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THE DART: A BIOLOGY GUESS PAPER, , REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM, , 1. Write difference between Asexual and Sexual reproduction., , (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), , Asexual Reproduction, Only one parent involves., No gamete, No zygote form., Simple and fast process., Progeny is similar to parents., No Variation No Evolution., Weaker Progeny., , Sexual Reproduction, (i) Two opposite parent involve, (ii) Male and female gamete fuses to form zygote., (iii) Complex and Slow process., (iv) Progeny is different from parents, (v) Variation occur which lead to Evolution., (vi) Superior Progeny., , 2. Write difference between Oviparous and Viviparous., Oviparous, (i) Zygote development occurs, Outside Female body., (ii) Zygote is covered with protecttive Shell (CaCo3)., (iii) After certain period of Time, Egg hatched which released, Progeny., (iv) More Vulnerable., , Viviparous, (i) Zygote development occur inside mother., (ii) Zygote is protected under mother uterus., (iii) progeny Is delivered by process of Parturition., , (iv) very Protected., , Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plant, 1. What is Pollination. Write their different type., Pollination is a process in which pollen grain release from anther and deposited on stigma, through some agent. It is mainly of Two type(i) Self Pollination- Pollination between same flower and different flower of same plant is, called self pollination., (ii) Cross pollination- Pollination between different plant but same species is called cross, pollination., 2. What is Double Fertilization? Write their significance., During fertilization in flowering plant Two fertilization occur i.e. Syngamy and Triple Fusion, hence this type of fertilization is called Double fertilization. During Syngamy one male, gamete and one Egg cell fuse to form diploid Zygote. During Triple Fusion one male gamete, fuse with Two polar nuclei(n+n) to form Primary Endosperm Nucleus.

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Significance of Double fertilization- due to triple fusion Endosperm develop which ensure, nutrition to Zygote lead to formation of Seed., 3. What is Fruit? Write their Types., After fertilization Ovary mature to form fruit. It is of mainly Two types(i) False fruit- fruit in which other than ovary like thalamus,funicle etc, is also participate is, called False fruit.e.g. Strawberry, Apple, Cashew nut etc., (ii) True fruit- fruit in which only ovary participate is called True Fruit. E.g. Mango, 4. Describe 7-Celled 8-nucleate stage of Embryosac., In majority of flowering plants only one megaspore is functional which develop through Free, nuclear division to form 8 nuleate structure of Embryosac and after wall formation it, convert into 7-Celled 8-Nucleate structure. 3 antipodal cells present at Chalzal end 2, Synergid and 1 Egg cell present at Micropylar end and one Central cell present at centre, which have 2 Polar Nuclei or Secondary Nucleus., , HUMAN REPRODUCTION, 1. Draw the well labeled diagram of Female Reproductive system., , 2. Write difference between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis., Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis, (i) Formation of spermatozoa., (i)formation of mature Ovum., (ii) Starts at Puberty stage., (ii)Starts at foetal stage., (iii), Occur in Testis., (iii) Occur in Ovary, (iv)Four sperm form from one germ, (iv) only one Ovum form from one germ cell., Cell., 3. Write short note on Followinga. Implantation- it is a process in which Blastocyst embedded into endometrium of, Uterine wall., b. Parturition – Delivery of foetus is called Parturition. Oxytocin help in Parturition., c. Cleavage- zygote divide and move towards Uterus is called cleavage., d. Ovulation- Due to LH surge Graffian follicle rupture and release ovum outside ovary, is called ovulation., 4. What is Menstrual cycle? Write their different phases., In female primates, It is a Process in which Ovary and Accessory reproductive organ, changes at regular intervals is called menstrual cycle. Their different phase as follows(i) Menstruation phase(1st-5th day)- it is first phase of menstrual cycle. During this phase, unfertilized ovum, Mucus, Blood and breakdown parts of Endometrium releases, outside body., , 2

