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Error! No text of specified style in document., Yogendra sir…, , Class –XIIth Humanunities [ contemporary world politics], Chapter no. 1 The Cold War Era, Yogendra Kumawat……, , 19.04.2021, , Overview, Overview = = The chapter shows how the dominance of two superpowers, the United States of, America and the Soviet union was Central to the cold war., Cuban, Cuban missile, Missilecrisis, Crisis1962, 1962,  In April of 1961, the Soviet union leaders where worried that the US would invade cuba, ruled by the communists., And,  Cuba president “Fidel Castro” will be otherthrown.,  Cuban was an island nation located at the coast of America.,  But friend he was from the Soviet union. (union and received both diplomatic and financial, aid from it.),  In 1962, the Soviet union and deployed its Nuclear missile on Cuban.,  Soviet union leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to convert Cuba into Russia's military base.,  The United States came under close attack because of deploying nuclear missiles to Cuba.,  And after three weeks, America got a clue of it (CIA).,  US President John f. Kennedy and his advisors where terrified of doing something that would, start a war between the two.,  But the US was confident that “Nikita Khrushchev” would withdraw missile from Cuba.,  “John f. Kennedy” ordered that ships of the Soviet union be prevented for searching Cuba.,  America was not trying to show it's seriousness in such a situation.,  In such a situation the war could continue and it was the culmination of the cold war., o (In such a situation the war was going to happen.), o (This was the climax of the cold war.),  This incident is called the Cuban missile crisis.,  The whole world was terrified by this terrible situation.,  Eventually, to the world's great relief, both sides decided to avoid war., Note:- And the world survived the third world war., First world war, , Second world war, , 28 July 1914 - 11 Nov. 1918., , Allied Powers, pppppppppppppppp, ppppowerspowers, France,, Russia,, Britain,, USA (1917)., , Manchuria was, snatched from, china by japan, , Central Power, ssddddddssdd, Germany, Austria,, Hungary ,, Ottoman Empire, (at present Turkey) ,, Bulgaria., , 1 Sep. 1939 – 2 Sep. 1945., , Allied Powers, , USA, France ,, Britain,, USSR,China., , Axis Nation, , Japan, Germany,, Italy., (Defeat / lose), , 1

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Error! No text of specified style in document., , Nuclear Attack on Japan,  America dropped nuclear bombs on two cities in Japan., 1. 6 August 1945 = Hiroshima ( little boy), capacity around 15 to 21 kilotons., 2. 9 August 1945 = Nagasaki (fat man),  America was criticized a lot after this incident.,  Criticized-Japan was about to surrender so there was no need to draw bombs., , , On the American side-The second world war ended quickly and prevented further, casualties., , , , Objectives of attack- The US wanted to show the Soviet union that America is the only, superpower ., , Q. 1.- What is meant by abstinence (Stopping and Balancing) ?, Ans:- When both sides are very strong, they can do a lot of harm to each other, in such a, situation,neither side will want to take the risk of war.,  Both the US and the Soviet union their powerful and this did not cause war between the, two. And the world survied the third world war., The beginning of two polar worlds, ,  Both the superpower started increasing their influence on different parts of the world.,  Two polarities head started from here only.,  The world was divided into two groups.,  Partition started from the continent of Europe.,  From the Berlin wall.,  The world was divided into two camps., i., Eastern camp (USSR), ii., Western camp (USA), How do small country is benefit from joining the superpowers. ?,  Safety promise.,  Financial aid,  Military aid and weapons., Tell us about, NATO,  It was a military organization created by the US. (1945 to 1991.),  Country involved= 12 countries members.,  Currently countries member involved= 28 countries members, NATO, , North Atlantic treaty organization., , Establishment = 4 April 1949., , An objective:- i.) All members will be live together., ii.)Will help each other too., iii.) If there is an attack you will consider it yourself and fight together., , 2

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Error! No text of specified style in document., Which treaty was signed by the Soviet union in 1955.,  Warsaw treaty (known as Warsaw pact),  Its objectives was to counter the countries involved in the NATO., Why did the superpowers from alliances with smaller countries., i., ii., iii., iv., , Important resources = Petrol, mineral resources., Military base = Military operations., Land area = Land was available., Financial help = Receiving money and military power., , Tell about SEATO and CENTO, SENTO, , Establishment = 1954., SENTO = South East Asia treaty Organization., Objective = protecting southeast Asian countries, for the the expansionist policies of the the communists., , CENTO, , Establishment = 1955., CENTO = Central treaty organization., Objective = keeping the Soviet union, away from the middle East.,  Stop the effects of communism., , , Explain the scope of the cold war.,  Opportunities of crisis came among the countries divided into opposing camps.,  There was war and there was a possibility of war in some places, but the world nuclear war, is being avoided.,  There was wide spread casualties in Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan yet there was no world, war.,  Many crisis acrose during the cold war.,  A booldly battle ensued = but these battles did not take the form of the third world, war.,  Both superpowers = (USA and USSR) America and the Soviet union., 1) Korea (1952 -1953), 2) Berlin (1958 – 1962), 3) Congo (in the early 1960s)., Note:- There was a situation of direct discrimination., What three treaties signed by the two superpowers in the 1960s., 1. Nuclear test ban treaty., 2. Nuclear non-proliferation treaty., 3. Nuclear missile delimitation treaty., , 3

