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22. POLITICAL SCIENCE (Code No. 028), (2020-21), Rationale, At the senior secondary level, students who opt for Political Science are given an opportunity to get, exposed to the diverse concepts of the discipline helping them to be a global citizen and develop skills, to understand, apply and evaluate. At this level, there is a need to enable students to have the skills to, engage with political processes that surround them and provide them with an understanding of the, historical context that has shaped the present. The different courses expose the students to various, streams of the discipline of Political Science: Political Theory, Indian Politics and International, Politics. Concerns of the other two streams - Comparative Politics and Public Administration- are, accommodated at different places in these courses. In introducing these streams, special care has been, taken not to burden the students with the current jargon of the discipline. The basic idea here is to lay, the foundations for a serious engagement with the discipline and develop competencies related to, Political Science to prepare them for higher education, learning and knowledge., Competencies and Outcomes:, 1. Indian Constitution at Work:, 1.1 Competency: Understanding, identifying and analysing the key features, historical, processes and working of the Constitution of India., 1.2 Outcomes: The students will:, 1.2.1 Understand the historical processes and the circumstances in which the, Constitution was drafted., 1.2.2 Be familiar with the diverse perspectives that guided the makers of the Indian, Constitution., 1.2.3 Identify key features of the Constitution and compare these to other, constitutions in the world., 1.2.4 Analyse the working of the Constitution in real life., 2. Political Theory:, 2.1 Competency: Understanding, critically evaluating and applying political theory, 2.2 Outcomes: After the course the students will:, 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.3, , Understand different themes and thinkers associated with the real life., Develop the skills for logical reasoning, Meaningfully participate in the issues and concerns of political life, surrounding them., , 3. Contemporary World Politics:, 3.1 Competency: Understanding, analysing the Contemporary World Politics, 3.2 Outcomes: After the course the students will:, 3.2.1 Understand the contemporary world., 3.2.2 Understand the key political events and processes in the post-cold war era., 3.2.3 Analyse various global institutions, processes and events shaping their lives.
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4. Politics in India after Independence:, 4.1 Competency: Critically evaluate and understand, analyse politics in India after, Independence, 4.2 Outcomes: After the course the students will:, 4.2.1 Understand and analyse constitutional institutions, figures and their working, in the postindependence period; political events, trends, other facts and figures and contribution of eminent, personalities from the post-independence to contemporary India., 4.2.2 Develop their capacity to link political policies and processes with, contemporary realities., 4.2.3 Encourage the students to understand and analyse the challenges for, contemporary India., COURSE CONTENT, Part A: Indian Constitution at Work, 1., , Constitution, , 30 Periods, , Constitution: The Philosophy and Making of the Constitution, Fundamental Rights and Duties,, Directive Principles of State Policy, Constitutional Amendments., 2., , Election and Representation, , 14 Periods, , Elections and Democracy, Election System in India, Electoral Reforms., 3., , Legislature, , 14 Periods, , Why do we need a Parliament? Unicameral/Bicameral Legislature, Functions and Power of, the Parliament, Parliamentary Committees, Parliamentary Officials: Speaker, Deputy, Speaker, Parliamentary Secretary., 4., , Executive, , 12 Periods, , Parliamentary Executive in India: The President, the Prime Minister and the Council of, Ministers. Permanent Executive: Bureaucracy., 5., , Judiciary, , 12 Periods, , Why do we need an Independent Judiciary? Structure and Jurisdiction of the Judiciary, Judicial, Review, Judicial Activism, Judicial Over-reach., 6., , Local Governments, 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, , 4 Periods
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Part B: Political Theory, 7. Political Theory: An Introduction, , 12 Periods, , What is Politics? Politics vs Political Theory, Importance of Political Theory., 8. Liberty, , 12 Periods, , Liberty vs Freedom, Negative and Positive Liberty., 9. Equality, , 12 Periods, , What is Equality? Significance of Equality, Various Dimensions of Equality, How can we, promote Equality?, 10. Justice, , 12 Periods, , What is Justice? Different Dimensions of Justice, Distributive Justice., 11. Rights, , 12 Periods, , What are Rights? History of Rights, Kinds of Rights, Human Rights., , 12. Development, , 12 Periods, Growth vs. Development, Different Models of Development – Welfare State Model, Market, Model,, Developmental Model., , Prescribed Books:, 1. Indian Constitution at Work, Class XI, Published by NCERT, 2. Political Theory, Class XI, Published by NCERT, 3. Uploaded Additional Study Materials, Note: The above textbooks are also available in Hindi and Urdu versions., The weightage of marks over the different paper shall be as follows: 1., , Weightage of Content, , Part A: Indian Constitution at Work
