More from Yogendra Kumawat

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CLASS – 12TH POTITICAL SCIENCE - 2. THE END OF BIPOLARITY ( CONTEMPORARY WORLD POLITICS ), 1

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3, , The eight East European countries that were part of the Soviet bloc replaced their communist governments, in response to mass demonstrations.

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Chapter Topic, , 4, , 1. WHAT WAS THE SOVIET SYSTEM?, 2. GORBACHEV AND THE DISINTEGRATION, 3. WHY DID THE SOVIET UNION DISINTEGRATE?, 4. TIMELINE OF DISINTEGRATION OF THE SOVIET UNION, 5. LEADERS OF THE SOVIET UNION, 6. CONSEQUENCES OF DISINTEGRATION, 7. SHOCK THERAPY IN POST, POST-COMMUNIST, COMMUNIST REGIMES, 8. CONSEQUENCES OF SHOCK THERAPY, 9. TENSIONS AND CONFLICTS, 10. INDIA AND POST, POST-COMMUNIST COUNTRIES, 11.. FLASHBACK: INDIA AND THE USSR, Note:- And Additional topic according chapter 3rd US Hegemony in world politics .

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The Berlin Wall, , 5, ,  After the end of world war, war-II, II and the cold war of 1962, the world was, divided into two parts .,  The partition took place from the continent of Europe from the capital of, Germany, Which is known as the berlin wall .,  Construction of the Berlin wall – 1961,  Length of the Berlin wall – 150- 155 KM., ( wall built more than 150, 150-155 KM. long.),  The wall stood for 28 years and was finally demolished by the public on, 9 November 1989., Reason :- A portion of the wall was dropped to make free movement possible., The world was divided into two parts by this wall., 1. West Camp (USA), 2. Eastern Camp (USSR),  The Berlin wall symbolized the division between the Capitalist, apitalist and, Communist worlds .,  When the Berlin wall fell the other world came to an end., 1. Capitalist world =, , America (USA), , 2. Communist world = Soviet Union (USSR)

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WHAT WAS THE SOVIET SYSTEM ?, 6, , Story, Monarchy System, , Russain Revolution Feb 1917, , Tsar Nicholas- II (Russian Empire) before 1917, , USSR., ,  Union of Soviet Social Republic, (USSR),  Inspired by the idea or socialism.,  Abolition of private Productivity, property.(LAND, LAND + Productivity), , Tsar Nicholas- II, Autocratic Nation, , Russia + Empire, , Present day Finland, Latvia,, Lithuania, Estonia, Part of, Poland , Belarus, Ukraine ,, Georgia, Armenia, and, Azerbaijan., , Reason:- 1914-1918 (WW-I), Russia + Germany, (Peasant and Worker), , Vladimir lenin, He was a devotee of Karl Marx., Karl Marx brought communism to our society and, he was a great philosopher of communism., During this time Vladimir lenin formed a party of this, own ., Founder of the Bolshevik Communist party., , Karl Marx, , leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and, the founder-head, head of the USSR during the, most difficult period following the revolution., , SEM CBSE SCHOOL NEEM KA THANA (SIKAR)

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7, , The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) came into being after the, socialist revolution in Russia in 1917., The revolution was inspired by the ideals of socialism, as opposed to, capitalism.,  The need for an egalitarian society., Private Property Protested, This was perhaps the biggest attempt in human history to abolish the, institution of private property and consciously design a society based on, principles of equality., The USSR came into existence after the Russian Revolution in 1917., The soviet union was created by combining 15th republics., The soviet union was ruled by a single party ---- Communist Party., In doing so, the makers of the Soviet system gave primacy to the state and, the institution of the party., The Soviet political system centred, There was no other, around the communist party, and no other, political party or, opposition was allowed., allowed, political party or opposition was allowed., The economy was planned and controlled by the state., SEM CBSE SCHOOL NEEM KA THANA (SIKAR), , SEM CBSE SCHOOL NEEM KA THANA (SIKAR)

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8, , After the Second World War, the east European countries that the Soviet, army had liberated from the fascist forces came under the control of the, USSR.

