism., (b) Articles 370 and 371., (c) Affirmative action., (d) Universal adult franchise., Answer:, (a) Understanding of secularism:, , , The western ideas of secular states treat religion as a private matter which is, not given either public or official recognition.,  In India, all religions are given equal status to be honoured and the state could, also help the religious communities in the form of educational aid to institutions, run by them., (b) Article 370 and 371:, , , Unlike the constitutional symmetry of American federalism, Indian federalism, has been constitutionally asymmetric.,  The accession of Jammu and Kashmir was based on the commitment to, safeguard its autonomy, which is governed by its own constitution under Article, 370.,  The privileges of special status were accorded to the North-Eastern states, under Article 371(A)., (c) Affirmative action:, , , In reference of America, where the constitution was written in 18th century,, finds itself unable to be accommodated with the values and standard of 21st, century.,  Whereas the constitution makers of India structured the constitution in such a, manner to be amended as per needs and aspirations of society without, violating its basic structure.,  Constitution of India is democratic, liberal, secular and federal, etc. to maintain, unity and integrity of India., (d) Universal adult franchise:, In the western democracies the right to vote has been recently extended to women,, but India exercises this from the very beginning without any discrimination., 65, , 65

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Yogendra kumawat, , Question 5., Which of the following principles of secularism are adopted in the Constitution of, India?, (a) that state will have nothing to do with religion, (b) that state will have close relation with religion, (c) that state can discriminate among religions, (d) that state will recognize rights of religious groups, (e) that state will have limited powers to intervene in affairs of religions, Answer:, (a) that state will have nothing to do with religion, (d) that state will recognize rights of religious groups, (e) that state will have limited powers to intervene in affairs of religions Q6. Match, the, Question 6., Match the following:, (a) Freedom to criticize treatment of widows, (b) Taking decisions in the constituent assembly on, the basis of reason, not self interest, (c) Accepting importance of community in an, individual‘s life, (d) Article 370 and 371, , 1. Substantive achievement, , (e) Unequal rights to women regarding family, property and children, , 5. Attention to requirements of a, particular region, , 2. Procedural achievement, 3. Neglect of gender justice, 4. Liberal individualism, , Answer:, (a)—(2), (b)—(1), (c)—(4), (d)—(5), (e)—(3), Question 7., This discussion was taking place in a class. Read the various arguments and state, which of these do you agree with and why., Jayesh: I still think that our Constitution is only a borrowed document., Saba: Do you mean to sav that there is nothing Indian in it? But is there such a thing, as Indian and western in the case of values and ideas? Take equality between men, and women. What is western about it? And even if it is, should we reject it only, because it is western?, Jayesh: What I mean is that after fighting for independence from the British, did we, not adopt their system of parliamentary government?, Neha: You forget that when we fought the British, we were not against the British as, such, we were against the principle of colonialism. That has nothing to do with, adopting a system of government that we wanted, wherever it came from., Answer:, , , Jayesh senses that there is nothing original in the Constitution of India, because many provisions have been borrowed from the Constitution of other, countries or from Government of India Act, 1935., 66, , 66

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Yogendra kumawat, , , , , , , Saba argues that there are similarity in the case of values and ideas and no, difference is there on equality of men and women. Hence it is not the reason to, reject it., Again Jayesh argued not to follow the British policies after independence., Neha countered him that our national movement was not against the British,, but it was against the principle of colonialism. Hence, we may adopt the, goodness of any entity if it suits us.Conclusion-It may be concluded that there, is nothing wrong in borrowing the provisions from other countries as per, suitability., , Question 8., Why is it said that the making of the Indian Constitution was unrepresentative? Does, that make the Constitution unrepresentative? Give reasons for your answer., Answer:, , , , , , , , , , , , The Constitution of India was framed in November 1946 through indirect, election of its members by provincial legislatures under the provisions of, Cabinet Mission Plan 1946., The Assembly consisted of 389 members out of which 292 were to be elected, from the provinces, 93 were to be nominated from princely states and four, members were to be nominated from Chief Commissioner‘s areas., Each provincial Assembly elected its own members through single transferable, vote system., Due to declaration of partition in June 1947 under Mount batten Plan, this, membership reduced to 299 and finally 28 4 members signed on the, constitution on 26 November, 1949., On August 15, 1947, the Constituent Assembly functioned as a sovereign, entity but it is considered unrepresentative because its members were chosen, by restricted franchise in place of universal suffrage., But Constituent Assembly included the members from each and every section, of society to be represented and on a thorough reading, we may find that no, section is untouched on the various issues and opinions., , Question 9., One of the limitations of the Constitution of India is that it does not adequately attend, to gender justice. What evidence can you give to substantiate this charge? If you, were writing the Constitution today, what provisions would you recommend for, remedying this limitation?, Answer:, On the social conditions, there may be very controversial matters which may need, careful revision:,  Most important issue is gender justice, particularly within the family.,  Women enjoy unequal rights on property inheritance and children.,  Equal pay for equal work for both men and women has been inserted in the, directive principles in place of Fundamental Rights., My recommendation:,  The empowerment of women.,  To make provisions for inheritance of property in favour of women on equal, basis. (Hi) To make provisions for reservations of seats., 67, , 67

