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Unit, , 13, A mines, , Objectives, After studying this Unit, you will be, able to, • describe amines as derivatives of, ammonia having a pyramidal, structure;, • classify amines as primary,, secondary and tertiary;, • name amines by common names, and IUPAC system;, • describe some of the important, methods of preparation of amines;, • explain the properties of amines;, • distinguish between primary,, secondary and tertiary amines;, • describe the method of preparation of diazonium salts and their, importance in the synthesis of a, series of aromatic compounds, including azo dyes., , “The chief commercial use of amines is as intermediates in the, synthesis of medicines and fibres” ., , Amines constitute an important class of organic, compounds derived by replacing one or more hydrogen, atoms of ammonia molecule by alkyl/aryl group(s). In, nature, they occur among proteins, vitamins, alkaloids, and hormones. Synthetic examples include polymers,, dye stuffs and drugs. Two biologically active, compounds, namely adrenaline and ephedrine, both, containing secondary amino group, are used to increase, blood pressure. Novocain, a synthetic amino compound,, is used as an anaesthetic in dentistry. Benadryl, a well, known antihistaminic drug also contains tertiary amino, group. Quaternary ammonium salts are used as, surfactants. Diazonium salts are intermediates in the, preparation of a variety of aromatic compounds, including dyes. In this Unit, you will learn about amines, and diazonium salts., I. AMINES, Amines can be considered as derivatives of ammonia,, obtained by replacement of one, two or all the three, hydrogen atoms by alkyl and/or aryl groups., For example:, , 13.1 Structure of Amines, , Like ammonia, nitrogen atom of amines is trivalent and, carries an unshared pair of electrons. Nitrogen orbitals, in amines are therefore, sp3 hybridised and the geometry, of amines is pyramidal. Each of the three sp3 hybridised, orbitals of nitrogen overlap with orbitals of hydrogen or, carbon depending upon the composition of the amines., The fourth orbital of nitrogen in all amines contains an, unshared pair of electrons. Due to the presence of, unshared pair of electrons, the angle C–N–E, (where E is, , 2021–22

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C or H) is less than 109.5°; for instance, it is 108o in case of, trimethylamine as shown in Fig. 13.1., , Fig. 13.1 Pyramidal shape of trimethylamine, , 13.2 Classification, , Amines are classified as primary (1o), secondary (2o) and tertiary (3o), depending upon the number of hydrogen atoms replaced by alkyl or, aryl groups in ammonia molecule. If one hydrogen atom of ammonia, is replaced by R or Ar , we get RNH2 or ArNH2, a primary amine (1o)., If two hydrogen atoms of ammonia or one hydrogen atom of R-NH2 are, replaced by another alkyl/aryl(R’) group, what would you get? You, get R-NHR’, secondary amine. The second alkyl/aryl group may be, same or different. Replacement of another hydrogen atom by alkyl/aryl, group leads to the formation of tertiary amine. Amines are said to be, ‘simple’ when all the alkyl or aryl groups are the same, and ‘mixed’, when they are different., , 13.3 Nomenclature, , In common system, an aliphatic amine is named by prefixing alkyl, group to amine, i.e., alkylamine as one word (e.g., methylamine). In, secondary and tertiary amines, when two or more groups are the same,, the prefix di or tri is appended before the name of alkyl group. In, IUPAC system, primary amines are named as alkanamines. The name, is derived by replacement of ‘e’ of alkane by the word amine. For, example, CH3NH2 is named as methanamine. In case, more than one, amino group is present at different positions in the parent chain, their, positions are specified by giving numbers to the carbon atoms bearing, –NH2 groups and suitable prefix such as di, tri, etc. is attached to the, amine. The letter ‘e’ of the suffix of the hydrocarbon part is retained. For, example, H2N–CH2–CH2–NH2 is named as ethane-1, 2-diamine., To name secondary and tertiary amines, we use locant N to designate, substituent attached to a nitrogen atom. For example, CH3 NHCH2CH3 is, , Chemistry 390, , 2021–22