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Units, , Contents, , 1, , Constitution, , 2, , Election and Representation, , Marks, 13, , 12, 3, , The Legislature, , 4, , The Executive, 12, , 5, , The Judiciary, , 6, , Local Governments, , 3, Total, , 40, , Part B: Political Theory, , Units, , Contents, , Marks, , 7, , Political Theory: An Introduction, , 04, , 8, , Liberty, , 9, , Equality, , 10, , Justice, , 11, , Rights, , 15, , 12, , Development, , 6, , 15, , Total, , 40
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Question Paper Design (2020-21), POLITICAL SCIENCE (CODE NO. 028), CLASS XI, TIME: 3 Hours, Max. Marks: 80, S.No, 1, , 2, , 3, , Competencies, Demonstrative Knowledge + Understanding, (Knowledge based simple recall questions, to know, specific facts, terms, concepts, principles or theories,, identify, define, or recite, information), (Comprehension – to be familiar with meaning and, to understand conceptually, interpret, compare,, contrast, explain, paraphrase information), Knowledge / Conceptual Application (Use abstract, information in concrete situation, to apply, knowledge to new situations; use given content to, interpret a situation, provide an example or solve a, problem), Formulation Analysis, Evaluation and Creativity, Analysis & Synthesis- classify, compare, contrast, or, differentiate between different pieces of information;, organize and/or integrate unique pieces of, information from a variety of sources; includes map, interpretation, Total, , Total Marks, , %, Weightage, , 42, , 52.5%, , 18, , 22.5%, , 20, , 25%, , 80, , 100%
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Project work 20 marks., Details of Project Work, 1. The Project work will be of 20 marks., 2. Out of 20 marks, 10 marks are to be allotted to viva voce and 10 marks for project work., 3. For class XI, the evaluation for 20 marks project work should be done by the internal examiner., 4. The project can be individual/pair/group of 4-5 each. The Project can be made on any of the topics, given in the syllabus of a particular class., 5. The suggestive list of activities for project work is as follows: Role Play, Skit, Presentation, Model, Field Survey, Mock Drills/Mock Event etc., 6. The teacher should give enough time for preparation of the Project Work. The topics for Project Work, taken up by the student must be discussed by the teacher in classroom., , Scheme of Options:, Question paper will be in two parts i.e. Part A and Part B. In each part internal choice will be of, 33%., In order to assess different mental abilities of learners, question paper is likely to include, questions based on passages, visuals such as maps, cartoons. No factual question will be asked, on the information given in the plus (+) boxes in the textbooks.
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POLITICAL SCIENCE (Code No., 028) Class XII (2020-21), Time: 3hrs., , Max. Marks: 80, , Part A: Contemporary World Politics, Units, , Contents, , Periods, , Marks, , 1, , Cold War Era and Non–aligned Movement, , 18, , 6, , 2, , The End of Bipolarity, , 18, , 8, , 3, , New Centres of Power, , 16, , 8, , 4, , South Asia and the Contemporary World, , 16, , 6, , 5, , United Nations and its Organizations, , 12, , 6, , 6, , Globalization, , 10, , 6, , 90, , 40, , Periods, , Marks, , Total, Part B: Politics in India Since Independence, Units, , Contents, , 7, , Challenges of Nation-Building, , 20, , 8, , Planned Development, , 04, , 08, 04, , 9, , India's Foreign Policy, , 05, , 04, , 10, , Parties and the Party Systems in India, , 15, , 08, , 11, , Democratic Resurgence, , 15, , 08, , 12, , Indian Politics: Trends and Developments, , 16, , 08, , 75, , 40, , Total
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COURSE CONTENT, Part A: Contemporary World Politics, , 1, , Cold War and Non-aligned Movement, Emergence of two power blocs/Bipolarity, Non-aligned Movement (NAM)., , 18, Periods, , The End of Bipolarity, 2, , Disintegration of Soviet Union, Unipolar World, Middle East Crisis –, Afghanistan, Gulf War, Democratic Politics and Democratization – CIS and, the 21st Century (Arab Spring)., , 18, Periods, , New Centres of Power, 3, , Organizations: European Union, ASEAN, SAARC, BRICS., Nations: Russia, China, Israel, India., , 16, Periods, , South Asia and the Contemporary World, 4, , Conflicts and efforts for Peace and Democratization in South Asia: Pakistan,, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives., , 16, Periods, , United Nations and its Organizations, 5, , Principle Organs, Key Agencies: UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO, ILO, Security, Council and the Need for its Expansion., , 12, Periods, , Globalization, 6, , Globalization: Meaning, Manifestations and Debates., , 10, Periods, , Part B: Politics in India Since Independence, , 7, , Challenges of Nation- Building, •, Nation and Nation Building, •, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel and Integration of States, •, Legacy of Partition: Challenge of Refugee, Resettlement, Kashmir Issue,, Nehru’s Approach to Nation – Building, •, Political Conflicts over Language and Linguistic Organization of States., , 20, Periods
