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Republic of the Philippines, , Department of Education, Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula, , 12, GENERAL PHYSICS 2, 2nd Semester - Module 2, , ELECTRIC POTENTIAL

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General Physics 2 - Grade 12 (STEM), Support Material for Independent Learning Engagement (SMILE), Module 2: Electric Potential, First Edition, 2021, Republic Act 8293, section176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of, the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office, wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such, agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties., Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every, effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their, respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership, over them., , Development Team of the Module, Writer:, , Jeovanny A. Marticion, , Editor:, , Helen M. Ogoc, , Reviewers:, , Helen M. Ogoc, Zyhrine P. Mayormita, , Layout Artist:, , Oliver A. Manalo, , Management Team: Virgilio P. Batan Jr., Lourma I. Poculan, , - Schools Division Superintendent, - Asst. Schools Division Superintendent, , Amelinda D. Montero - Chief Education Supervisor, CID, Nur N. Hussien, , - Chief Education Supervisor, SGOD, , Ronillo S. Yarag, , - Education Program Supervisor, LRMS, , Zyhrine P. Mayormita - Education Program Supervisor, Science, Leo Martinno O. Alejo - Project Development Officer II, LRMS, Janette A. Zamoras, , - Public Schools District Supervisor, , Joselito S. Tizon, , - Principal, Zambonga del Norte NHS, , Printed in the Philippines by, Department of Education – Region IX– Dipolog City Schools Division, Office Address: Purok Farmers, Olingan, DipologCity, Zamboanga del Norte, 7100, Telefax:, (065) 212-6986 and (065)212-5818, E-mail Address:, [email protected]

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What I Need to Know, This module will help you in understanding the basic concepts of electric, potential and electric potential energy. At the end of this module, you should, be able to:, 1., Relate the electric potential with work, potential energy, and, electric field. (STEM_GP12EM-IIIb-15);, 2., Determine the electric potential function at any point due to highly, symmetric continuous charge distributions (STEM_GP12EM-IIIc-17);, 3., Infer the direction and strength of electric field vector, nature of, the electric field sources, and electrostatic potential surfaces given the, equipotential lines Define the work done by the electric force. (STEM_GP12EMIIIc-18);, 4., Calculate the electric field in the region given a mathematical, function describing its potential in a region of space (STEM_GP12EM-IIIc-20);, and, 5., Solve problems involving electric potential energy and electric, potentials (STEM_GP12EM-IIIc-22), , What's In, The concept of energy in General Physics 1 was useful in studying, mechanics. The motion of the objects can be predicted by utilizing the law of, conservation of energy. For instance, when you lift a book you are changing the, gravitational potential energy. Lifting the object against the gravitational, influence would mean doing work on the ball., The concept of potential energy can also be associated with electrostatic, behavior. This has been widely used in practical applications such as, televisions, particle accelerators, circuits and particle accelerators., In this module, the concepts of work and energy will be considered to, electric fields. The work done in moving a test charge across the electric field, allows the charge to gain electric potential energy. This is associated with, another concept called electric potential., , 1

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Activity 1. Quick Check!, Direction: Let us check what you have learned about electric fields and charges in the, previous lesson. Write T if the statement is correct; otherwise write F in the space, provided., ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, , 1. Electromagnetic force is associated with a fundamental property of matter electric charge, 2. The SI unit of electric charge is the coulomb, symbol C., 3. Electrostatic effects occur when electrical charges are separated., 4. All charge separation involves the expenditure of energy., 5. The magnitude of the electrostatic force between charges increases, as their separation decreases., , What's New, Activity 1: Membrane Potentials, Direction: Study the structure of the cell, membrane and the information provided about it., Then answer the activity questions that follow., Living cells maintain a potential difference across, their membrane. The potential difference is, caused by disparities in terms of concentration, and permeability of ions across the membrane. A, membrane has an electrical charge due to the, unequal concentrations of ions. The membrane, potential is responsible for sending messages to, the central nervous system., The cell membrane's lipid bilayer structure, is important since its lipid-phosphorus head and, fatty acid tail create a hydrophobic and, hydrophilic character of the membrane. This, houses the sodium and potassium ions pump,, ATPase pump, ion transporters, and voltagegated channels. It is also responsible for the, regulation of ions getting in and out, which helps, in determining the concentration of specific ions., From the text, answer the following questions:, , 2, , https://www.google.com/search?q=membrane+potential+infographic&tbm=isch&ved=2, ahUKEwjgu4bP3IHvAhUSS5QKHdLxCsQQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=membrane+potential+infographic&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECAAQE1CT, iBNY7pUTYO2gE2gAcAB4AYABqgaIAZwmkgELMi0yLjMuMy4yLjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3, Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=U9s1YKDGCZKW0QTS46ugDA&bih=479&biw=88, 8#imgrc=JQtg2RDMIMd02M