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(ii) Follicular phase(6th-14th day)- Due to effect of LH&FSH follicle develop into Graffian, Follicle. High level of LH is called LH surge., (iii) Ovulatory phase(15th day)- due to LH surge graffian follicle rupture and release ovum, outside Ovary., (iv) Secretory phase(16th-28th day)- rupture follicle(Corpus Luteum) secrete progesterone, which maintain thickness of Endometrium for Implantation., 5. Draw a well labeled Diagram of Spermatozoa., , REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, 1. Write short note on followinga. Amniocentesis- It is a medical procedure in which amnion fluid taken from, pregnant female and diagnose disease and sex of the Foetus., b. MTP- It stand for Medical Termination of Pregnancy. It is a medical procedure by, which terminating pregnancy before full term. It is safe at 12 week of pregnancy., c. STDs- it stand for Sexual Transmitted Disease. Infection or disease which can, transfer from one person to another through sexual contact is called STD., e.g. AIDS, Trichomoniasis, HepatitisB, chlamydiasis etc, d. Infertility- A condition in which a couple can not produce young one even after, unprotected sex is called Infertility and couple is called Infertile Couple., 2. Write different method of Birth Control., Birth control is a method used to prevent pregnancy. It is of different types as follows(i) Natural method- Prevent meeting of Sperm and Ovum naturally. Periodic, abstinence(couple should avoid sexual intercourse between 10 th -17th day of MC),, Withdrawl method(male partner should avoid releasing of Semen in female body), and Lactational amenorrhea(absence of menstruation)., (ii) Barrier method- Ovum and Sperms are prevented from physically meeting with, the help of barriers(made of rubber or latex e.g. condom,Diaphragms,Cervical, caps and Vaults)., , 3

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(iii), IUDs(Intra Uterine Device)- These device are inserted by doctors or expert, nurses in the Uterus through Vegina. It is if different types:- (a) Non-medicated, IUDs- e.g. Lippes loop. (b) Copper releasing IUDs (Secrete copper ions which, suppress sperm motility and fertilizing capacity of sperm). E.g., CuT,Cu7,Multiload375. (c) Hormone releasing IUDs (make the uterus unsuitable, for implantation and make cervix hostile to the sperm). e.g. Progestasirt and, LNG20., (iv), Oral administration- It is made up of progestogen and estrogen-progestogen, combination in the form of tablet or pills which is taken orally. E.g. Mala-N, MalaD, Saheli(Non-steroidal developed by CDRI Lucknow)., (v) Injectible method- progestogen alone or combination with estrogen can also be, used by females as injection or Implants under the skin., (vi), Surgical method (Sterilisation)- In this method doctors cut the accessory, duct which prevent gamete transport hence fertilization not occur. It is of Two, type- (a)Vasectomy- In male a small part of Vas deferens is removed and tied up., (b)Tubectomy- In female a small part of Fallopian tube is removed and tied up., 3. What is ART ? write their types., ART stands for Assisted Reproductive Technology. By this method couple can get, Children. It is of different type as follows(a) IVF (In vitro fertilization)- sperm from donor male and ovum from donor female, are collected and it fused into laboratory under suitable condition., (b) ZIFT (Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer)- Zygote or embryo (upto 8 blastomere) is, transferred into recipient female of fallopian tube., (c) GIFT (Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer)- Ova collected from donor female and it, transferred into fallopian tube of recipient female., (d) ET (Embryo Transfer)- Embryo (more than 8 blastomere) transfer into recipient, female of Uterus. It is also called Intra Uterine Transfer (IUT)., (e) ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection)- sperm is directly injected into, cytoplasm of female ova., (f) AI (Artificial Insemination)- Semen is collected from male donor and injected into, female vegina or uterus. It is also called Intra Uterine Insemination(IUI)., , PRINCIPLE BASIS OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION, 1. Write short note on followinga. Codominance- In F1 generation dominance and recessive both allele are, expressive. E.g. AB-blood group, b. Incomplete Dominance- In F1 generation dominance and recessive both allele, are not expressive. E.g. snapdragon flower(antirrhinum sp.)., c. Linkage- When two gene closely situated on a chromosome they show physical, attraction and they transfer from one generation to another without changing, is called Linkage. Linked gene show less Recombination., , 4