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Planned Development, •, , National Development Council, NITI Aayog., , 8, India's Foreign Policy, •, 9, , 10, , 11, , 12, , Principles of Foreign Policy, India’s Changing Relations with Other, Nations: US, Russia, China, Israel;, , Parties and the Party Systems in India, • Congress System, • Bi-party System, • Multi-party Coalition System., , 04, Periods, 05, Periods, , 15, Periods, , Democratic Resurgence, 15, • Jai Prakash Narayan and Total Revolution, Periods, • Ram Manohar Lohiya and Socialism, • Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya and Integral Humanism, • National Emergency, • Democratic Upsurges– Participation of the Adults, Backwards and Youth., Indian Politics: Trends and Developments, Era of Coalitions: National Front, United Front, United Progressive Alliance, [UPA] – I & II, National Democratic Alliance [NDA] – I, II, III& IV, Issues of, Development and Governance., , Prescribed Books:, 1. Contemporary World Politics, Class XII, Published by NCERT, 2. Politics in India since Independence, Class XII, Published by NCERT, 3. Uploaded Additional Study Material., Note: The above textbooks are also available in Hindi and Urdu versions., , 16, Periods
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POLITICAL SCIENCE (CODE NO. 028), CLASS XII, , S. No, 1, , 2, , 3, , Competencies, Demonstrative Knowledge + Understanding (Knowledge based, simple recall questions, to know specific facts, terms, concepts,, principles or theories, identify, define, or recite, information), (Comprehension – to be familiar with meaning and to understand, conceptually, interpret, compare, contrast, explain, paraphrase, information), Knowledge / Conceptual Application (Use abstract information in, concrete situation, to apply knowledge to new situations; use given, content to interpret a situation, provide an example, or solve a, problem), Formulation Analysis, Evaluation and Creativity Analysis &, Synthesis- classify, compare, contrast, or differentiate between, different pieces of information; organize and/or integrate unique, pieces of information from a variety of sources; includes map, interpretation, Total, , Total Marks, , % Weightage, , 42, , 52.5%, , 18, , 22.5%, , 20, , 25%, , 80, , 100%
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Project Work: 20 Marks, Details of Project Work, 1. The Project work will be implemented for 20 Marks., 2. Out of 20 marks, 10 marks are to be allotted to viva voce and 10 marks for project work., 3. For class XII, the evaluation for 20 marks project work should be done jointly by the internal as well, as the external examiners., 4. The project can be individual/pair/group of 4-5 each. The Project can be made on any of the topics, given in the syllabus of a particular class., 5. The suggestive list of activities for project work is as follows: Role Play, Skit, Presentation, Model, Field Survey, Mock Drills/Mock Event etc., 6. The teacher should give enough time for preparation of the Project Work. The topics for Project Work, taken up by the student must be discussed by the teacher in classroom., , Scheme of Options:, Question paper will be in two parts i.e. Part A and Part B. In each part, internal choice will be of, 33%., In order to assess different mental abilities of learners, question paper is likely to include, questions based on passages, visuals such as maps, cartoons. No factual question will be asked, on the information given in the plus (+) boxes in the textbooks.
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POLITICAL SCIENCE (Code No. 028), (2020-21), Class XI, Paper I: India Constitution at Work, Unit, No., 1, , 2, , 3, , Units, Constitution Why, and How and, Philosophy of the, Constitution, , Rights in the Indian, Constitution, , Election and, Representation, , Old Contents, Constitution: Why and, How, The making of the, Constitution, the, Constituent Assembly,, Procedural Achievements and, Philosophy of the, Constitution., , Proposed, Units, Constitution, , Proposed Contents, Constitution: The, Philosophy and, Making of The, Constitution,, Fundamental Rights, and Duties,, Directive, Principles of State, Policy,, Constitutional, Amendments, , The importance of Rights,, Fundamental Rights in the, Indian Constitution, Directive Merged with Unit 1, Principles of State Policy,, Relationship, Between Fundamental Rights, and Directive Principles., Elections and Democracy,, Election System in India,, Reservation of, Constituencies, Free and, Fair Elections, Electoral, Reforms, , Election and, Representation, , Elections and, Democracy, Election, System in India,, Electoral Reforms.