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Activity Questions:, 1. How would you define membrane potential?, _____________________________________________________________________________, _____________________________________________________________________________, _____________________________________________________________________________, 2.What are the factors that could affect the ion movement?, _____________________________________________________________________________, _____________________________________________________________________________, _____________________________________________________________________________, 3.If the membrane allows only positive charges to get through it, what happens to the, concentration of both sides of the membrane?, _____________________________________________________________________________, _____________________________________________________________________________, _____________________________________________________________________________, 4.From what you have learned in Biology, why is membrane potential essential among, plants and animals?., _____________________________________________________________________________, _____________________________________________________________________________, , What Is It, Electric Potential Energy, We can consider the potential energy of any charge using the gravitational, analogy. Suppose you have a uniform electric field at the left with oppositely charged, plates and Earth's surface where gravitational field is also uniform., , ag, , E, , 3

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This time, we place a test charge q in the electric field and a body with mass m, in the gravitational field. Thus, the charge is now acted upon by an electric force and, gravitational force., , E, , Fe, , Fg, , 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸, , ag, , 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔, , where q is the charge and, E is the electric field, , where m is the mass and, ag is the acceleration due to gravity, , If we want to move the test charge to plate B, a force must be applied to push, against the force of the electric field. When a force F is acted on a particle from points, a to b, the work 𝑊𝑎→𝑏 done is given by a line integral., 𝑏, , 𝑏, , 𝑊𝑎→𝑏 = ∫ 𝐹𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝑑𝑙, 𝑎, , 𝑎, , where dl is the infinitesimal displacement along the path and 𝜙 is the angle between, the force and displacement along the path. If the force applied is conservative, the, work done can be expressed as potential energy U. Thus,, , 𝑊𝑎→𝑏 = 𝑈𝑎 − 𝑈𝑏 = −(𝑈𝑏 − 𝑈𝑎 ) = −∆𝑈, If 𝑊𝑎→𝑏 is positive, 𝑈𝑎 is greater than 𝑈𝑏 , ∆𝑈 is negative, potential energy, decreases. For instance, when mass m falls towards the Earth's surface, gravity does, positive work, but the gravitational potential energy decreases. If the mass was tossed, upward, the gravity does negative work and potential energy increases., Whether the test charge in the electric field is positive or negative, the potential, energy increases if the test charge moves opposite to the direction of the electric force., Potential energy decreases if the charge moves in the same direction as the electric, force. Similarly, the gravitational potential energy increases if the body moves upward, or against the direction of gravitational force and decreases if it moves downward or, in same direction with gravitational force., , 4

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Electric Potential Energy of Two Point Charges, The electric potential energy between two point charges is given as:, , 𝑈=, , 1 𝑞𝑞0, 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟, , where r is the distance of separation, 𝑞𝑞0 are the values of 2 charges. The, electric potential energy is expressed as Nm or Joules (J)., For electric potential energy with several test charges, this is expressed as:, , 𝑈=, , 𝑞0 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞3, 𝑞0, 𝑞𝑖, ( + + + ⋯) =, ∑, 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3, 4𝜋𝜖0, 𝑖 𝑟𝑖, , Example 1:, A point charge q1 = +2.80 µC is at origin. How far should the second point, charge of +5.20 µC be placed to have electric potential energy of 0.600 J?, A, , What is/are given?, , B, C, , What is asked?, Are the units, consistent with the, formula?, How will you draw, the problem?, , D, , Q1 = +2.80 x 10-9 C, U = 0.600 J, r=?, Yes, , Q2 = +5.20 x 10-6 C, , 2.80 µC, , 5.20 µC, r, , E, , What strategy must, be employed?, , F, , Solution, , U = 0.600 J, We rearrange the formula and solve for r, since it is unknown. Then, we plug-in the, values., , 1 𝑞𝑞0, 1 (2.80 𝑥 10−6 𝐶)(5.20 𝑥 10−6 𝐶), 𝑟=, =, 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑈, 4𝜋𝜖0, 0.600 𝐽, 2, −11 2, 𝑁𝑚 1.456 𝑥 10 𝐶, = 9 𝑥 109 2, = 0.2184 𝑚, 𝐶, 0.600 𝑁𝑚, G, , What is the, conclusion?, , Therefore, the second charge must be placed 0.2184 m, from charge 1, , 5