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Intext Questions, 13.1 Classify the following amines as primary, secondary or tertiary:, , 13.2 (i) Write structures of different isomeric amines corresponding to the molecular, formula, C4H11N., (ii) Write IUPAC names of all the isomers., (iii) What type of isomerism is exhibited by different pairs of amines?, , 13.4 Preparation, of Amines, , Amines are prepared by the following methods:, 1. Reduction of nitro compounds, Nitro compounds are reduced to amines by passing hydrogen gas, in the presence of finely divided nickel, palladium or platinum and, also by reduction with metals in acidic medium. Nitroalkanes can, also be similarly reduced to the corresponding alkanamines., , Reduction with iron scrap and hydrochloric acid is preferred because, FeCl2 formed gets hydrolysed to release hydrochloric acid during the, reaction. Thus, only a small amount of hydrochloric acid is required, to initiate the reaction., 2. Ammonolysis of alkyl halides, You have read (Unit 10, Class XII) that the carbon - halogen bond, in alkyl or benzyl halides can be easily cleaved by a nucleophile., Hence, an alkyl or benzyl halide on reaction with an ethanolic, solution of ammonia undergoes nucleophilic substitution reaction, in which the halogen atom is replaced by an amino (–NH2) group., This process of cleavage of the C–X bond by ammonia molecule is, known as ammonolysis. The reaction is carried out in a sealed, tube at 373 K. The primary amine thus obtained behaves as a, nucleophile and can further react with alkyl halide to form secondary, and tertiary amines, and finally quaternary ammonium salt., , Chemistry 392, , 2021–22

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The free amine can be obtained from the ammonium salt by treatment, with a strong base:, , Ammonolysis has the disadvantage of yielding a mixture of primary,, secondary and tertiary amines and also a quaternary ammonium salt., However, primary amine is obtained as a major product by taking, large excess of ammonia., The order of reactivity of halides with amines is RI > RBr >RCl., , Write chemical equations for the following reactions:, (i) Reaction of ethanolic NH3 with C2H5Cl., (ii) Ammonolysis of benzyl chloride and reaction of amine so formed, with two moles of CH3Cl., , Example 13.1, , Solution, , 3. Reduction of nitriles, Nitriles on reduction with lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) or, catalytic hydrogenation produce primary amines. This reaction is, used for ascent of amine series, i.e., for preparation of amines, containing one carbon atom more than the starting amine., , 4. Reduction of amides, The amides on reduction with lithium aluminium hydride yield, amines., , 393 Amines, , 2021–22

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5. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis, Gabriel synthesis is used for the preparation of primary amines., Phthalimide on treatment with ethanolic potassium hydroxide forms, potassium salt of phthalimide which on heating with alkyl halide, followed by alkaline hydrolysis produces the corresponding primary, amine. Aromatic primary amines cannot be prepared by this method, because aryl halides do not undergo nucleophilic substitution with, the anion formed by phthalimide., , 6. Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction, Hoffmann developed a method for preparation of primary amines by, treating an amide with bromine in an aqueous or ethanolic solution, of sodium hydroxide. In this degradation reaction, migration of an, alkyl or aryl group takes place from carbonyl carbon of the amide, to the nitrogen atom. The amine so formed contains one carbon less, than that present in the amide., , Example 13.2, , Write chemical equations for the following conversions:, (i) CH3–CH2–Cl into CH3–CH2–CH2–NH2, (ii) C6H5–CH2–Cl into C6H5–CH2–CH2–NH2, , Solution, , Chemistry 394, , 2021–22