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4, , The Legislature, , 5, , The Executive, , 6, , The Judiciary, , 7, , Local, Governments, , Why do we need a, Parliament? Two Houses of, Parliament. Functions and, Power of the Parliament,, Legislative, functions,, control over Executive., Parliamentary committees., Self-regulation., , What is an Executive?, Different, Types of, Executive Parliamentary, Executive in India, Prime, Minister and Council of, Ministers. Permanent, Executive: Bureaucracy., , The Legislature, , Why do we need a, Parliament?, Unicameral/Bicameral, Legislature, Functions, and, Powers of the, Parliament,, Parliamentary, Committees,, Parliamentary, Officials:, Speaker, Deputy, Speaker,, Parliamentary, Secretary, , The Executive, , Parliamentary, Executive in, India, the President,, the, Prime Minister and, Council, of Ministers,, Permanent, Executive:, Bureaucracy., , Why, do we need an The Judiciary, Independent Judiciary?, Structure of the Judiciary,, Judicial Activism, Judiciary, and Rights, Judiciary and, Parliament., , Why do we need Local, Governments? Growth of, Local Government in India,, 73rd and 74th, Amendments, implementation, of 73rd and, 74th Amendments., , Local, Governments, , Why do we need an, Independent, Judiciary? Structure, and jurisdiction of the, Judiciary, Judicial, Review, Judicial, Activism, Judicial, Over-reach., 73rd and 74th, Constitutional, Amendments
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Constitution as a, living document, 8, , Are Constitutions static? The, procedure to amend the, Constitution. Why have there, been so many amendments?, Basic Structure and Evolution, of Constitution. Constitution, as a Living Document., , Merged with Unit, 1
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Paper II: Political Theory, Unit, No., , Units, , 9, , Political, Theory: An, Introduction, , 10, , Freedom, , 11, , 12, , Equality, , Social Justice, , 13, , Rights, , 14, , Development, , Old Contents, , Proposed Units, , What is Politics? What, do we study in Political Political Theory:, Theory? Putting, An Introduction, Political Theory to, practice. Why should, we study Political?, Theory?, The Ideal of Freedom., What is Freedom?, Why do we need, constraints? Harm, principle., Significance of, Equality. What is, Equality? Various, dimensions of, Equality. How can we, promote Equality?, What is Justice?, Just Distribution., Justice as fairness., Pursuing Social, Justice., What are Rights?, Where do Rights come, from? Legal Rights, and the State., Kinds of Rights., Rights and, Responsibilities., What is development?, Dominant,, development Model, and alternative, conceptions of, development., , Liberty, , Equality, , Justice, , Rights, , Development, , Proposed Contents, What is Politics? Politics vs, Political Theory, Importance of, Political Theory., , Liberty vs Freedom, Negative, and Positive Liberty., , What is Equality? Significance, of Equality. Various dimensions, of Equality. How can we, promote Equality?, , What is Justice? Different, Dimension of Justice,, Distributive Justice., , What are Rights? History of, Rights, Kinds of Rights, Human, Rights., , Growth vs Development,, Different Models of, Development: Welfare State, Model, Market Model,, Developmental Model.
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Class XII, Paper I: Contemporary World Politics, , Unit No., , Units, Cold War Era, , 1, , The End of, Bipolarity, , 2, , US Hegemony in, World Politics, 3, , Old Contents, , Proposed, Units, , Emergence of two power, blocs after the second, world war. Arenas of the, cold war. Challenges to, Bipolarity: Non-aligned, Movement, quest for, new international, economic order. India, and the cold war., , Cold War and, , New entities in world, politics: Russia, Balkan, states and Central Asian, states, Introduction of, democratic politics and, capitalism in postcommunist regimes., India's relations with, Russia and, Other post-communist, countries., Growth of unilateralism:, Afghanistan, first Gulf, War, response to 9/11 and, attack on Iraq, Dominance, and challenge to the US in, economy and ideology., India's renegotiation of its, relationship with the USA, , Nonaligned, Movement, , The End of, Bipolarity, , Deleted; a part of, this chapter gets, added with, Unit 2, , Proposed, Contents, Emergence of two, power, blocs/Bipolarity,, Non-Aligned, Movement (NAM)., , Disintegration of, Soviet Union,, Unipolar World,, Middle East Crisis, – Afghanistan,, Gulf War,, Democratic, Politics and, Democratization –, CIS and the 21st, Century (Arab, Spring).
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Alternative, Centres of Power, 4, , Contemporary, South Asia in the, Post-Cold War Era, 5, , Rise of China as an, economic power in postMao era, creation and, expansion of European, Union, ASEAN. India's, changing relations with, China., Democratisation, in, Pakistan and Nepal., Ethnic conflicting Sri, Lanka, Impact of, economic globalization on, the region. Conflicts and, efforts for peace in South, , New Centres of, Power, , South Asia and, the, Contemporary, World, , Asia. India's relations with, its neighbours., , International, Organizations, , 6, , Globalization, , 7, , Restructuring and the, future of the UN. India's, position in the, restructured UN. Rise of, new international actors:, new international, economic organisations,, NGOs. How democratic, and accountable are the, new institutions of global, governance?, Economic, cultural and, political manifestations., Debates on the nature of, consequences of, globalisation. Antiglobalisation movements., India as an arena of, globalization and struggle, against it., , Organizations:, European Union,, ASEAN, SAARC,, BRICS. Nations:, Russia, China,, Israel, India., Conflicts and, efforts for Peace, &, Democratization in, South Asia:, Pakistan, Nepal,, Bangladesh, Sri, Lanka, Maldives., , Principle Organs,, Key Agencies:, United Nations UNESCO,, UNICEF, WHO,, and Its, ILO,, Organizations, Security Council, and the Need for, its Expansion., , Globalization, , Globalization:, Meaning,, Manifestations and, Debates.