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9, , The political and the economic systems of all these countries were modelled, after the USSR., This group of countries was called the Second World or the ‘socialist, socialist bloc’., bloc’, The Warsaw Pact, a military alliance, held them together. The USSR was the, leader of the bloc., State the main feature of the soviet union ::-, , The Soviet Union became a super power after the Second World War., The Soviet economy was then more developed than the rest of the world except, for the US., ., World`s Second largest economy, economy., The soviet union emerged as a superpower after the second world war ., , Yogendra Kumawat…

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10, , Advanced communication system, system., , (It had a Complex Communications), Communications, , Vast energy resources including, like as ::Manufacture of mineral oil, iron, iron, steel and machinery production and transport sector, that connected its remotest areas with efficiency.,  There were advanced domestic consumer industries:, industries:It had a domestic consumer industry that produced everything from pins to, cars., There were good transport facilities :-Transport/, Transport/ traffic relations were good., State ownership :- The rule was from the state / (government.), There was no unemployment., The government provided basic necessities such as ::-, , Health care, , Education Child care, , And other public welfare at subsidized rates .

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11, , Later the bureaucracy was tightened on the soviet system.,  This system became authoritarian and the lives of citizens became, difficult.,  Due to lack of democracy and freedom of expression, people often, expressed their disagreements in jokes and cartoons., , Communist party, ., , The soviet union was ruled by a party , the communist party., This party had a deep control on all institutions., This party was not accountable to the public., The people formed the soviet union by mixing 15th republics together to handle their culture and other matters, on their own., In the arms race, the Soviet, , But this party refused to recognize the will of the public., Russia was one of these 15th states, which was powerful in itself.

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12, , , In the arms race, the Soviet Union managed to match the US, from time to time, but at great cost., , The Soviet Union lagged behind the West in technology,, infrastructure (e.g. transport, power), and most importantly, in, fulfilling the political or economic aspirations of citizens., , The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 weakened the, system even further., , Though wages continued to grow, productivity and technology, fell considerably behind that of the West., , , , , , This led too shortages in all consumer goods., , , , Food imports increased every year., , The Soviet economy was faltering in the late 1970s and became stagnant.

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GORBACHEV AND THE DISINTEGRATION13, , Tsar Nicholas- II Before 1917, (Russian Revelation)) After, , Vladimir Lenin (1870) 1917-1924, 1917, Joseph Stalin (1879) 1924-1953, 1924, Nikita Khrushchev (1894) 1953-1964, 1953, Leonid Brezhnev (1906) 1964-1982, 1964, Mikhail Gorbachev (1931) 1985-1991, 1985, Boris Yeltsin(1931) 1991-1999, 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev, , Mikhail Gorbachev,, who had become General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet, Union in 1985., Sought to reform this system., Reforms were necessary to keep the USSR abreast of the information and technological revolutions, taking place in the West countries., However:::- Gorbachev’s decision to normalise relations, relations:- with the West and democratise and reform, , the Soviet Union had some other effects that neither he nor anyone else intended or anticipated., The people in the East European countries which were part of the Soviet bloc started to protest, against their own governments and Soviet control., The Soviet Union, under Gorbachev, did not intervene when the disturbances occurred, and the, communist regimes collapsed one after another., , Yuri Andropov, 12 Nov 1982 –, 9 February 1984

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Reforms:-, , 14, , These developments were accompanied by a rapidly escalating crisis within the USSR, that hastened its disintegration., Gorbachev initiated the policies of economic and political reform and democratisation, within the country., A coup took place in 1991 that was encouraged by Communist Party hardliners., , The people had tasted freedom by then and did not want the old-style, style rule of, the Communist Party., Boris Yeltsin emerged as a national hero in opposing this coup., The Russian Republic, where Yeltsin won a popular election, election,, began to shake, off centralised control., Power began to shift from the Soviet centre to the republics, especially in the, more Europeanised part of the Soviet Union, which saw themselves as, sovereign states., NOTE:-, , The Central Asian republics did not ask for independence, and wanted to remain with the Soviet Federation., , The reforms were, opposed by, leaders within the, Communist Party.

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Central Asian republics, 15, , *, , In December 1991,, under the leadership of Yeltsin, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, three, major republics of the USSR, declared that the Soviet Union was disbanded.

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16, , The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was banned., And, , Capitalism and democracy were adopted as the bases for the post, post-Soviet, Soviet republics., , CIS, , Again Russia after 1991, ,  The declaration on the disintegration of the USSR and the formation of the, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) came as a surprise to the other, republics, especially to the Central Asian ones.,  The exclusion of these republics was an issue that was quickly solved by making, them founding members of the CIS, CIS.,  Russia was now accepted as the successor state of the Soviet U, Union., nion.,  It inherited the Soviet seat in the UN Security Council.,  Russia accepted all the international treaties and commitments of the Soviet Union.,  It took over as the only nuclear state of the post, post- Soviet space and carried out some, nuclear disarmament measures with the US.,  The old Soviet Union was thus dead and buried.