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Write structures and IUPAC names of, Example, (i) the amide which gives propanamine by Hoffmann bromamide, reaction., (ii) the amine produced by the Hoffmann degradation of benzamide., (i) Propanamine contains three carbons. Hence, the amide molecule must, contain four carbon atoms. Structure and IUPAC name of the starting, amide with four carbon atoms are given below:, , 13.3, , Solution, , Butanamide, (ii) Benzamide is an aromatic amide containing seven carbon atoms., Hence, the amine formed from benzamide is aromatic primary amine, containing six carbon atoms., Aniline or benzenamine, , Intext Question, 13.3 How will you convert, (i) Benzene into aniline (ii) Benzene into N, N-dimethylaniline, (iii) Cl–(CH2)4–Cl into hexan-1,6-diamine?, , 13.5 Physical, Properties, , The lower aliphatic amines are gases with fishy odour. Primary amines, with three or more carbon atoms are liquid and still higher ones are, solid. Aniline and other arylamines are usually colourless but get, coloured on storage due to atmospheric oxidation., Lower aliphatic amines are soluble in water because they can form, hydrogen bonds with water molecules. However, solubility decreases, with increase in molar mass of amines due to increase in size of the, hydrophobic alkyl part. Higher amines are essentially insoluble in water., Considering the electronegativity of nitrogen of amine and oxygen of, alcohol as 3.0 and 3.5 respectively, you can predict the pattern of, solubility of amines and alcohols in water. Out of butan-1-ol and, butan-1-amine, which will be more soluble in water and why? Amines, are soluble in organic solvents like alcohol, ether and benzene. You, may remember that alcohols are more polar than amines and form, stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonds than amines., Primary and secondary amines are engaged in intermolecular, association due to hydrogen bonding between nitrogen of one and, hydrogen of another molecule. This intermolecular association is more, in primary amines than in secondary amines as there are two hydrogen, atoms available for hydrogen bond formation in it. Tertiary amines do, not have intermolecular association due to the absence of hydrogen, atom available for hydrogen bond formation. Therefore, the order of, boiling points of isomeric amines is as follows:, 395 Amines, , 2021–22

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Primary > Secondary > Tertiary, Intermolecular hydrogen bonding in primary amines is shown in, Fig. 13.2., , Fig. 13.2 Intermolecular hydrogen bonding in primary amines, , Boiling points of amines, alcohols and alkanes of almost the same, molar mass are shown in Table 13.2., Table 13.2: Comparison of Boiling Points of Amines, Alcohols and, Alkanes of Similar Molecular Masses, Sl. No., , Compound, , Molar mass, , b.p./K, , 1., , n-C4H9NH2, , 73, , 350.8, , 2., , (C2H5)2NH, , 73, , 329.3, , 3., , C2H5N(CH3)2, , 73, , 310.5, , 4., , C2H5CH(CH3)2, , 72, , 300.8, , 5., , n-C4H9OH, , 74, , 390.3, , 13.6 Chemical, Reactions, , Difference in electronegativity between nitrogen and hydrogen atoms and, the presence of unshared pair of electrons over the nitrogen atom makes, amines reactive. The number of hydrogen atoms attached to nitrogen, atom also decides the course of reaction of amines; that is why primary, (–NH2), secondary, , N, , H and tertiary amines, , N, , differ in many, , reactions. Moreover, amines behave as nucleophiles due to the presence, of unshared electron pair. Some of the reactions of amines are described, below:, 1. Basic character of amines, Amines, being basic in nature, react with acids to form salts., , Chemistry 396, , 2021–22