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Example 2:, A charge of 4.50 x 10-8 C is placed in a uniform electric field that is directed vertically, upward with a magnitude of 5.00 x 104 N/C. What work is done by the electrical force, when the charge moves 0.450 m to the right? 0.800 m downward? 2.60 m at an angle, of 45 degrees from the horizontal?, A, , What is/are given?, , B, C, , What is asked?, Are the units, consistent with the, formula?, How will you draw, the problem?, , D, , Q = +4.50 x 10-8 C, E = 5.00 x 104 N/C, r = 0.450 m, r = 0.800 m and r = 2.60 m, 45°, W=?, Yes, , (c), , (b), , E= 5.00 x 104 N/C, , (a), E, , F, , What strategy, must be, employed?, Solution, , We can use W = Fd cosƟ, where F = qE., , 104 N, ) (0.45 m) cos 90 = 0𝐽, C, 104 N, 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 = 𝑞𝐸𝑑 = ( 4.50 x 10 −8 C) (5.00 x, ) (0.800 m) cos 0 = −1.8 𝑥 10−3 𝐽, C, since the movement of the charge is opposite the direction of electric field, 104 N, −8, (, 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 = 𝑞𝐸𝑑 = 4.50 x 10 C) (5.00 x, ) 2.60 m cos 45 = 4.137 𝑥 10−3 𝐽, C, G What is the, Therefore, the work done when the charge is move, conclusion?, to the right is 0 J. When it moved downwards, it has, done -1.8 x 10-3 J. Finally, when it is moved 2.60, m at an angle of 45 degrees, it has done work at, 4.137 J, 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 = 𝑞𝐸𝑑 = ( 4.50 x 10 −8 C) (5.00 x, , 6

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Electric Potential, The potential energy was associated with a test charge in an electric field. This, time, we will be expressing the potential energy per unit charge leading us to another, concept known as electric potential or simply potential. Potential is expressed as:, 𝑈, 𝑉=, 𝑞0, where U is the electric potential energy and q0 is the charge. The electric, potential is expressed as volt (V)., 1 Volt = 1 Joule/Coulomb, When we divide both sides of the equation relating work done by the electric, force from points a to b by q0 to represent it as work per unit charge., , 𝑊𝑎→𝑏, 𝛥𝑈, 𝑈𝑏 𝑈𝑎, =−, = − ( − ) = −(𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉2 ) = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏, 𝑞0, 𝑞0, 𝑞0 𝑞0, The difference 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 is known as the potential difference. It is the difference, between the potential at point a and point b. This will be analyzed more in electric, circuits., To find the electric, potential V of a single, point charge, we can, express this as, , To find the electric, potential V of a several, point charges, we can, express this as, In case there is a, continuous distribution, of charges along a line,, over, a, surface, or, through the volume, the, charge is divided into, elements and the sum, becomes an integral, , 𝑉=, , 𝑉=, , 1 𝑞, 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟, , 𝑞, 1, ∑ 𝑖, 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟𝑖, 𝑖, , 𝑉=, , 1, 𝑑𝑞, ∫, 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟, , 7, , 1.The potential at any point, is negative if q is negative., 2.The potential at any point, is positive if q is positive., 3.The potential is zero at, 𝑟=∞, It is the scalar sum of the, fields produced by each, charge, 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜆𝑑𝑙 (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟), 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜎𝑑𝐴 (𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒 ), 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜌𝑑𝑉 (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 )