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Part II: Politics in India Since Independence, Unit, No., , Units, Challenges of, Nation Building, , 8, , Era of One-Party, Dominance, 9, , Politics of, Planned, Development, 10, , India’s External, Relations, 11, , Old Contents, Nehru's approach to, nation-building;, Legacy of, partition: challenge, of 'refugee’, resettlement, the, Kashmir, problem., Organisation and, reorganization of, states;, Political conflicts over, language., , First three general, elections, nature of, Congress dominance, at the national level,, uneven dominance at, the state level,, coalitional nature of, Congress. Major, opposition parties., Five-year plans,, expansion of state, sector and the rise of, new economic, interests. Famine and, suspension of fiveyear plans. Green, revolution and its, political fallouts., Nehru's foreign, policy. Sino-Indian, war of 1962, IndoPak war of 1965 and, 1971. Shifting, alliance in world, politics., , Proposed, Units, Challenges of, Nation Building, , Proposed, Contents, Nation and Nation, Building, Sardar, Vallabh Bhai Patel, and Integration of, States, Legacy of, Partition: Challenge of, Refugee,, Resettlement, Kashmir, Issue, Nehru’s, Approach to Nation –, Building, Political, Conflicts over, Language, And Linguistic, Organization of, States., , Merged with Unit 5, , Planned, Development, , India’s Foreign, Policy, , National, Development, Council, NITI, Aayog., , Principles of, Foreign, Policy;, India’s Changing, Relations with Other, Nations: US, Russia,, China, Israel, India's, nuclear programme;
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Political succession, Challenges to the after Nehru. Non, Congress System Congressism and, electoral upset of, 1967, Congress split, and reconstitution,, 12, Congress' victory in, 1971 elections,, politics of 'garibi, hatao'., Search, for, 'committed', bureaucracy, and, Crisis of, judiciary. Navnirman, Democratic Order movement in Gujarat, and, the, Bihar, movement., Emergency: context,, constitutional and, extra-constitutional, 13, dimensions,, resistance to, emergency. 1977, elections and the, formation of Janata, Party. Rise of civil, liberties, organizations., Participatory upsurge, in1990s. Rise of the, Recent, JD and the BJP., Developments in, Increasing role of, Indian Politics, regional parties and, coalition, politics., Coalition, governments: NDA, 14, (1998 - 2004), , Parties and the, Party Systems in, India, , Democratic, Resurgence, , Congress System,, Bi-party System,, Multi-party, Coalition System., , Jai Prakash Narayan, and Total, Revolution, Ram, Manohar Lohiya and, Socialism, Pandit, Deendayal, Upadhyaya and, Integral Humanism,, National, Emergency,, Democratic, Upsurges–, Participation of the, Adults, Backwards, and Youth., , Era of Coalitions:, Indian, Politics: National Front,, United Front, United, Trends and, Progressive Alliance, Developments, [UPA], – I & II, National, Democratic Alliance, [NDA], – I, II, III & IV,, Issues of, Development and, Governance.
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Class XII Paper I: Contemporary World Politics, Unit-2: The End of Bipolarity, Sub-Unit: ‘Arab Spring’, The 21st century witnessed emergence of new developments for democracies and, democratization in West Asian countries, one such event is characterized as Arab Spring, that began in 2009. Located in Tunisia, the Arab Spring took its roots where the struggle, against corruption, unemployment and poverty was started by the public which turned, into a political movement because the people considered the existing problems as, outcome of autocratic dictatorship. The demand for democracy that started in Tunisia, spread throughout the Muslim-dominated Arab countries in West Asia. Hosni Mubarak,, who had been in power in Egypt since 1979, also collapsed as a result of the massive, democratic protests. In addition, the influence of Arab Spring could also be seen in, Yemen, Bahrain, Libya and Syria where similar protests by the people led to democratic, awakening throughout the region., , Unit-3: New Centres of Power, Sub-Unit: ‘BRICS’, The term BRICS refers to Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa respectively., BRIC was founded in 2006 in Russia. BRIC turned into BRICS after the inclusion of, South Africa in its first meeting in the year 2009. The key objectives of BRICS are, primarily to cooperate and distribute mutual economic benefits among its members, besides non-interference in the internal policies of each nation and mutual equality. The, 11th conference of the BRICS concluded in Brazil in 2019, chaired by Brazilian President, JairBolsonaro., , Sub-Unit: ‘Russia’
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Russia has been the largest part of the former Soviet Union even before its disintegration., After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1980s and early 1990s, Russia emerged, as the strong successor of USSR [Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]. Russia's GDP is, currently 11thin the world. Russia has reserves of minerals, natural resources and gases, that make it a powerful country in the global world. In addition, Russia is a nuclear state, with a huge stock of sophisticated weapons. Russia is also a permanent member of the, UN Security Council, called P-5., , Sub-Unit: ‘India’, , The 21st century India is being seen as an important emerging global power. The world, is experiencing the power and rise of India in a multidimensional way. The economic,, cultural, strategic position of the country with a population of 130 crores is very strong., From an economic perspective, targeting the goal of a $5 trillion economy, a competitive, huge market, an ancient inclusive culture with 200 million people of Indian Diaspora, spreading across the globe impart distinct meaning and salience to India as a new centre, of power in the 21st century. From a strategic perspective, the military of India is selfsufficient with indigenous nuclear technology making it another nuclear power. ‘Make, in India’ scheme in technology and science is another milestone of Indian economy. All, these changes are making India an important centre of power in the present world., , Sub-Unit: ‘Israel’, , Shown on the world map with a pointer, Israel has emerged as one of the most powerful, nations in the 21st century world in terms of science and technology, defence, intelligence, besides economy. Situated in the middle of the burning politics of West Asian countries,, Israel has reached to the new heights of global political standing by virtue of its, indomitable defence prowess, technological innovations, industrialization and, agricultural development. Sustaining against adversity is the principle with which a