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Amine salts on treatment with a base like NaOH, regenerate the, parent amine., , Amine salts are soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents, like ether. This reaction is the basis for the separation of amines from, the non basic organic compounds insoluble in water., The reaction of amines with mineral acids to form ammonium salts, shows that these are basic in nature. Amines have an unshared pair, of electrons on nitrogen atom due to which they behave as Lewis base., Basic character of amines can be better understood in terms of their Kb, and pKb values as explained below:, , +, ,  − , R − NH3  O H , K =, [R − NH2 ][H2O ], +, , − , R − N H3  O H , or K [H2O] =, [ R − NH2 ], +, , − ,  R − N H 3  O H , Kb =, or, [R − NH2 ], pKb = –log Kb, Larger the value of Kb or smaller the value of pKb, stronger is the, base. The pKb values of few amines are given in Table 13.3., pKb value of ammonia is 4.75. Aliphatic amines are stronger bases, than ammonia due to +I effect of alkyl groups leading to high electron, density on the nitrogen atom. Their pKb values lie in the range of 3 to, 4.22. On the other hand, aromatic amines are weaker bases than, ammonia due to the electron withdrawing nature of the aryl group., , Table 13.3: pKb Values of Amines in Aqueous Phase, Name of amine, , pKb, , Methanamine, , 3.38, , N-Methylmethanamine, , 3.27, , N,N-Dimethylmethanamine, , 4.22, , Ethanamine, , 3.29, , N-Ethylethanamine, , 3.00, , N,N-Diethylethanamine, , 3.25, , Benzenamine, , 9.38, , Phenylmethanamine, , 4.70, , N-Methylaniline, , 9.30, , N,N-Dimethylaniline, , 8.92, 397 Amines, , 2021–22

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You may find some discrepancies while trying to interpret the Kb, values of amines on the basis of +I or –I effect of the substituents, present in amines. Besides inductive effect, there are other effects like, solvation effect, steric hinderance, etc., which affect the basic strength, of amines. Just ponder over. You may get the answer in the following, paragraphs., Structure-basicity relationship of amines, Basicity of amines is related to their structure. Basic character of an, amine depends upon the ease of formation of the cation by accepting, a proton from the acid. The more stable the cation is relative to the, amine, more basic is the amine., (a) Alkanamines versus ammonia, Let us consider the reaction of an alkanamine and ammonia with, a proton to compare their basicity., , Due to the electron releasing nature of alkyl group, it (R) pushes, electrons towards nitrogen and thus makes the unshared electron, pair more available for sharing with the proton of the acid. Moreover,, the substituted ammonium ion formed from the amine gets stabilised, due to dispersal of the positive charge by the +I effect of the alkyl, group. Hence, alkylamines are stronger bases than ammonia., Thus, the basic nature of aliphatic amines should increase with, increase in the number of alkyl groups. This trend is followed in, the gaseous phase. The order of basicity of amines in the gaseous, phase follows the expected order: tertiary amine > secondary amine, > primary amine > NH3. The trend is not regular in the aqueous, state as evident by their pKb values given in Table 13.3. In the, aqueous phase, the substituted ammonium cations get stabilised, not only by electron releasing effect of the alkyl group (+I) but also, by solvation with water molecules. The greater the size of the ion,, lesser will be the solvation and the less stabilised is the ion. The, order of stability of ions are as follows:, , Decreasing order of extent of H-bonding in water and order of, stability of ions by solvation., Chemistry 398, , 2021–22

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Greater is the stability of the substituted ammonium cation, stronger, should be the corresponding amine as a base. Thus, the order of basicity, of aliphatic amines should be: primary > secondary > tertiary, which, is opposite to the inductive effect based order. Secondly, when the, alkyl group is small, like –CH3 group, there is no steric hindrance to, H-bonding. In case the alkyl group is bigger than CH3 group, there will, be steric hinderance to H-bonding. Therefore, the change of nature of, the alkyl group, e.g., from –CH3 to –C2H5 results in change of the order, of basic strength. Thus, there is a subtle interplay of the inductive, effect, solvation effect and steric hinderance of the alkyl group which, decides the basic strength of alkyl amines in the aqueous state. The, order of basic strength in case of methyl substituted amines and ethyl, substituted amines in aqueous solution is as follows:, (C2H5)2NH > (C2H5)3N > C2H5NH2 > NH3, (CH3)2NH > CH3NH2 > (CH3)3N > NH3, (b) Arylamines versus ammonia, pKb value of aniline is quite high. Why is it so? It is because in, aniline or other arylamines, the -NH2 group is attached directly to, the benzene ring. It results in the unshared electron pair on nitrogen, atom to be in conjugation with the benzene ring and thus making, it less available for protonation. If you write different resonating, structures of aniline, you will find that aniline is a resonance, hybrid of the following five structures., , On the other hand, anilinium ion obtained by accepting a proton, can have only two resonating structures (kekule)., , We know that greater the number of resonating structures, greater, is the stability. Thus you can infer that aniline (five resonating, structures) is more stable than anilinium ion. Hence, the proton, acceptability or the basic nature of aniline or other aromatic amines, would be less than that of ammonia. In case of substituted aniline, it, is observed that electron releasing groups like –OCH3, –CH3 increase, basic strength whereas electron withdrawing groups like –NO2, –SO3H,, –COOH, –X decrease it., 399 Amines, , 2021–22