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Example 3:, A point charge has a charge of 8.00 x 10-11 C. At what distance from the point charge, is the electrical potential (a) 12.0 V? (b) 24.0 V?, A, B, C, , D, , E, , F, , What is/are, given?, What is asked?, Are the units, consistent with, the formula?, How will you, draw the, problem?, , Q1 = 8.00 x 10-11 C, V1 = 12.0 V; V2 = 24.0 V, r=?, Yes, , What strategy, must be, employed?, Solution, at 24 V, , We rearrange the formula and solve for r since, it is unknown. Then, we plug-in the values., , 8.00 x 10-11, C, , 24 V, , 12 V, , 1 𝑞, 1 8.00 x 10−11 C, 𝑁𝑚2, 𝐶, =, = 9 𝑥 109 2 (3.33 𝑥 10−12 ), 𝐽⁄, 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑉 4𝜋𝜖0, 24 𝑉, 𝐶, 𝐶, 2, 𝑁𝑚, 𝐶, = 9 𝑥 109 2 (3.33 𝑥 10−12, ) = 0.03 𝑚, 𝑁𝑚⁄, 𝐶, 𝐶, , 𝑟=, , at 12 V, , G, , 2, 1 𝑞, 1 8.00 x 10−11 C, 9 𝑁𝑚, −12 𝐶, (, ), 𝑟=, =, = 9 𝑥 10, 6.67, 𝑥, 10, 𝐽⁄, 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑉 4𝜋𝜖0, 12 𝑉, 𝐶2, 𝐶, 2, 𝑁𝑚, 𝐶, = 9 𝑥 109 2 (6.67 𝑥 10−12, ) = 0.06 𝑚, 𝑁𝑚⁄, 𝐶, 𝐶, , What is the, conclusion?, , Therefore, at 0.03 m the electric potential is 24 V, while at 0.06 m, the electric potential is 12 V. Moving, to the same direction of electric field would yield, decreasing potential values. On the other hand,, when r approaches infinity, the potential becomes, zero., , 8

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Electric Potential from an Electric Field, Determining electric potential from electric field is given by:, 𝑏, , 𝑏, , 𝑏, , 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 = ∫ 𝐸𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝑑𝑙 = − ∫ 𝐸 𝑑𝑙, 𝑎, , 𝑎, , Hence,, , 𝑎, , 𝐸=, , 𝑉, 𝑑, , where electric field can be expressed as Volt/meter or Newton/Coulomb., If you move in the direction of electric potential, the electric potential V, decreases. It increases when you move in the direction opposite to the electric field., , V increases, , V decreases, , V decreases, , V increases, , Electron Volts, If charge q is the magnitude of the electron charge and the potential difference, is 1V, the change in energy in moving the charge from points a to point is, 1.602 𝑥 10−19 𝐽. This quantity of energy is defined to be 1 electron volt (eV), 1 eV = 1.602 𝑥 10−19 𝐽, , Equipotential Surfaces, Topographic maps are represented by contour lines drawn through points with, similar elevation. These contour lines represent the curves of constant gravitational, potential energy. When they are very close to each other, the terrain is steep, and, large elevation changes occur. If these are far apart, the terrain is gently sloping., In analogy, an equipotential surface is a three-dimensional surface where electric, potential V is the same. If a test charge is moved from one point to another point on, a given surface, the electric potential remains the same., , 9

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Figure 1. Equipotential surfaces of a single positive charge, electric dipole and two equal positive charges, Image Source:, https://www.google.com/search?q=equipotential+surface&sxsrf=ALeKk00jn9NxZmKRUDQ0AAmuwak8cHupA:1614097855660&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSz8aKt4DvAhUdyYsBHdj8Dj4Q_AUoAXoECA8QAw&biw=888&bi, h=536#imgrc=rH7t4FElRZ1UJM, , The equipotential surfaces are always perpendicular to the electric field lines., There is no work when a charge is moved from point to point b within the same, equipotential surface. When charges are at rest, the conductor's surface is an, equipotential surface. Electric fields are always directed perpendicular to the surface., This also holds true for charges at rest in an entire solid volume of a conductor., , What's More, Activity 2: Qualitative Problems, Direction: Answer the following questions., (1) The potential energy of a certain system of two charges increases as the charges are, moved farther apart. What does this tell us about the sign of the charges? Why?, ___________________________________________________________________________________, ___________________________________________________________________________________, ________________________________________________________, (2) Show that volt per meter is the same as newton per coulomb., ___________________________________________________________________________________, ___________________________________________________________________________________, ________________________________________________________, (3) A student said "electric potential is always proportional to potential energy; why, bother with the concept of potential at all? How would you respond?, ___________________________________________________________________________________, ___________________________________________________________________________________, ________________________________________________________, , 10