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small Jewish-Zionist nation, i.e., Israel is placed in the contemporary global politics in, general and the Arab-dominated West Asian politics in particular., , Unit-5: United Nations and Its Organizations, Sub-Unit: ‘UNESCO’, The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was, established on 4 November 1946. With its headquarter in Paris, France, UNESCO is a, special body of the United Nations whose main objective is to promote education, natural, science, society and anthropology, culture and communication. During past several, years, the special work done by UNESCO has been to promote literacy, technical and, educational training and independent media etc. all across its member nations., , Sub-Unit: ‘UNICEF’, , The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was, established in 1946 by the United Nations General Assembly as a body whose main task, was to collect emergency funds for children and to help in their development work all, across the world. Apart from this, UNICEF helps and encourages the works that promote, children's health and better life in all parts of the world. With its’ headquarter in New, York, United States, UNICEF has been working successfully in almost all 193 countries, of the world., , Sub-Unit: ‘ILO’, , The International Labor Organization (ILO), founded in October 1919 with its, headquarter in Geneva, Switzerland, is a body of the United Nations which aims to, promote efficient conditions of social justice and work for workers through international
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labor standards at the global level. In addition, there is an incentive for women and male, workers to engage in productive work and to create safety, parity and self-respectful, conditions for them at the workplace., Unit-6: Security in Contemporary World Sub-Unit: ‘Terrorism’, Terrorism refers to systematic use of brutal violence that creates an atmosphere of fear, in society. It is used for many purposes, very prominently the politico-religious purposes., There could be three broad meanings of terrorism:, A systematic use of terror, often violent, especially as a means of coercion., Violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror); are perpetrated for a religious,, political or, ideological goal; and deliberately target or disregard the safety of noncombatants (civilians)., Acts of unlawful violence and war., There is not a single nation in the world that does not suffer from terrorism. Although, some countries have tried to divide terrorism into good and bad terrorism, India has, always denied this distinction. India's current Prime Minister Narendra Modi has also, clarified that terrorism cannot be divided into good or bad; its’ a global problem and, should be combated collectively.
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Class XII Paper II: Politics in India Since Independence, Unit-9: Challenges of Nation Building, Sub-Unit: ‘Sardar Vallabh bhai Patel and National Integration’, The first deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of India, Sardar Vallabh bhai Patel,, emerged as a major leader of the freedom movement after the Kheda Satyagraha (1918), and the Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)., At the time of independence, the problem of integration of princely states was a big, challenge for the national unity and integrity of India. Under such difficult times, Sardar, Patel undertook the daunting tasks of uniting all 565 princely states of India. Known as, an ‘Iron Man’ of India, Patel's approach to the question of the merger of princely states, into independent India was very clear. He was not in favour of any compromise with the, territorial integrity of India. By his political experience, diplomatic prowess and, foresightedness, out of India's 565 princely states many had already given their consent, to merge with India even before achieving the independence., Sardar Patel faced key challenges of integration from three states, viz., Hyderabad,, Junagarh and Kashmir. It was under his leadership that Indian forces compelled, Hyderabad and Junagarh to merge with India. Keeping well-versed with Pakistan’s, intentions from Jinnah’s divisive ‘Two Nation Theory’, Sardar Patel's opinion on, Kashmir was different from other leaders. Like Hyderabad, he also wanted Kashmir’s, integration with India through military operations. But due to political decisions of some, prominent leaders, Sardar could not succeed in integrating Kashmir fully with India, which later turned into a major historical blunder for the country. However, Sardar will, always remain as an astounding leader who combined in himself the features of a true, ‘Nationalist’, ‘Catalyst’ and ‘Realist’ – popularly characterized as NCR in Indian, political history., Unit-2: Planned Development
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Sub-Unit: ‘NITI Aayog’, After independence, a Planning Commission based on socialist model was formed for, the planned development of India. But in the era of globalization, especially in the 21st, century, it was becoming ineffective and irrelevant, particularly in terms of coping with, the pressing challenges of development. Hence, during his Independence Day speech on, 15 August 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi talked about the abolition of the, Planning Commission. NITI Aayog was constituted in place of Planning Commission, on 1 January 2015 with the objective of providing the necessary and technical advice to, the Union Government regarding policy making at the Central and State levels., The Prime Minister of India is the ex-officio Chairman of NITI Aayog and he appoints, the Vice Chairperson of NITI Aayog. The first Vice Chairperson of NITI Aayog was, Arvind Panagariya. Dr Rajiv Kumar is the current Vice Chairperson of NITI Aayog., To harmonize the interests of national security and economic policy and to prepare, strategic and long-term framework of policy and program, NITI Aayog acts as a think, tank of the, Union Government. By adopting a ‘Bottom-Up Approach’, the NITI Aayog acts in the, spirit of cooperative federalism as it ensures equal participation of all states in the, country., , Unit-3: India’s Foreign Policy, Sub-Unit: ‘India-Israel Relations’, Nearly 45 years after independence, due to various reasons, India's foreign policy in the, Middle East region, now called West Asian region, and India's relations with West Asian, countries were mainly concentrated with Islamic countries. During this period India's, attitude towards Israel, the only non-Islamic nation in the region, remained unexplored, notwithstanding the two nations gaining independence from the British colonial rule in, 1947 and 1948 respectively.