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Example 13.4 Arrange the following in decreasing order of their basic strength:, C6H5NH2, C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, NH3, , Solution The decreasing order of basic strength of the above amines and ammonia, follows the following order:, (C2H5)2NH > C2H5NH2 > NH3 > C6H5NH2, 2. Alkylation, Amines undergo alkylation on reaction with alkyl halides (refer Unit, 10, Class XII)., 3. Acylation, Aliphatic and aromatic primary and secondary amines react with, acid chlorides, anhydrides and esters by nucleophilic substitution, reaction. This reaction is known as acylation. You can consider, this reaction as the replacement of hydrogen atom of –NH2 or >N–H, group by the acyl group. The products obtained by acylation reaction, are known as amides. The reaction is carried out in the presence of, a base stronger than the amine, like pyridine, which removes HCl so, formed and shifts the equilibrium to the right hand side., , Amines also react with benzoyl chloride (C6H5COCl). This reaction, is known as benzoylation., , CH3 NH2, Methanamine, , +, , C6 H5 COCl, Benzoyl chloride, , → CH 3 NHCOC6 H5 + HCl, N − Methylbenzamide, , What do you think is the product of the reaction of amines with, carboxylic acids ? They form salts with amines at room temperature., , Chemistry 400, , 2021–22

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4. Carbylamine reaction, Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines on heating with chloroform, and ethanolic potassium hydroxide form isocyanides or carbylamines, which are foul smelling substances. Secondary and tertiary amines, do not show this reaction. This reaction is known as carbylamine, reaction or isocyanide test and is used as a test for primary amines., 5. Reaction with nitrous acid, Three classes of amines react differently with nitrous acid which is, prepared in situ from a mineral acid and sodium nitrite., (a) Primary aliphatic amines react with nitrous acid to form aliphatic, diazonium salts which being unstable, liberate nitrogen gas, quantitatively and alcohols. Quantitative evolution of nitrogen is, used in estimation of amino acids and proteins., , (b) Aromatic amines react with nitrous acid at low temperatures, (273-278 K) to form diazonium salts, a very important class of, compounds used for synthesis of a variety of aromatic compounds, discussed in Section 13.7., , Secondary and tertiary amines react with nitrous acid in a, different manner., 6. Reaction with arylsulphonyl chloride, Benzenesulphonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl), which is also known as, Hinsberg’s reagent, reacts with primary and secondary amines to, form sulphonamides., (a) The reaction of benzenesulphonyl chloride with primary amine, yields N-ethylbenzenesulphonyl amide., , The hydrogen attached to nitrogen in sulphonamide is strongly, acidic due to the presence of strong electron withdrawing sulphonyl, group. Hence, it is soluble in alkali., (b) In the reaction with secondary amine, N,N-diethylbenzenesulphonamide is formed., O, O, , S, O, , Cl + H N C2H5, C2H5, , S, , N C2H5 + HCl, , O, , C2H5, , N,N-Diethylbenzenesulphonamide, 401 Amines, , 2021–22