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What I Have Learned, Activity 3: Quantitative Problem, Direction: Solve the problems and write your answers on a separate sheet of, paper. You may also consult your Physics teacher., An electric dipole consists of point charges, q1 = +12 nC and q2 = -12 nC placed, 10.0 cm apart. Compute the electric potentials at points a, b and c., Hint: use the electric potentials for several point charges, c, , 13 cm, , 13 cm, a, , b, , 4 cm, , 6 cm, , 4 cm, , Scoring Rubric, , Criteria, Physics, Approach, , 3, The approach is, appropriate and, complete, , 2, The approach, contains minor, errors, , Procedure, , Mathematical, and logical, procedures are, clear, complete, and connected, , Mathematical, and logical, procedures are, missing/contain, errors, , Description Diagrams and, symbols used, are appropriate, and complete, , Parts of the, diagrams and, symbols contain, errors, , 11, , 1, Some of the, concepts and, principles are, missing or, inappropriate, Most of the, mathematical, and logical, procedures, , 0, The solution, doesn't, indicate an, approach, , Most of the, parts of the, diagrams and, symbols are not, useful, , The entire, visualization, is wrong or, did not, include, visualization., , All, procedures, are, incomplete, and contain, errors

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What I Can Do, Activity 4. Building Concept Map, Direction: Create a concept map out from the things you have learned from this, module. You can use words, terms, phrases, or formulas in connecting these, concepts. Refer to the scoring guide below:, Legible (easy to, read), , No (0-1), , Accurate, (concepts were, used accurately), , Many inaccuracies, (0-2), , A few inaccuracies, (3-4), , No inaccuracies, (5), , Complete, (sufficient number, of relevant, concepts and, relationships), Sophisticated, (finding, meaningful, connections, between relevant, concepts), , Limited use of, concepts, (0-2), , Some use of, concepts, (3-4), , Sufficient, number of, concepts, (5), , Little or, none, (0-1), , Yes (2), , Few, meaningful, connections, made (2-4), , Some, meaningful, connections, made (5-7), , Meaningful, and original, insights, demonstrated, (8), , Mueller's Classroom Concept Rubric, , Assessment, Directions: Write the letter of your choice in the space provided., For Nos. 1-2, refer to this problem: Four positive charges of equal magnitude were, placed in each corner of a square., _____1. What will be the electric potential at the center of the square?, 𝑞, 𝑞, 𝑞, a. zero, b.4𝑘 𝑟, c. 8√2𝑘 𝑟, d. 4√2𝑘 𝑟, _____2. What will be the electric potential at the center of the square if two, charges at the top are replaced with negative charges?, 𝑞, 𝑞, 𝑞, a. zero, b.4𝑘 𝑟, c. 8√2𝑘 𝑟, d. 4√2𝑘 𝑟, , 12

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_____3. If the distance between two charges is quadrupled, how would the electric, potential energy change?, a. doubled b. halved, c. quadrupled, d. quartered, For Nos. 4-8 refer to the diagram at the right, _____4. What is the direction of the electric field at, a. upward, c. right, b. downward, d. left, _____5. What is the direction of the electric field at, a. upward, b. downward, c. right, , +5 V, , -5 V, , point B?, , B, , A, , 0V, , +10 V, , point A?, d. left, -10 V, , _____6. Suppose a positive charge was moved from points A to B. What is work done, along the path?, a. increasing, c. zero, b. decreasing information, d. incomplete, _____7. Suppose a negative charge was moved from points A to B. What is work done, along the path?, a. increasing, c. zero, b. decreasing information, d. incomplete, _____8. At which point is the electric field does zero, test charge?, a. A and D, c. B and C, b. A and B, d. D and C, , work on a, A, , B, D, , _____9. At which point has higher potential?, a. A, b. C, c. D, d. B, , C, , _____10. At which point is the electric field strongest?, a. A, b. C, c. D, d. B, _____11. What is the change in potential energy when a +3.5 C point charge was moved, from a negative plate to a positive plate with a potential difference of 8V?, a. 28 J, b. 0.4375 J, c. 2.29 J, d. 0 J, _____12. What is the magnitude of the electric field between parallel plates with 25 V of, potential difference and placed 25 cm apart?, a. 1 N/m, b. 1 V/C, c. 1 N/C, d. 1Nm/C, _____13. What is the electric potential at point A when q1 = -20 µC, and q2 = +20 µC?, A, 10 cm, a.8.0 µC, , b.1.9 µC, , 5 cm, c.5.5 µC, , 13, , d.2.4 µC