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CIS, , Headquarter, s, , 17, , Minsk, Capital of Belarus

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WHY DID THE SOVIET UNION DISINTEGRATE?, 18, , How did the second most powerful country in the world, suddenly disintegrate ?, Neither is a polity broken for the first time nor, for the last time in the form of the Soviet union., , This question is, necessary to, understand the, collapse of any, political system., , While there are unique features of the Soviet collapse:, collapse:1. There is no doubt that the, internal weaknesses of Soviet, political and economic institutions,, which failed to meet the, aspirations of the people., , Reason:, Reason:- Political,, Economic, conomic and Cultureal…, Role of Gorbachev’s, reforms and people, impact…., , Q. Why did the system become so weak and why did the economy stagnate?, Ans:- The Soviet economy used, much of its resources in, At the same time,, maintaining a nuclear and, ordinary citizens became more, knowledgeable about the, military arsenal and the, economic advance of the West., development of its satellite states, They could see the disparities, in Eastern Europe and within the, between their system and the, Soviet system (the five Central, systems of the West., Asian Republics in particular)., ,  After years of being told that the Soviet system was, better than Western capitalism, the reality of its, backwardness came as a political andd psychological, shock.

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19, , USSR = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics., Created by :- 30 Dec.1922 ( Valadimir lenin) Bolshevik Communist party.(1917, party.(1917-1924), Disintegration:-26 Dec 1991., 1924:- Lenin died. ( Lenin wanted to bring Democracy in USSR.), After Lenin’s death “Joseph Stalin” and it turned out to be a dictator., , Tsar Nicholas- II Before 1917 (Russian Revelation) After, , Vladimir Lenin ( 1917-1924), Joseph Stalin (1924-1953), Nikita Khrushchev (1953-1964), Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982), Yuri Andropov (1982-1984), Konstantin Cherenkov (1984-1985), Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991), Boris Yeltsin (1991-1999) (Russai), , Baltic state, , Joseph Stalin (1924 -1953), 1. Biggest dictator., 2. Parliament was built in Moscow.= Supreme soviet of the union ., 3. Single party implemented., 4. Formed a team of his own and members of that team would choose the new leader of, the USSR.= POLIBURO., 5. 1930s :- held responsible for the Great Terror of the1930s, authoritarian functioning, and elimination of rivals within the party. ( GULAG) {1,80,000 were locked in Gulag.}, 1953:- Joseph Stalin died., 1. Estonian, , dictator, CIS, , 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., , Latvian, Lithuanian, Armenian, Azerbaijan, Byelorussian, Georgian, Kazakhstan, Moldavian, Russian, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Ukrainian, Uzbekisthan., , CIS implemented :- Sep 1993. (11+1) Member’s, 08 Dec 1991:1991: Belavezha Accords – Three Major, countries (Russai+ Belarus+Ukrain)., Belarus+, Disbanded., 21 Dec 1991 :- (Alma Ata Declaration), Gorbachev freed all the republics of the USSR., 25 Dec 1991:1991: Gorbachev resigned from the, USSR., 26 Dec.1991:Dec.1991: USSR Disintegration.

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The main reasons for the disintegration for the USSR., 20, , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., , Dictatorship (1924 -1985), Space race ( Sputnik-1st satellite 1956, Yuri gayarin1961, laika dog 1957)., Arms race (26,000 nuclear weapons and booms, booms):- Tank , Army , SUBMARINE., Cold war (1945-1991)., Bureaucracy., Economy, Soviet- Afghan war 1979 to 1989 (150,00+50,000), Vietnam - USA war. (1, 1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975), Batter Education, 1989 Civil revolution in Russia. (Berlin wall), Gorbachev policy :- 1. Glasnost policy (media free ))., 2. Perestroika policy (voting system), system)., 3. Private, rivate property rule free ., , The Soviet Union had become stagnant in an administrative and political sense as well., The Communist Party that had ruled the Soviet Union for over 70 years was not, accountable to the people., What was worse was that party bureaucrats had more privileges than ordinary citizens., Gorbachev’s reforms promised to deal with these problems., In such a situation, you may wonder why then the soviet union broke up ?