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Though historical and cultural ties between India and Israel have gone back from times, immemorial, diplomatic relations formally developed between the two after the opening, of Israeli embassy in India in 1992., But even after the establishment of formal diplomatic relations, the relations between the, two countries started gaining firmness only after the formation of the BJP-led NDA, Governments in 1996 and 1998 onwards. Relations between the two democratic nations, further intensified with the visits of the Two Heads of Government: Prime Minister, Narendra Modi to Israel in 2017 and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to India in, 2018. The two nations have started cooperation in various fields like cultural exchange,, security and defense, counterterrorism, space research, water and energy and agricultural, development., , Sub-Unit: ‘India’s Nuclear Program’ (Updates), , India's nuclear policy has always been peace-oriented, whose clear impression is, reflected in the policy of No First Use. But in view of contemporary regional security, challenges, the present government led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has made it, clear that the policy of no first use can be reviewed and changed in consonance with, India's regional and national security. In addition, India is committed to ensuring its, membership in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and opposing partisan and unjust, nuclear treaties like CTBT and NPT., , Unit-5: Democratic Resurgence Sub-Unit: ‘Jai Prakash Narayan and Total Revolution’, [Updates], , Jai Prakash Narayan is known for three key contributions: Fight against Corruption,, Principle of Communitarian Socialism and Championing of ‘Total Revolution’., Jai Prakash Narayan was the first leader in post-independence India who undertook a, tirade against corruption through the participation of youth, particularly in Gujarat and
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Bihar. He advocated the office of Lo kpal against corruption. His principle of, Communitarian Socialism views India as a society of communities encompassing three, key layers, viz., community, region and rashtra– all combining together as an example, of true federation., Based on the above principles, Jai Prakash Narayan advocated transformation of, individual, society and state through his call for ‘Total Revolution’. His call for total, revolution sought to encompass moral, cultural, economic, political, educational and, ecological, transformations. His political transformation included the right tore call, the importance, of, village/mohalla samities in democratic politics, and his call for Upper Ke Log to join, political struggle for a clean politics in the country., The essence for transformation according to Jai Prakash Narayan revolves around ‘Man’, who could be the real catalyst of change in India., Sub-Unit: ‘Ram Manohar Lohiya and Socialism’, , Ram Manohar Lohiya has been one of the main proponents of socialism in India. He, championed the idea of ‘Democratic Socialism’ while associating his socialism with, democracy. Lohiya considered both capitalism and socialism equally irrelevant for, Indian society. His principle of Democratic Socialism has two objectives - the economic, objective in form of food and housing and the non-economic objective in form of, democracy and freedom., , Lohiya advocated Chouburja Rajneeti in which he opines four pillars of politics as well, as socialism: Centre, Region, District and Village – all are linked with each other. Giving, consideration to affirmative action, Lohiya argued that the policy of affirmative action, should not only be for the downtrodden but also for the women and the non-religious, minorities.