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_____14. Which of the following are valid units for electric field?, I. N/C, II. J/Cm, III.V/m, a. I and II only, , b. II and III only, , c. I and III only, , d. I, II and III, , _____15. How much work is needed to decreases the distance between a +15 µC charge, and a -20 µC charge from 1 m to 0.25 m?, a.-8.1 J, b.8.1 J, c.2.7 J, d.-2.7 J, , Additional Activities, Activity 5. Social Context, The community is a rich source of learning opportunities of electric potential. Choose, one from the following suggested activities in understanding the importance and, utilization of electric potential in our daily lives:, 1., , In a certain region an electric potential V is present. An unknown charge Q is, moved around this region between points at potential difference ΔV. A physicist, measures the change in the potential energy ΔU as the charge is moved. The table, below shows the data of the measurements. The unit for ΔV are MV (mega-Volts),, the units for ΔU are kJ (kilo-joules)., ΔV, ΔU, , 57.1, 362.8, , 29.9, 157.6, , 16.7, 124.3, , 9.97, 55.3, , 8.55, 48.8, , 8.32, 53.9, , 6.52, 37.9, , 6.87, 47.3, , You want to find the value of the unknown charge Q in mC. Since ΔU = QΔV make, the plot 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 where 𝑦 = 𝛥𝑈 and 𝑥 = 𝛥𝑉. Use Excel, calculator or whatever you, prefer. From the slope of the plot, calculate Q., 2., , Suppose a friend asks you to explain how electric potential relates to potential, energy. Write a brief explanation that you could use to explain this concept to a, friend who does not understand the relationship between two concepts., , 3., , Conduct simulations on electrostatics, electric fields, Gauss's law using online, sources. From this, write a short reflection. Refer to any sites below:, https://www.edumedia-sciences.com/en/node/81-electric-potential, https://ophysics.com/em4.html, , 14

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Answer Key General Physics 2 Module 2, Activity 1 From 1 to 5 the answer is, TRUE, Activity 2 Membrane Potentials, 1. It is the difference of, concentrations of ions within, the membrane’s region, 2. Ion concentrations, like charges, repel and unlike charges attract,, permeability, 3. The other side of the membrane, becomes negatively shraged, while the other side becomes, positively charged, 4. Electron transport chain, necessary for ATP production, , Activity 3, 1. They have opposite signs., Justifications may vary., 2. V/m = N/C, J/C/m = N/C, kgm2/s2/C/m = N/C, kgm2/s2/C = kgm/s2/C, 3. Electric potential is expressed as, volts while electric potential, energy is expressed as Joules, Activity 4, a = -900V; b= 1930V; C=0V, ASSESSMENT, 1. B, 6. D, 11. A, 2. B, 7. A, 12. C, 3. A, 8. D, 13. D, 4. C, 9. C, 14. D, 5. C, 10. C 15. A, , 15