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21, , The most basic answer seems to be that when Gorbachev carried out his reforms and, loosened the system,, he set in motion forces and expectations that few could have, predicted and became virtually impossible to control., -:- Even after all this, the Soviet Union would not have disintegrated, disintegrated. -:1. An incident shocked all the people of the Soviet Union and people were stunned.,  This event was the rise of nationalist sentiments and the desire for sovereignty.,  Russia and Baltic republic, republics :- (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), Ukraine,, Georgia, and others proved to be the final and most immediate cause for the, disintegration of the USSR, USSR.

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LEADERS OF THE SOVIET UNION, 1. Vladimir Lenin, , 23, , Birth:- 22 Jan. 1870, Death:- 21 Jan. 1924 ( Gorki , Russia) 53 years old, ,  NAME :- Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( Lenin ),  Tenure:- 1917-1924 (Post:- 30 Jan 1922) to 21 Jan. 1924.,  He became famous as the leader of the battle of the Bolsheviks in Russia.,  Bolsheviks party :- Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. (1898, (1898-1912),  Founder of the Bolsheviks Communist party,  Russian Communist Party (1912-1924), 1924),  USSR FIRST FOUNDER / father of the USSR.,  Leader of the Russian Revolution, evolution of 1917 and the founder, founder-head, head of the USSR, during the most difficult period following the revolution(1917, revolution(1917-1924).,  An outstanding theoretician and practitioner of Marxism and a source of, inspiration for communists all over the world, world.

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2. JoSeph StalIn, , Birth:- 18 Dec. 1879 (Gori, Georgia), Death:-- 05 March 1953 ( Kuntsevo Dacha) 74 years old, 24, , NAME :- Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin., Tenure :- 1924-1953., Successor to Lenin and led the Soviet Union during its consolidation (1924, (1924-1953), Biggest dictator., Stalin emphasized the process of planning for Russian progress and under this he established the Planning, Commission in 1925 AD and implemented three Five Year Plans till World War II., (1925-five year plan established).,  The first five-year, year plan was implemented from 1928 to 1932, whose objective was to eliminate the remnants of, capitalism.,  Industrialization of Soviet Russia, grouping and mechanization of agriculture., , , , , , , Stalin's works:1. Established of five year plans. :-1925, 2. Agriculture sector reforms.:- Grouping System., 3. Work in Education:- (i.) The government made primary education free and compulsory., (ii.) In 1941 AD, 90 percent of the people of Russia became educated and there was a lot of, progress in the scientific and technical field of Russia., 4. New Constitution of 1936:i. The constitution which was created during Lenin's period in 1918, was amended by Stalin in 1936 AD and, implemented it as a new constitution., ii. Under this, their parliament was named "Supreme Soviet of the USSR"., iii. It consisted of two houses whose tenure was fixed for four years., iv. Citizens were also given the right to get work., Soviet victory in the second world war., Single Party Rules Implemented., Held responsible for, or the Great Terror of the1930s, authoritarian functioning and elimination of rivals within the party., party.(Gulag ), 05 march 1953:- Joseph Stalin died. (1,80,000 were locked in Gulag.)

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3. nIkIta khruShChev, , Birth:, Birth:- 15 April 1894, Kalinovka, Russia, Death:, Death:- 11 September, 1971, Moscow, Russia 77 years old, 25, ,  Leader of the Soviet union 1953-1964..,  During his time some policies of former Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin were, removed in 1956.,  Some openness was brought in political and economic matters and the, Soviet space program was promoted.,  During his reign, an incident, cident called the Cuban Missile Crisis between the, United States and the Soviet Union took place, which according to some, critics was the most dangerous turning point of the Cold War.,  Suggested “peaceful coexistence”” with the West; involved in suppressing, popular rebellion in Hungary and in the Cuban missile crisis.,  Due to his extraordinary acceptance of the Communist Party and Soviet, life, he was awarded the title of Socialist Shramveer thrice in 1954, 1957,, 1961.,  His extraordinary talent for the protecti, protection of world peace was awarded, the International Lenin Prize for Strengthening Peace in Mankind.,  He died of a heart attack in 1971., ,  Space race ( Sputnik-1st satellite 1956, Yuri gayarin1961, laika dog, 1957)., Fidel and Nikita