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Since N, N-diethylbenzene sulphonamide does not contain any, hydrogen atom attached to nitrogen atom, it is not acidic and hence, insoluble in alkali., (c) Tertiary amines do not react with benzenesulphonyl chloride., This property of amines reacting with benzenesulphonyl chloride, in a different manner is used for the distinction of primary,, secondary and tertiary amines and also for the separation of a, mixture of amines. However, these days benzenesulphonyl, chloride is replaced by p-toluenesulphonyl chloride., 7. Electrophilic substitution, You have read earlier that aniline is a resonance hybrid of five, structures. Where do you find the maximum electron density in, these structures? Ortho- and para-positions to the –NH2 group, become centres of high electron density. Thus –NH2 group is ortho, and para directing and a powerful activating group., (a) Bromination: Aniline reacts with bromine water at room, temperature to give a white precipitate of 2,4,6-tribromoaniline., , The main problem encountered during electrophilic substitution, reactions of aromatic amines is that of their very high reactivity., Substitution tends to occur at ortho- and para-positions. If we, have to prepare monosubstituted aniline derivative, how can, the activating effect of –NH2 group be controlled ? This can be, done by protecting the -NH2 group by acetylation with acetic, anhydride, then carrying out the desired substitution followed, by hydrolysis of the substituted amide to the substituted amine., , The lone pair of electrons on nitrogen of acetanilide interacts, with oxygen atom due to resonance as shown below:, , Chemistry 402, , 2021–22

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Hence, the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen is less available for, donation to benzene ring by resonance. Therefore, activating, effect of –NHCOCH3 group is less than that of amino group., (b) Nitration: Direct nitration of aniline yields tarry oxidation, products in addition to the nitro derivatives. Moreover, in the, strongly acidic medium, aniline is protonated to form the, anilinium ion which is meta directing. That is why besides the, ortho and para derivatives, significant amount of meta derivative, is also formed., , However, by protecting the –NH2 group by acetylation reaction, with acetic anhydride, the nitration reaction can be controlled, and the p-nitro derivative can be obtained as the major product., , (c) Sulphonation: Aniline reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid, to form anilinium hydrogensulphate which on heating with, sulphuric acid at 453-473K produces p-aminobenzene sulphonic, acid, commonly known as sulphanilic acid, as the major product., , Aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction (alkylation and, acetylation) due to salt formation with aluminium chloride, the, Lewis acid, which is used as a catalyst. Due to this, nitrogen of, aniline acquires positive charge and hence acts as a strong, deactivating group for further reaction., , 403 Amines, , 2021–22

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Intext Questions, 13.4 Arrange the following in increasing order of their basic strength:, (i) C2H5NH2, C6H5NH2, NH3, C6H5CH2NH2 and (C2H5)2NH, (ii) C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, (C2H5)3N, C6H5NH2, (iii) CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH, (CH3)3N, C6H5NH2, C6H5CH2NH2., 13.5 Complete the following acid-base reactions and name the products:, (i) CH3CH2CH2NH2 + HCl →, (ii) (C2H5)3N + HCl →, 13.6 Write reactions of the final alkylation product of aniline with excess of methyl, iodide in the presence of sodium carbonate solution., 13.7 Write chemical reaction of aniline with benzoyl chloride and write the name of, the product obtained., 13.8 Write structures of different isomers corresponding to the molecular formula,, C3H9N. Write IUPAC names of the isomers which will liberate nitrogen gas on, treatment with nitrous acid., II. DIAZONIUM SALTS, +, , –, , The diazonium salts have the general formula R N 2 X where R stands, –, , –, , –, , for an aryl group and X ion may be Cl Br, HSO −4 , BF4− , etc. They are, named by suffixing diazonium to the name of the parent hydrocarbon, from which they are formed, followed by the name of anion such as, +, , chloride, hydrogensulphate, etc. The N 2 group is called diazonium, +, , –, , group. For example, C 6 H 5 N 2 Cl is named as benzenediazonium, +, –, chloride and C 6 H 5 N 2 HSO 4 is known as benzenediazonium, hydrogensulphate., Primary aliphatic amines form highly unstable alkyldiazonium salts, (refer to Section 13.6). Primary aromatic amines form arenediazonium, salts which are stable for a short time in solution at low temperatures, (273-278 K). The stability of arenediazonium ion is explained on the, basis of resonance., , 13.7 Method of, Preparation, of Diazoniun, Salts, , Benzenediazonium chloride is prepared by the reaction of aniline with, nitrous acid at 273-278K. Nitrous acid is produced in the reaction, mixture by the reaction of sodium nitrite with hydrochloric acid. The, conversion of primary aromatic amines into diazonium salts is known, as diazotisation. Due to its instability, the diazonium salt is not, generally stored and is used immediately after its preparation., +, , –, , 273 − 278K, C6 H5 NH2 + NaNO 2 + 2HCl , → C6 H 5 N 2 Cl + NaCl + 2H 2 O, , Chemistry 404, , 2021–22

