Page 2 :
CONTENTS, • INTRODUCTION, • ASSUMPTIONS OF KTG, • DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IDEAL & REAL GASES
Page 4 :
INTRODUCTION, • CHARLIES LAW :, , •VαT, , at constant, , P, , • i.e V / T = CONSTANT
Page 5 :
INTRODUCTION, • GAY LUSSAC’S LAW / PRESSURE LAW :, , • P α T at constant V, • i.e P / T = CONSTANT
Page 6 :
• Combinig above all equations , we, get, , IDEAL GAS Equation, , PV = nRT, Where R = ideal gas constant
Page 7 :
Assumptions of kinetic theory of, gases, • gas consists of a large number of, particles known as, , tiny, , molecule., , • gas particles are rigid, , in nature, , • pressure is constant in all direction, • kinetic energy of molecules at constant, temperature is always constant
Page 8 :
Assumptions of kinetic theory of, gases, • The attraction between gas molecule is, , zero, • potential energy of gas is always zero
Page 9 :
difference between ideal and real gas, IDEAL, , REAL, , Obey ideal gas equation, , Does not obey ideal gas, equation, , There are no intermolecular, forces of attraction., , Either attractive or repulsive, forces are present between the, particles., , The molecules collide with, each other elastically., , The molecules collide with, each other inelastically., , It is a hypothetical gas., , It exists in nature around us., , Obeys PV = nRT, , Obeys (P+an2V2)(V−nb)=nRT
Page 10 :
difference between ideal and real gas
Page 12 :
• Let see MEAN FREE PATH
Page 13 :
• Let see MEAN FREE PATH, Represented by λ, the average distance travelled by a, molecule with a constant velocity, between two successive collision, mean free path is inversely, proportional with density of, gas
Page 14 :
Let see MEAN FREE PATH, , it also inversely proportional to diameter, of the particles of gases
Page 16 :
the degrees of freedom (DOF) of a, mechanical system is the number of, independent parameters that define, its configuration or state
Page 17 :
Where f = DOF, N = NO.OF ATOM, K = NO. OF INDEPENDENT RELATION
Page 19 :
DOF OF Diatomic Gas, Eg., , Here N = 2 & K = 1, , THEREFORE F = 3 × 2 – 1 = 5
Page 20 :
DOF OF Triatomic Gas, Case 1st : Linear molecules, , Eg ., , Here, , N=3&K=2, , THEREFORE F = 3 × 3 – 2 = 7
Page 24 :
Consideration, V = VOLUME OF GAS, M = Mass of a total gas, m = mass of a single particle of gas, Vx = velocity of, , a gas along x axis, , according to assumption, , Vx = Vy = Vz
Page 28 :
P=F/A, :., , P:, , M(1/3 V2 ), L, , But here A = L2, , A, Finally we get, , P:, , M(1/3 V2), L3, , P = 1/3 ρ V2, , BUT L3 : VOLUME OF GAS, & M / VOLUME =, , ρ, , this is the equation for, pressure of an ideal gas
Page 30 :
Absorption , reflection and transmission, of heat radiation
Page 31 :
Interaction of thermal radiation, and matter, whenever thermal radiation falls on the, surface of an object some part of heat energy, is reflected , absorb and some part, transmtted .
Page 32 :
Consideration, Q, total amount of thermal, energy incident on the surface, of an object ., , Qa - total amount of thermal energy absorb, Qr - total amount of thermal energy reflected, Qt - total amount of thermal energy transmitted
Page 33 :
Therefore total Radiant energy incident, on the body is given by, , Q = Qa + Qr + Qt …….., , 1), , Now divide equation 1 by Q on both side , we get, , Q = Qa + Qr + Qt, Q=Q+Q+Q, , ։. 1 = a +r + t, Here, a = coefficient of absorption, r = coefficient of reflection, t = coefficient of transmission
Page 35 :
Perfect black body, , For PBB ,, a=1 &r=0,t=0
Page 36 :
Perfect black body
Page 37 :
Perfect black body, , • Naturally perfect black body does not, exist., , • The scientist ferry design artificial black, body ( used as PBB ) For study of, radiation
Page 38 :
1 ) Diagram
Page 39 :
2 ) CONSTRUCTION :, It consists of double wall hollow sphere, having small opening called aperture, the outer layer polish with silver, , the space between Wall is evacuated space, the inner surface coated with lamp black, there is a conical projection opposite to the aperture
Page 40 :
3 ) WORKING :, The radiant energy incident on conical projection through ORIFICE, , The conical projection causes multiple reflection of Radiant energy, but inner layer of block is coated with lamp black which causes absorption of, Radiant energy, , Aperture does not Allow comeback of Radiant energy, due to this block is heated and some part of energy come in you have created, space, , due to polished surface with silver it does not pass Radiant energy in, surrounding, in this way ferrys black body at perfect black body