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Yogendra kumawat, , Question 10., Do you agree with the statement that ―it is not clear why in a poor developing, country, certain basic socio-economic rights were relegated to the section on, Directive Principles rather than made an integral feature of our Fundamental, Rights‖? Give reasons for your answer. What do you think are the possible reasons, for putting socio-economic rights in the section on Directive Principles?, Answer:, Directive Principles of state policy focus on the need of an egalitarian society:, , , , , , , , , These principles are complementary to fundamental rights because, fundamental rights ensure the political democracy while these principles aim at, social-economic democracy., Fundamental rights are justiciable or protected by law where directive, principles are moral values supposed to be followed by the government., Hence, in a poor country, certain basic social-economic rights were inserted in, directive principles rather than making it in the fundamental rights., Our country was so poor at that time, when it was not possible to give much, pressure on the states for socio-economic moral values., Under Article 37 of Constitution, ―It shall be the duty of the state to apply these, principles in making laws‖., If any government overlooks these, it will lose confidence of people and cannot, remain in power., , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 10 Extra, Questions Solved, Question 1., Which rights are considered as a part of individual freedom?, Answer:, , , , , , Right to life, Equal access to public places, Freedom of speech and expressions, Freedom of religion and faith, , Question 2., What are the main two streams of liberalism of India?, Answer:, , , , Raja Ram Mohan Roy emphasized on individual rights especially for women., Swami Vivekanand emphasized on social justice., , Question 3., What is ‗Secularism‘?, Answer:, Secularism means state honours all the religions on equal basis, , 68, , 68

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Yogendra kumawat, , Question 4., What is meant by ‗mutual exclusion‘ in secularism?, Answer:, Mutual exclusion in secularism means that religion and state must be strictly, separated., Question 5., Why do we need constitution?, Answer:, , , , , , To provide a framework, within which the government has to work., It demarcates between the powers of different organs of government to, minimise the disputes., It controls the misuse of power by government., To safeguard Fundamental Rights of citizens., , Question 6., Write the main features of Constitution of India., Answer:, , , , , , It establishes a sovereign, democratic, republic in India., It establishes a parliamentary form of government (Bi-cameral legislatures)., It provides fundamental rights and fundamental duties of the citizens., It establishes a secular state., , Question 7., ‗India is a union of states‘. Justify the statement., Answer:, India is a union of states in the following sense:, , , , Through the various lists union, state and concurrent lists, the powers have, been distributed between the central and state government., The Constitution of India is a written document consisting the details, concerning the union government and state government., , Question 8., Mention four ideals to be embodied in the preamble of constitution., Answer:, , , , , , Every citizen of India will have social, political and economic justice., Every citizen will have the liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and, worship., Every citizen will be provided equality of status and opportunity., Fraternity to assure dignity of the individual and integrity of the nation., , 69, , 69