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4. leonId Brezhnev, , Birth:- 19 December 1906, Kamianske, Ukraine, Death:- 10 November 1982,, Zarechye, Russia 76 year old, 26, ,  Leader of the Soviet union 1964-1982, 1982.,  Proposed Asian Collective Security system.,  Associated with the détente phase in relations with the US.,  Involved in suppressing a popular rebellion in Czechoslovakia and in invading, Afghanistan.,  During this period, on the one hand, he made the Soviet Union very powerful, militarily and greatly increased its, ts influence on the world level.,  But on the other hand the economic condition of the Soviet Union became, quite slow.,  This economic weakness is said to be one of the main reasons for the collapse, of the Soviet Union in 1991., , Yuri Andropov (1982-1984), Konstantin Cherenkov (1984-1985), 1985)

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5. Mikhail Gorbachev, , Birth:-- 2 March 1931 (age 90 years), Privolnoye, Russia, Death:, Death:27, ,  Last leader of the Soviet Union.. ::-(1985-1991).,  Introduced economic and political reform policies of, perestroika(restructuring) and glasnost, glasnost(openness).,  Stopped the arms race with the US.,  Withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan and eastern Europe.,  Helped in the unification of Germany.,  Ended the Cold War.,  Blamed for the disintegration of the Soviet Union., , 6.Boris Yeltsin,  (Born1931-2007),  President of The first elected Russia (1991, (1991-1999).,  Rose to power in the Communist Party and was made the Mayor of, Moscow by Gorbachev.,  Later joined the critics of Gorbachev and left the Communist Party.,  Led the protests against the Soviet regime in 1991.,  Played a key role in dissolving the Soviet Union.,  Blamed, lamed for hardships suffered by Russians in their transition from, communism to capitalism.

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CONSEQUENCES OF DISINTEGRATION, , 28, , The collapse of the second world of the Soviet Union and the socialist systems in eastern, Europe had profound consequences for world politics., Let us note here three broad kinds of enduring changes that resulted from it:it:, First, , Second, , 1. It meant the end of Cold War confrontations., 2. The ideological dispute over whether the socialist system would beat the capitalist system was not, an issue any more., 3. The end of the confrontation demanded an end to this arms race and a possible new peace., 1. Power relations in world politics changed and, therefore, the relative influence of ideas and, institutions also changed., 2. The end of the Cold War left open only two possibilities., a. Either the remaining superpower would dominate and create a unipolar syst, system., b. Different countries or groups of countries could become important players in the, international system, thereby bringing in a multipolar system where no one power could, dominate., The US became the sole superpower., , 1. Backed by the power and prestige of the US, the capitalist economy was now the dominant, economic system internationally., 2. Institutions like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, und became powerful advisors to all, these countries since they gave them loans for their transitions to capitalism…, Politically the notion of liberal democracy emerged as the best way to oorganise political life.

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Third, , 29, , 1. The end of the Soviet bloc meant the emergence of many new countries., 2. All these countries had their own independent aspirations and choices., 3. Some of them, especially the Baltic and east European states,, wanted to join the, European Union and become part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, (NATO)., 4. The Central Asian countries wanted to take advantage of their geographical location, and continue their close ties with Russia and also to establish ties with the West, the, US, China and others., 5. The international system saw many new players emerge, each with its own identity,, interests, and economic and political difficulties.

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SHOCK THERAPY IN POST-COMMUNIST REGIMES, 30, , The collapse of communism was followed in most of these countries by a painful process of, transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system., The model of transition in Russia, Central Asia and east Europe that was influenced by the World, Bank and the IMF came to be known as ‘shock therapy., , 1. Shock therapy varied in intensity and speed amongst the former second world, countries,, but its direction and features were quite similar., 2. Each of these countries was required to make a total shift to a capitalist economy., economy, 3. Which meant rooting out completely any structures evolved during the Soviet period., 4. Above all, it meant that private ownership was to be the dominant pattern of, ownership of property., 5. Privatisation of state assets and were to be immediately brought in., 6. Collective farms were to be replaced by private farming and capitalism in, agriculture., This transition ruled out any alternate or ‘third way’, other than state, state-controlled, controlled socialism or capitalism.