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Based on the premise of Democratic Socialism and Chouburja Rajneeti, Lohiya, supported a ‘Party of Socialism’ as an attempt of merging all political parties. The Party, of Socialism according to Lohiya should have three symbols, viz., Spade [prepared to, make efforts], Vote [power of voting], and Prison [Willingness to make sacrifices]., , Sub-Unit: ‘Deendayal Upadhyaya and Integral Humanism’, , Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya was a philosopher, sociologist, economist and politician., The philosophy presented by him is called 'Integral Humanism' which was intended to, present an 'indigenous socio-economic model' in which human being remains at the, centre of development. The aim of Integral Humanism is to ensure dignified life for, every human being while balancing the needs of the individual and society. It supports, sustainable consumption of natural resources so that those resources can be replenished., Integral, Humanism enhances not only political but also economic and social democracy and, freedom., As it seeks to promote diversity, it is best suited for a country as diverse as India., The philosophy of Integral Humanism is based on the following three principles:, •, , Primacy of whole, no tpart, , •, , Supremacy of Dharma, , •, , Autonomy of Society, , Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya opposed both Western 'capitalist individualism' and, 'Marxist socialism'. According to Deendayal Upadhyaya, capitalist and socialist, ideologies only consider the needs of the human body and mind, so they are based on, materialistic purpose whereas spiritual development is equally considered important for, the complete development of human being which is missing in both capitalism and, socialism. Basing his philosophy on the internal conscience, pure human soul to be called
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Chhitti, Deendayal Upadhyaya envisaged a classless, casteless and conflict-free social, system., , Sub-Unit: ‘Democratic Upsurges’, , Increasing participation of the people in the democratic politics of the country is broadly, characterised as democratic upsurge. Based on this principle, social scientists have, characterized three democratic upsurges in post-independence history of India., The ‘First Democratic Upsurge’ could be attributed from the 1950s till 1970s which was, based on the participation of Indian adult voters to the democratic politics both at the, centre and in states. Falsifying the western myth that the success of democracy requires, modernization, urbanization, education and access to media, the successful holding of, elections to both Lok Sabha and legislative assemblies all across states on the principle, of parliamentary democracy were the testimony of India’s first democratic upsurge., During the 1980’s, the increasing political participation of the lower classes of the, society such as SCs, STs and OBCs has been interpreted as ‘Second Democratic, Upsurge’ by Yogendra Yadav. This participation has made Indian politics more, accommodative and accessible for these classes. Although this upsurge has not made, any major change in the standard of living of these classes, especially Dalits, the, participation of these classes into the organizational and political platforms gave them, the opportunity to strengthen their self- respect and ensure empowerment in the, democratic politics of the country., The era of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization from the early 1990s is, attributed to the emergence of a competitive market society encompassing all important, sectors of economy, society and polity thus paving way for the ‘Third Democratic, Upsurge’. The Third Democratic Upsurge represents a competitive electoral market, which is based not on the principle of survival of the best but rather the survival of the, ablest. It underlines three shifts in India’s electoral market: from State to Market, from
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Government to Governance, from State as Controller to State as Facilitator. Moreover,, the Third Democratic Upsurge seeks to promote the participation of the youth who, constitute a significant chunk of Indian society and have emerged as the real game, changers in view of their increasing electoral preference for both development and, governance in India’s contemporary democratic politics., , Unit-7: Regional Aspirations, Sub-Unit: ‘The Kashmir Issue’, Since its integration with the Union of India, Kashmir has remained one of the burning, issues in post-independence India. The problem became more complicated when it was, accorded a special status in the Constitution through Article 370 and Article 35A – the, former giving it special powers like having its separate Constitution/Constituent, Assembly/Flag, new nomenclature for Chief Minister as Prime Minister and Governor, as Sadr-e-Riyasat, and the non-enforcement of most of the Union laws in the state while, the later imparting it special citizenship rights prohibiting the non-Kashmiris from, buying property in the state., It was against the special status of the state of Jammu and Kashmir that there was a, clarion call in political circles for abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A with the, propagation of the principle of ‘EkVidhan, EkNishan, EkPradhan’ referring to one, Constitution, one flag and one Head of the State/Government respectively. Others, equated Article 370 and 35A as, ‘constitutionally recognized separatism’., It was against this backdrop that current BJP led NDA Government, by showing its, commitment to the integration of Kashmir in India as part of its election manifesto,, presented the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Bill in Rajya Sabha on 5 August 2019, for the abolition of Section 370 and 35-A from Kashmir, which was passed by a majority., The bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 6 August 2019. After the President's assent on
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9 August 2019, Sections 370 and 35A were repealed and Jammu and Kashmir got, divided into two Union Territories of Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir., , Unit-8: Indian Politics: Trends and Developments, Sub-Unit: ‘NDA III & IV’, , The Bharatiya Janata Party led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi got an absolute, majority in the Lok Sabha elections held in May 2014 and after nearly 30 years in Indian, politics, a strong government with an absolute majority was established at the Centre., Though called NDA III, the BJP-led coalition of 2014 was largely different its, predecessor coalition governments. Where the previous coalitions were led by one of the, national parties, the NDA III coalition was not only steered by a national party, i.e., BJP, it was also dominated by BJP with an absolute majority of its own in Lok Sabha. It was, also called a ‘surplus majority coalition’. In that sense a major transformation could be, seen in the nature of coalition politics which could be seen from one party led coalition, to one party dominated coalition., The 2019 Lok Sabha elections, the 17th since independence, once again brought back, BJP led NDA [NDA IV] to the centre of power by winning more than 350 seats out of, 543. The BJP on its own won 303 seats in Lok Sabha, the biggest number any single, party has won in the lower house since 1985 when Congress swept the elections in the, aftermath of Mrs Indira, Gandhi’s assassination. Based on the tumultuous success of the BJP in 2019, Social, Scientists have started equating the contemporary party system with the ‘BJP System’, where an era of one-party dominance, like the ‘Congress System’ has once again started, appearing on the democratic politics of India.