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13.8 Physical, Properties, , Benzenediazonium chloride is a colourless crystalline solid. It is readily, soluble in water and is stable in cold but reacts with water when, warmed. It decomposes easily in the dry state. Benzenediazonium, fluoroborate is water insoluble and stable at room temperature., , 13.9 Chemical, Reactions, , The reactions of diazonium salts can be broadly divided into two, categories, namely (A) reactions involving displacement of nitrogen and, (B) reactions involving retention of diazo group., A. Reactions involving displacement of nitrogen, Diazonium group being a very good leaving group, is substituted, –, – –, –, –, by other groups such as Cl , Br , I , CN and OH which displace, nitrogen from the aromatic ring. The nitrogen formed escapes from, the reaction mixture as a gas., –, –, –, 1. Replacement by halide or cyanide ion: The Cl , Br and CN, nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene ring in the, presence of Cu(I) ion. This reaction is called Sandmeyer reaction., 2, , 2, , 2, , 2, , Alternatively, chlorine or bromine can also be introduced in the, benzene ring by treating the diazonium salt solution with corresponding, halogen acid in the presence of copper powder. This is referred as, Gatterman reaction., , The yield in Sandmeyer reaction is found to be better than, Gattermann reaction., 2. Replacement by iodide ion: Iodine is not easily introduced into, the benzene ring directly, but, when the diazonium salt solution, is treated with potassium iodide, iodobenzene is formed., , 3. Replacement by fluoride ion: When arenediazonium chloride is, treated with fluoroboric acid, arene diazonium fluoroborate is, precipitated which on heating decomposes to yield aryl fluoride., , 4. Replacement by H: Certain mild reducing agents like, hypophosphorous acid (phosphinic acid) or ethanol reduce, diazonium salts to arenes and themselves get oxidised to, phosphorous acid and ethanal, respectively., 405 Amines, , 2021–22

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5. Replacement by hydroxyl group: If the temperature of the, diazonium salt solution is allowed to rise upto 283 K, the salt, gets hydrolysed to phenol., , 6. Replacement by –NO2 group: When diazonium fluoroborate is, heated with aqueous sodium nitrite solution in the presence of, copper, the diazonium group is replaced by –NO2 group., , B. Reactions involving retention of diazo group, coupling reactions, The azo products obtained have an extended conjugate system having, both the aromatic rings joined through the –N=N– bond. These compounds, are often coloured and are used as dyes. Benzene diazonium chloride, reacts with phenol in which the phenol molecule at its para position is, coupled with the diazonium salt to form p-hydroxyazobenzene. This, type of reaction is known as coupling reaction. Similarly the reaction of, diazonium salt with aniline yields p-aminoazobenzene. This is an example, of electrophilic substitution reaction., , 13.10 Importance, of Diazonium, Salts in, Synthesis, of Aromatic, Compounds, , From the above reactions, it is clear that the diazonium salts are very, good intermediates for the introduction of –F, –Cl, –Br, –I, –CN, –OH,, –NO2 groups into the aromatic ring., Aryl fluorides and iodides cannot be prepared by direct halogenation., The cyano group cannot be introduced by nucleophilic substitution of, chlorine in chlorobenzene but cyanobenzene can be easily obtained, from diazonium salt., Thus, the replacement of diazo group by other groups is helpful in, , Chemistry 406, , 2021–22

