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4.Alternative Centres of Power (New Centers of Power ), Class- 12th Political Science (contemporary World Politics), , Yogendra kumawat, , 1. OVERVIEW (Introduction), 2., , EUROPEAN UNION & (MAP), , 3. TIMELINE OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION, 4. ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH, 5., , EAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN), , THE RISE OF THE CHINESE ECONOMY., , 6. INDIA –, , CHINA RELATIONS, , 7. JAPAN & South Korea, 8. Additional Topic: - European Union; ASEAN; SAARC; BRICS;, Nations: - Russia; China; Israel; India., Page 1 of 17
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In December of 1978, Deng Xiopeng introduced the policy of the main gate., Since then, China has made amazing progress and emerged as a major, economic power in the, e following years., This picture shows the rapidly changing trends of development in China., The first picture:- is of China immediately after the revolution. It says: - The, socialist Road is the Broadest of all., The second picture:- is of Shanghai, Shanghai, which is a symbol of China's new, economic power., , NOTE:- Moa Zedong ((26.12.1893 - 09.09.1976), , 2., , Was a Chinese communist Revolutionary, Revolutionary, Political and Socio, cio- Political, theorist., The founding father of the Peoples republic of China., He Governed the Country as chairman of the communist party of china, until his death., 1., , Page 2 of 17
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Overview:-, , , , , UAS, USSR, , USSR, , USA, , 4. New, center of, power, , After the end of the bipolar structure of world politics in the early 1990s,, , It became clear that alternative centres of political and economic power could, limit America’s dominance., In Europe, the European Union (EU) and, in Asia, the Association of South, East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Will Study……, , China`s economy and Its impact., China and India relations., The economic rise of china has made, a dramatic impact on world politics., Founded: - 1 Nov 1993. Maastricht; Netherlands., Largest Metropolis:- Paris ( France ), Founded country :- 6 = Germany ; Italy ; France ; Netherlands ; Belgium ; Luxembourg., , Page 3 of 17, , President of the EU Parliament: - 1. David Sassoli ( Italian politician ) on 3 July 2019 And 1 Dec. 2019 Ursula der Leyen., (Germany). + (Belgium).
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2.EUROPEAN UNION, Inter – Governmental ( Where , two or more government ), Multi Purpose Organization., Six Countries Founded :- Germany ; Italy ; France ; Netherlands ;, Belgium ; Luxembourg., Current Member of the EU Parliament = 27 Countries. As 31 Jan. 2020., , UK, , As the Second World War came to an end, many of Europe’s leaders grappled with the, ‘Question of Europe’., Should Europe be allowed to revert to its old rivalries or be reconstructed on principles, and institutions that would contribute to a positive conception of international relations?, Why where they thinking……?, The Second World War shattered many of the assumptions and structures on which the, European states had based their relations., In 1945, the European states confronted the ruin of their economies and the destruction of the, assumptions and structures on which Europe had been founded., Page 4 of 17, , Till 1945, European states facing economic crisis., All assumptions and structures were ruined. Because of cold war all the European states start connecting.