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Yogendra kumawat, , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 10 Short Answer Type Questions, Question 1., Is India a secular state? Why do we need a secular country in modern times?, Answer:, Yes, India is a secular state because:, , , , , India has no religion of its own., Under Article 25 to 28, the right to freedom of religion has been granted to all, the persons residing in India., All persons in India are equally free to progress, practicise or propagate the, religion of their own choices., , Secular state is must in modern times because:, , , , , It opposes to intra-religious domination., To value peace, religion and state must be kept separate., It promotes freedom within religions., , Question 2., How can we say that the Constitution of India pays equal respect to different, communities?, Answer:, Every community wants to dominate the other community if they are not given an, equal relationship by the state:, , , , , It was a great challenge before the constitution-makers to foster a sense of, equal respect in the conditions of hierarchy or intense rivalry., India is a land of multiple cultural communities to ensure community-based, right to be mandatory., Hence, fundamental rights of religious communities to establish and run their, own educational institutions as well as to receive money from the government, for the same., , Question 3., Mention some unique feature of Constitution of India., Answer:, , , , , , , , It is the written and lengthiest one to have 395 Articles and 12 schedules., It is federal in form but unitary in spirit., Constitution of India has a provision of six fundamental rights to ensure political, democracy., It has provisions for directive principles of state policy also to ensure socioeconomic justice., It is a blend of flexibility and rigidity both to be amended from time to time., By 42nd amendment 10 fundamental duties have also been inserted., , 70, , 70

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Yogendra kumawat, , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 10 Passage Based Questions, Passage 1., Read the passage (Textbook, page 227) given below carefully and answer the, questions that follow:, The liberalism of the Indian Constitution differs from this version in two ways. First, it, was always linked to social justice. The best example of this is the provision for, reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Constitution. The, makers of the Constitution believed that the mere granting of the right to equality was, not enough to overcome age-old injustices suffered by these groups or to give real, meaning to their right to vote. Special constitutional measures were required to, advance their interests. Therefore, the constitution-makers provided a number of, special measures to protect the interests of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, such as the reservation of seats in legislatures. The Constitution also made it, possible for the government to reserve public sector jobs for these groups., Questions:, 1. How is the liberalism of the Indian Constitution differed?, 2. Who has been given the reservation by the Constitution?, 3. What other provision was also made for these groups to protect their interests?, Answers:, 1. Because it is linked to social justice., 2. The SC‘s and ST‘s., 3. To reserve public sector jobs for these groups., Passage 2., Read the passage (Textbook, page 226) given below carefully and answer the, questions that follow:, It is not surprising therefore that freedom of expression is an integral part of the, Indian Constitution. So is the freedom from arbitrary arrest. After all, the infamous, Rowlatt Act, which the national movement opposed so vehemently, sought to deny, this basic freedom. These and other individual freedoms such as freedom of, conscience are part of the liberal ideology. On this basis, we can say that the Indian, Constitution has a pretty strong liberal character. In the chapter on fundamental, rights we have already seen how the Constitution values individual freedom. It might, be recalled that for over forty years before the adoption of the Constitution, every, single resolution, scheme, bill and report of the Indian National Congress mentioned, individual rights, not just in passing but as a non-negotiable value., Questions:, 1. What is an integral part of constitution?, 2. Which act denied the freedom of expression?, 3. Which were the non-negotiable values as per Indian national congress?, 71, , 71

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Yogendra kumawat, , Answers:, 1. Freedom of Expression., 2. The Rowlatt Act (1919), 3. Individual rights only., Class 11 Political Science Chapter 10 Long Answer Type Questions, Question 1., Define duty. What are the fundamental duties given in the Constitution of India?, Answer:, Duty is a positive or negative work that one is assigned to do either one likes or not., Hence 10 fundamental duties have been inserted in the Constitution of India:, , , To obtain by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, i.e. National, Flag and National Anthem., , , , To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired national struggle for, freedom. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of nation., , , , To defend the country and national service to be rendered if required., , , , To promote harmony and the spirit of brotherhood and to renounce practices, derogatory to women., , , , To value and preserve the rich heritage of India., , , , To protect and improve the natural environment and have compassion for living, creatures., , , , To develop scientific temper, humanism and spirit of inquiry and reform., , , , To safeguard public property and to adjure violence., , , , To strive towards excellence to rise the nation at the constant highest level of, achievements., , 72, , 72

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Yogendra kumawat, , Class 11 Political Science Chapter 10 Picture-Based Questions, 1. Read the cartoon (Textbook, page 225) given below and answer the, questions that follow:, , Questions:, 1. What does the cartoon represent?, 2. Who is playing the role of ‗Umpire‘?, 3. Why democracy has been referred to as umpire?, Answers:, 1. Cartoon represents the different groups and sections playing together., 2. Democracy is playing the role of ‗Umpire‘., 3. Democracy refers to the involvement of people. Hence everyone has been given, the due representation in the Constitution to avoid conflicts together., , 73, , 73