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preparing those substituted aromatic compounds which cannot be, prepared by direct substitution in benzene or substituted benzene., , How will you convert 4-nitrotoluene to 2-bromobenzoic acid ?, , Example 13.5, Solution, , Intext Question, 13.9 Convert, (i) 3-Methylaniline into 3-nitrotoluene., (ii) Aniline into 1,3,5 - tribromobenzene., , Summary, Amines can be considered as derivatives of ammonia obtained by replacement of, hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. Replacement of one hydrogen atom of, ammonia gives rise to structure of the type R-NH2, known as primary amine., Secondary amines are characterised by the structure R2NH or R-NHR′′ and tertiary, ′′ or R2NR′., ′. Secondary and tertiary amines are known as, amines by R3N, RNR′′R′′, simple amines if the alkyl or aryl groups are the same and mixed amines if the, groups are different. Like ammonia, all the three types of amines have one unshared, electron pair on nitrogen atom due to which they behave as Lewis bases., Amines are usually formed from nitro compounds, halides, amides, imides, etc., They exhibit hydrogen bonding which influence their physical properties. In, alkylamines, a combination of electron releasing, steric and H-bonding factors, influence the stability of the substituted ammonium cations in protic polar solvents, and thus affect the basic nature of amines. Alkyl amines are found to be stronger, bases than ammonia. In aromatic amines, electron releasing and withdrawing groups,, respectively increase and decrease their basic character. Aniline is a weaker base, 407 Amines, , 2021–22

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than ammonia. Reactions of amines are governed by availability of the unshared pair, of electrons on nitrogen. Influence of the number of hydrogen atoms at nitrogen atom, on the type of reactions and nature of products is responsible for identification and, distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary amines. p-Toluenesulphonyl chloride, is used for the identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Presence of, amino group in aromatic ring enhances reactivity of the aromatic amines. Reactivity of, aromatic amines can be controlled by acylation process, i.e., by treating with acetyl, chloride or acetic anhydride. Tertiary amines like trimethylamine are used as insect, attractants., Aryldiazonium salts, usually obtained from arylamines, undergo replacement of, the diazonium group with a variety of nucleophiles to provide advantageous methods, for producing aryl halides, cyanides, phenols and arenes by reductive removal of the, diazo group. Coupling reaction of aryldiazonium salts with phenols or arylamines give, rise to the formation of azo dyes., , Exercises, 13.1 Write IUPAC names of the following compounds and classify them into primary,, secondary and tertiary amines., (i) (CH3)2CHNH2, (iv) (CH3)3CNH2, , (ii) CH3(CH2)2NH2, , (iii) CH3NHCH(CH3)2, , (v) C6H5NHCH3, , (vi) (CH3CH2)2NCH3, , (vii) m–BrC6H 4NH2, 13.2 Give one chemical test to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds., (i) Methylamine and dimethylamine, (iii) Ethylamine and aniline, , (ii) Secondary and tertiary amines, (iv) Aniline and benzylamine, , (v) Aniline and N-methylaniline., 13.3 Account for the following:, (i) pKb of aniline is more than that of methylamine., (ii) Ethylamine is soluble in water whereas aniline is not., (iii) Methylamine in water reacts with ferric chloride to precipitate hydrated, ferric oxide., (iv) Although amino group is o– and p– directing in aromatic electrophilic, substitution reactions, aniline on nitration gives a substantial amount of, m-nitroaniline., (v) Aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction., (vi) Diazonium salts of aromatic amines are more stable than those of aliphatic, amines., (vii) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis is preferred for synthesising primary amines., 13.4 Arrange the following:, (i) In decreasing order of the pKb values:, C2H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, (C2H5)2NH and C6H5NH2, (ii) In increasing order of basic strength:, C6H5NH2, C6H5N(CH3)2, (C2H5)2NH and CH3NH2, (iii) In increasing order of basic strength:, (a) Aniline, p-nitroaniline and p-toluidine, Chemistry 408, , 2021–22