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2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , d. Multiple allelism- When one gene bear more than two allele, this condition is, said to be Multiple allelism. E.g. ABO blood group., Write laws of Inheritance purposed by Mendal from Monohybrid Cross., Genotypic ratio- 1:2:1 and Phenotypic ratio- 3:1, Cross between similar type of single gene is called Monohybrod Crosss. Mendal, purposed Two laws from this cross as follows(a.) Law of Dominance- In F1 generation only dominant allele is expressive., (b.) Law of Segregation- Only one allele participate from one gene during Gamete, formation. It is also called purity of gamete and Universal law., Haemophilia is called Bleeders disease. Explain., In this disease affected individual do not have factors for clotting of blood hence a, simple cut leads to non stop bleeding hence called Bleeders disease. It is X-linked, recessive disease., What is chromosomal disorder. Write their types., Mutation in chromosome leads to chromosomal disorder. Due to this either, changed in numerical value of chromosome or changed in structure of, chromosome. Some chromosomal disorders given below(a.) Downs syndrome- Arise due to trisomy of 21st chromosome. Discovered by, Langdon Down., (b.) Klinefelters Syndrome- Arise due to presence of extra copy of X-chromosome, which lead to karyotype XXY. Such male are sterile and show, Gynaecomastia(development of Breast)., (c.) Turners Syndrome- Arise due to Monosomy of Sex chromosome or X, chromosome lead to karyotype XO type. Such female do not show secondary, sexual character and they are sterile., Write short note on Chromosomal theory of Inheritance., It is purposed by Sutton and Boveri in 1902. According to this theory behavior of, chromosome is equal to behavour of gene., , MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE, 1. Write about DNA double helix model., It was purposed by Watson and Crick in 1953 by the use of X-ray, differection data. Some salient feature of DNA as follows(a) It is made up of Two polynucleotide chain where the backbone is, constituted by sugar and phosphate and base projected inside., (b) The two chains have anti-parallel polarity. It means one chain show 5’3’ and other show 3’-5’., (c) Adenine is bonded with thymine and Guanine is bonded with Cytosine, with Two and Three Hydrogen bond respectively., (d) The chains are coiled in Right handed fashion. The pitch of helix is, 3.4nm and are roughly 10bp in each turn., (e) One base pairs stacks over the other in double helix which provide, extra stability., , 5

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2. Write short note on followinga. Replication- It is a process in which DNA makes another DNA. Usually, one DNA replicates Semiconservatively. DNA dependent DNA, polymerase enzyme used, b. Transcription- Process in which RNA form from DNA. DNA dependent, RNA polymerase enzyme used., c. Translation- formation of Protein from RNA., d. Splicing- Removal of Intron from hnRNA in Eukaryotes., 3.Define Lac Operon., Set of gene in DNA of prokaryotes which regulates structural gene is called, Operon and operon in which Lactose act as inducer is termed as Lac, Operon. It was purposed by Jacob and Monod in 1961., 4.What is HGP ?, HGP stand for Human Genome Project. It was launched in 1990. In this, project sequencing of Human genome occur., , EVOLUTION, 1.Write short note on Darwinism or Lamarckism., Darwinism, Thoughts of Charles Darwin about evolution is generally termed as, Darwinism. Darwin travel world through HMS beagle ship voyage and study, different life forms on earth. He said that organism show similarities and, variation due to evolution. Darwin accept that life evolve through Natural, selection. When environment changed organism also changed according to, environment and adapt hence selected by nature called natural selection*., He study on small black bird on Galapagoes island., Or, Lamarckism, Before Darwin Lamarck told about Evolution of life forms on Earth, this is, called Lamarckism. He told that evolution is depend upon Use and Disuse of, organ. E.g. Giraffe have longed necked due to grazing of leaf of tall trees., 2.What is Natural Selection ?, *answer is given in Darwinism, 3. Write theory of Chemical Evolution., It was given by Oparin and Haldane. According to this thoery life is, originated by chemical evolution on earth., 4.What is Homologous and Analogous organ?, Organ which show similar origin but different function is called Homologus, Organ. E.g. Forelimb of whale,cheetah, Bat and Human., Organ which show different origin but same function is called Analogus, , 6

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Organ. E.g. eyes of octopus and eyes of mammlas, 5.What is Hardy Weinberg principle ? write different factor which affect, Evolution., According to Hardy and Weinberg a population do not show evolution until they, effected by Evolutionary factor. These Evolutionary factors area. Gene migration b. Genetic drift c. Mutation d. Recombination e. Natural, selection, 6. Write a brief note on Evolution., About 15mya, primates called Dryopithecus (ape like) Ramapithecus (man like), were existing. 2mya Australopithecus were lived in east African grassland. After, this first Human were evolved named Homo habilis which have 650-800cc brain, and did note eat meat. About 1.5mya Homo erectus were evolved which have, 900cc of brain and probably ate meat. About 100000-40000 years ago Neanderthal, man were lived in near east and central Asia which have 1400cc brain.During ice, age nearly 75000-10000 years back Homo sapiens were arose., , HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE, 1. What is infectious and non-infectious disease. Write with suitable example., Infectious disease- Also known as communicable disease. Those disease which can, spread from one person to another is called Infectious disease. E.g., typhoid,malaria dengue etc., Non-infectious disease- Also known as non-communicable disease. Those disease, which can not spread from one person to another is called non-infectious disease., E.g. allergy.autoimmune disease,Cancer etc., 2. What is active and passive immunity., Active immunity- In this immunity body develop self antibody. E.g. in Polio, vaccine., Passive immunity- when readymade antibody given in a person is called passive, immunity. E.g. in case of snake bite., 3. Write brief on Allergy or Autoimmune disease., Allergy – Exaggerating response of immune system after entry of unknown, antigen is called allergy., Or, Autoimmune disease – when immune system attack self cells it is called, autoimmune disease. E.g. Rheumatoid arthritis, 4. What is congenital and acquired disease?, Congenital disease- Disease which is present from birth is termed as congenital, disease., Acquired disease- Disease which is acquired after birth is called acquired disease., 5. What is Tumor ? write their types., , 7