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European integration after1945 was aided by the Cold War., America extended massive financial help for reviving Europe’s economy under what, was called the ‘Marshall Plan’., The US also created a new collective security structure under NATO., Under the Marshall Plan, the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, (OEEC) was established in 1948 to channel aid to the west European states., [ OEEC = Many Countries help each other.], 16 April 1948 Signed in Paris (OEEC)., Sep 1961 – Reformed OEEC. -27 members., , Trade Help, Communication Help, Financial Help, , It became a forum where the western European states began to cooperate on trade and, economic issues., Forum, , A meeting or medium where idea and views, on a particular issue can, be exchanged., , The Council of Europe, established in 1949, was another step forward in political, cooperation., Politically support Means: - Military Help; Economic help = Money, Trade., Council of Europe Means:- ________________________________________________. Page 5 of 17
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The process of economic integration of European capitalist countries proceeded step by step (see, Timeline of European Integration) leading to the formation of the European Economic Community in, 1957., This process acquired a political dimension with the creation of the European Parliament., 1. Rules, European Parliament Means :-, , European Parliament, , 2. Foreign policy, 3. Relations With UE members., , The collapse of the Soviet bloc put Europe on a fast track and resulted in the establishment of the, European Union in 1992., ( finally formed in 1st Nov. 1993), , The foundation was thus laid for a common foreign and security policy., Cooperation on justice and home affairs, and the creation of a single currency., The European Union has evolved over time from an economic union to an increasingly political, one., The EU has started to act more as a nation state., Nation States Means :- ______________________?, , While the attempts to have a Constitution in (2003) for the EU have failed., It has its own flag, anthem, founding date, and currency. = EURO €, Page 6 of 17
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It also has some form of a common foreign and security policy in its dealings, with other nations., The European Union has tried to expand areas of cooperation while acquiring, new members, especially from the erstwhile Soviet bloc., The process has not proved easy, for people in many countries are not very, enthusiastic in giving the EU powers that were exercised by the government of, their country., There are also reservations about including some new countries within the EU., , EUROPEAN UNION:- ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND, DIPLOMATIC AND MILITARY INFULUENCE., Economic Influence, , The EU is the world’s second biggest economy with a, GDP of more than $18.8 trillion in 20016, slightly larger than that of the United States., Its currency, the euro €, can pose a threat to the dominance of the US dollar., Its share of world trade is three times larger than that of the United States allowing it, to be more assertive in trade disputes with the US and China., Its economic power gives it influence over its closest neighbours as well as in AsiaPage, and, 8 ofAfrica., 17, , It also functions as an important bloc in international economic organizations such as the, World Trade Organization (WTO).
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Political and Diplomatic Influence:Two members of the EU, Britain and France, hold permanent seats on the UN, Security Council., The EU includes several non-permanent members of the UNSC., This has enabled the EU to influence some US policies such as the current US, position on Iran’s nuclear programme., Its use of diplomacy, economic investments, and negotiations rather than, coercion and military force has been effective as in the case of its dialogue, with China on human rights and environmental degradation., , Military Influence:-, , 1,4,10,626 army (EU), , The EU’s combined armed forces are the second largest in the world., , Its total spending on defence is second after the US., , $ 249.3 Billion, , Two EU member states, Britain and France, also have nuclear, arsenals of approximately 550 nuclear warheads., It is also the world’s second most important source of space and, communications technology., Page 9 of 17
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Problem, , As a supranational organization, the EU is able to intervene in economic,, political and social areas. BUT…., , In many areas its member states have their own foreign relations and, defence policies that are often at odds with each other., Thus, Britain’s Prime Minister Tony Blair was America’s partner in the, Iraq invasion, and many of the EU’s newer members made up the US, led ‘coalition of the willing’ whereas Germany and France opposed, American policy., There is also a deep-seated ‘Euro skepticism’ in some parts of Europe, about the EU’s integrationist agenda., , Thus, for example:- Britain’s former prime minister, Margaret, Thatcher, kept the UK out of the European Market., Denmark and Sweden have resisted the Maastricht Treaty&the, adoption of the euro, the common European currency., This limits the ability of the EU to act in matters of foreign relations and defence., Maastricht treaty means:This treaty was for European country, in 7 Feb. 1992 ., Benefits:- Trade , Equal rights for, member citizens., 1st Nov. 1993 (Active) EU., , Margaret Thatcher Britain PM, 4 May 1979 – 28 November 1990, , Page 10 of 17
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MAP, , Page 11 of 17
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TIMELINE OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION, , The cartoon appeared in 2003 when the European Union’s initiative to, draft a, common Constitution failed. Why does the cartoonist use the image of, the ship Titanic to represent EU?, , Page 12 of 17
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