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Region IX: Zamboanga Peninsula Hymn – Our Eden Land, , Here the trees and flowers bloom, Here the breezes gently Blow,, Here the birds sing Merrily,, The liberty forever Stays,, , Gallant men And Ladies fair, Linger with love and care, Golden beams of sunrise and sunset, Are visions you’ll never forget, Oh! That’s Region IX, , Here, Here, Here, With, , Hardworking people Abound,, Every valleys and Dale, Zamboangueños, Tagalogs, Bicolanos,, , the, the, the, the, , Badjaos roam the seas, Samals live in peace, Tausogs thrive so free, Yakans in unity, , Cebuanos, Ilocanos, Subanons, Boholanos, Ilongos,, All of them are proud and true, Region IX our Eden Land, Region IX, Our.., Eden..., Land..., , My Final Farewell, Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress'd, Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!,, Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best,, And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest, Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost., , Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky,, And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest, Let some kind soul o 'er my untimely fate sigh,, And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high, From thee, 0 my country, that in God I may rest., , On the field of battle, 'mid the frenzy of fight,, Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed;, The place matters not-cypress or laurel or lily white,, Scaffold or open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight,, T is ever the same, to serve our home and country's need., , Pray for all those that hapless have died,, For all who have suffered the unmeasur'd pain;, For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried,, For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried, And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain, , I die just when I see the dawn break,, Through the gloom of night, to herald the day;, And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take,, Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake, To dye with its crimson the waking ray., , And when the dark night wraps the graveyard around, With only the dead in thei r vigil to see, Break not my repose or the mystery profound, And perchance thou mays t hear a sad hym n resound, 'T is I, O my country, raising a song unto thee., , My dreams, when life first opened to me,, My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high,, Were to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the Orient sea, From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free;, No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eye., , And even my grave is rem embered no more, Unmark'd by never a cross nor a s tone, Let the plow sweep through i t, the spade turn it o'er, That my ashes may carpet earthly floor,, Before into nothing ness a t last they are blown., , Dream of my life, my living and burning desire,, All hail ! cries the soul that is now to take flight;, All hail ! And sweet it is for thee to expire ;, To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire;, And sleep in thy bosom eternity's long night., , Then wil l oblivion bring to me no care, As over thy vale s and plai ns I sweep;, Throbbing and cleansed i n thy space and air, With color and lig ht, wi th song and lament I fare,, Ever repeating the fai th that I keep., , If over my grave some day thou seest grow,, In the grassy sod, a humble flower,, Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so,, While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below, The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power., , My Fatherland ador'd, tha t sadness to my sorrow lends, Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last good -by!, I give thee all : parents and kindred and friends, For I go where no slave be fore the oppressor bends,, Where fai th can never kill , and God reigns e'er on high!, , Let the moon beam over me soft and serene,, Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes,, Let the wind with sad lament over me keen ;, And if on my cross a bird should be seen,, Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my ashes., , Farewell to you all, from my soul torn awa y,, Friends of my childhood i n the home dispossessed!, Give thanks tha t I rest from the wearisome day!, Farewell to thee , too, swe et friend that lightened m y way;, Beloved creatures all, farewell! I n death there is rest!, , I Am a Filipino, by Carlos P. Romulo, , I am a Filipino–inheritor of a glorious past, hostage to the uncertain, future. As such I must prove equal to a two-fold task–the task of, meeting my responsibility to the past, and the task of performing, my obligation to the future., , I sprung from a hardy race, child many generations removed of, ancient Malayan pioneers. Across the centuries the memory comes, rushing back to me: of brown-skinned men putting out to sea in, ships that were as frail as their hearts were stout. Over the sea I see, them come, borne upon the billowing wave and the whistling wind,, carried upon the mighty swell of hope–hope in the free abundance, of new land that was to be their home and their children’s forever., I am a Filipino. In my blood runs the immortal seed of heroes–seed, that flowered down the centuries in deeds of courage and defiance., In my veins yet pulses the same hot blood that sent Lapulapu to, battle against the first invader of this land, that nerved Lakandula, in the combat against the alien foe, that drove Diego Silang and, Dagohoy into rebellion against the foreign oppressor., The seed I bear within me is an immortal seed. It is the mark of my, manhood, the symbol of dignity as a human being. Like the seeds, that were once buried in the tomb of Tutankhamen many thousand, years ago, it shall grow and flower and bear fruit again. It is the, insignia of my race, and my generation is but a stage in the, unending search of my people for freedom and happiness., , I am a Filipino, child of the marriage of the East and the West. The, East, with its languor and mysticism, its passivity and endurance,, was my mother, and my sire was the West that came thundering, across the seas with the Cross and Sword and the Machine. I am of, the East, an eager participant in its spirit, and in its struggles for, liberation from the imperialist yoke. But I also know that the East, must awake from its centuried sleep, shake off the lethargy that has, bound his limbs, and start moving where destiny awaits., I am a Filipino, and this is my inheritance. What pledge shall I give, that I may prove worthy of my inheritance? I shall give the pledge, that has come ringing down the corridors of the centuries, and it, shall be compounded of the joyous cries of my Malayan forebears, when first they saw the contours of this land loom before their eyes,, of the battle cries that have resounded in every field of combat from, Mactan to Tirad Pass, of the voices of my people when they sing:, “I am a Filipino born to freedom, and I shall not rest until freedom, shall have been added unto my inheritance—for myself and my, children and my children’s children—forever.”, , 18