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Error! No text of specified style in document., , Challenging tow polarities- non aligned,  When the world was divided into two poles, the non-aligned movement gave a third option, to the newly independent countries of asia, africa latin america.,  The third option was to separate from the two superpowers.,  No country is forced to join the superpowers and that country can take every decision, independently., Founder leader of non- aligned movement, , 1. Josip broz Tito (1892 to 1980) = Yugoslavia., , , , , , President of Yugoslavia ( 1945 to 1980)., Fought against Germany in World war IInd., Communist:- maintained some distance from the Soviet union., Yugoslavia:- forged unity in Yugoslavia., , 2. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (1889 to 1964) = India.,  First PM of India 1947 to 1964.,  Made efforts for Asian unity, decolonisation, nuclear disarmament, advocated peaceful,, coexistence for security world peace., , 3. Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918 to 1970) = Egypt.,  Ruled Egypt from 1952 to 1970.,  Espoused the causes of Arab nationalism, socialism and anti-imperialsm.,  Nationalised the Suez channel.,  Leading to an international conflict in 1956., Note:- The founding leaders of these three non- aligned movement were fully supported by, Indonesia and Ghana on their behalf and joined with it., And this tree had a successful meeting in 1956., , 4. Sukrano, , , , , , , (1901 to 1970) = Indonesia., , First President of Indonesia 1945 to 1965., Led the freedom struggle., Espoused the causes of socialism and anti- imperialism., Organised the bandung conference., Overthrown in a military coup., , 4

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Error! No text of specified style in document., , 5. Kwame N krumah (1909 to 1972), , , , , , , = Ghana, , First prime minister of Ghana on 1952 to 1966., Led the freedom movement., Advocated the causes of socialism and Africa unity., Opposed neo- colonialism., Removed in a military coup., , First conference of non- aligned movement, , , , In 1961, Total, , = in Belgrade., = 25 members countries include., , 14th conference of non- Aligned movement, , , , , In 2006 in Havana Cuba., Total = 116 members countries., 15 observer countries., , What where the benefits to India by adopting the policy of non-Alignment.,  India was able to take international decision independently.,  Could take decisions keeping his interests in mind.,  India has always been in such a situation if one superpower was against it, it could go, towards the other.,  In such a situation, no one could bully India, nor could anyone worry about it.,  India avoided being enslaved again by adopting the policy of non-Alignment, and also saved, the other newly independent countries., How India's policy of non-Alignment was criticized.,  Critics said that India's policy of non-alignment is devoid of principles, and India refrains, from taking important international decisions to address its national interests.,  There is no stability in India’s behavior, critics say, India befriended the Soviet Union in 1971,, made treaties, and is against non-alignment policy.,  Some even went so far as to state that India was included in the Soviet Union and profess, non-alignment., What do you understand by the new international economic system?,  Most of the countries involved in the non-aligned movement had the status of, underdeveloped countries.,  These countries were poor, economically backward and weak countries.,  The main challenges before them was to make economic development and to get their, people out of poverty., , 5

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Error! No text of specified style in document., , Non-Alignment Is Neither Isolationism Nor Neutrality., Isolationism, , Neutrality,  Neutrality means primarily following a, policy of not engaging in war.,  It is not necessary for a country that, follows a policy of “neutrality” to help, end the war.,  Such countries neither participate in, the war nor is there any side about, the right and wrong of the war.,  Non-aligned countries joined the war, for many reasons, these countries, tried to help other countries to avert, war.,  But non-aligned countries did not, follow neutrality., , Isolationism means keeping yourself from, international affairs., That is, do not mean anything to any other, country., From 1787 to 1914, America kept itself apart, from the word by adopting a policy of, isolationism., Played an active role in compromising the, Rival functions to maintain peace and, stability., , But no Aligned countries did not adopt a, policy of “ isolationism.”, Note:-, ,  Without economic development, these countries were in danger of being enslaved again.,  This understanding gave birth to the notion of a new international economy., , 1972 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development . (UNCTAD).,  Towards a new trade policy for development., A report by name appeared., ,  The following points suggested in this report., 1., 2., 3., 4., , Least developed countries will have control their natural resources., These countries will have access to the markets of the Western countries., The cost of technology being sourced in western countries will be lower., Role of least developed countries in international economic institutions will be increased., Ctrl + Click to follow link :- Yogendra Sir., , Yogendra kumawat, , 6