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When a cells lost their general property like cell control growth and, differentiation,contact inhibition it is termed as cancer cell. After division they, produce group of such cells called tumor. Tumor is of two typea. Benign tumor- Tumor which do not spread in body is termed as Benign tumor., b. Malignant tumor- Tumor which show property of metastasis i.e. they spread, in body though blood , this tumor is also called Cancer., , STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION, 1. Write about Dairy farm management., Dairying is the management of animals for Milk and its products for human, consumption. In dairy farm management we deal with processes and system that, increase yield and improve quality of milk likea. Selection of good breed, b. Cattel have Housed well, c. Should have adequate water, d. Be maintained disease free, e. Feeding should carry out in scientific manner, f. Maintain proper hygiene and cleanliness, g. Require regular inspection with proper record keeping, h. Regular visit by veterinary doctor would be mandatory, 2. What is animal breeding ? write their type., Desire cross between animals is called animal breeding. By this method better, breed is developed. Types of animal breedinga. Inbreeding – cross between similar breed which show same ancestor is called, inbreeding. It increase homozygosity and cause inbreeding depression (low, fertility and low productivity)., b. Out breeding- cross between same breed (out crossing), different breed (cross, breeding) and different species (Interspecific hybridization) is termed as out, breeding., 3. Write on followinga. Biofortification – Increasing quality and quantity of nutrient in crops through, breeding is called Biofortification., b. SCP – It stands for Single Cell Protein. Unicellular organism which rich in, protein and used for Human consumption is known as SCP. E.g. Chlorella,, spirullina, methylophilus etc., c. Tissue culture – in this technique Tissue is taken from organism and grow it, into culture medium is called Tissue culture., , MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE, 1. Write short note on Microbes used as Biofertilizer., Today extensive use of chemical fertilizer has increased several folds. Which lead, to pollution of Environment and cause of death of aquatic animals and also causes, reduction in no. of birds etc. Due to this alternate and best option is microbes can, be used as Biofertilizer. Rhizobium is a symbiotic nitrogen fixer found in root of, leguminous plants. Some microbes like Azospirillum and Azotobacter found free, , 8

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living in soil and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Cyanobacteria also fixes atmospheric, nitrogen in paddy fields. Mycorrhiza is mutual association between fungi and, higher plants. The fungal symbiont in these associations absorbs phosphorus from, soil and passes it to the plant and they help in growth and development of plant., 2. Why secondary treatment is called biological treatment in STPs?, In secondary treatment of sewage or effluents fungus and bacteria is used hence, secondary treatment is called biological treatments., 3. What is BOD?, BOD stands for Biochemical Oxygen Demand. It refers to amount of oxygen used, by microbes during decomposition of organic matter in water. BOD indicates, water pollution., 4. Write brief on antibiotics., Antibiotics is a chemical substance produced by certain microbes which is used to, kill Bacteria. First antibiotic discovered by Alexander felmming in 1928 named, penicillin which obtained from fungus Penicillium notatum. In recent days used of, antibiotic is increased which develop resistance bacteria. Due to this antibiotics is, not effective against these certain strain of bacteria which ultimately lead to death, of Humans. Some data says that 1 million people per year die due to this., , DNA WORLD [ A COMPLETE INSTITUTE FOR NEET ], For 12th, BIOLOGY 1ST BATCH ---------------------- 7TH FEB. 2022(TIME-10-11), BIOLOGY 2ND BATCH ---------------------- 28TH FEB. 2022(TIME 9-10), BIOLOGY 3RD BATCH ----------------------- 28TH FEB. 2022(TIME 8-9), Enquiry- 7561964188, , 9