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 Shock therapy also involved a drastic change in the external orientation of these economies., 31, ,  Development was now envisaged through more trade, trade,, and thus a sudden and complete switch, to free trade was considered essential.,  The free trade regime and foreign ddirect investment(FDI), nvestment(FDI) were to be the main engines of, change.,  This also involved openness to foreign investment, financial opening up or deregulation, and, currency convertibility., ., ,  The transition also involved a break up of the existing trade alliances among the countries of the Soviet bloc.,  Each state from this bloc was now linked directly to the West and not to each other in the region.,  These states were thus to be gradually absorbed into the Western economic system.,  The Westernn capitalist states now became the leaders and thus guided and controled the development of the, region through various agencies and organisations., , Shock Therapy in post- communist regime., An authoritarian (USSR) ; Socialist, Democracy, , ;, , Capitalist, , Russia, Central Asia, East Europe, 1., 2., 3., , Shock Therapy, Painful, process, Economic modal, , Speed – difference some way. Shock therepy., USSR- structure end --- Moving on capitalism., Privatisation of state assets., , World, bank &, IMF, , 1. Collective farming chane-----------chane, capitalism in agriculture., 2. ownership of property., 3. Trade---------Develpoment., Develpoment., 4. Free trade, 5. Openness to foreign investment., investm, 6. Currency convertibility.

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CONSEQUENCES OF SHOCK THERAPY, , 32, , The shock therapy administered in the 1990s did not lead the people into the promised, utopia of mass consumption., Generally:- It brought ruin to the economies and disaster upon the people of the entire region., In Russia, the large state-controlled, controlled industrial complex almost collapsed, as about 90 percent of its, industries were put up for sale to private individuals and companies, Since the restructuring was carried out through market forces and not by government-directed, government, industrial policies, it led to the virtual disappearance of entire industries., ,  This was called ‘the largest Garage sale in history., Economic Problems, , 1. Valuable industries were undervalued and sold at throwaway prices., 2. Though all citizens were given vouchers to participate in the sales,, most citizens sold, their vouchers in the black market because they needed the money.., 3. The value of the Ruble,, the Russian currency, declined dramatically., 4. The rate of inflation was so high that people lost all their savings., 5. The collective farm system disintegrated leaving people without food security, and Russia started to, import food.

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6. The real GDP(Gross, Gross Domestic Product, Product) of Russia in 1999 was below what it was in 1989., 33, , 7. The old system of social welfare was systematically destroyed., A mafia emerged in most of these countries and started controlling many economic activities., Privatisation led to new disparities. Post, Post-Soviet states, especially Russia,, were divided between rich, and poor regions., Unlike the earlier system, there was now great economic inequality between people., Political Problems Because of Shock Therapy., ,  The constitutions of all these countries were drafted in a hurry and most, including Russia, had a strong executive, president with the widest possible powers that rendered elected parliaments relatively weak., weak,  In Central Asia, the presidents had great powers, and several of them became very authoritarian., For example:-, , 1., , The presidents of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan appointed themselves to power first for ten years and then extended it for another ten, years., , 2., , They allowed no dissent or opposition.. A judicial culture and independence of the judiciary was yet to be established in most of these, countries., , 3., , Most of these economies, especially Russia, started reviving in 2000, ten years after their independence., , 4., , The reason for the revival for, or most of their economies was the export of natural resources :- like oil, natural gas and minerals., , 5., , Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are major oil and gas producers., , 6., , Other countries have gained because of the oil pipelines that cross their territories for which they get rent., rent

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TENSIONS AND CONFLICTS, , 34, , Most of the former Soviet Republics are prone to conflicts, and many have had civil, wars and insurgencies., Complicating the picture is the growing involvement of outside powers.,  In Russia, two republics, Chechnya and Dagestan, have had violent secessionist movements., 1993. 1st war, Russia v/s Chechnya., (Militation), , Moscow’s method of, dealing with the Chechen, rebels and indiscriminate, military bombings have led, to many human rights, violations but failed to deter, the aspirations for, independence.

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 In Central Asia, Tajikistan witnessed a civil war35, that went on for ten years till 2001.,  The region as a whole has many sectarian, conflicts.,  In Azerbaijan’s province of Nagorno, Nagorno-Karabakh,, some local Armenians want to secede and join, Armenia.,  In Georgia, the demand for independence has, come from two provinces,, resulting in a civil war.,  There are movements against the existing regimes, in Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan and Georgia.,  Countries and provinces are fighting over river, waters.,  All this has led to instability, making life difficult, for the ordinary citizen.

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 The Central Asian Republics are areas with vast hydrocarbon resources, which have brought them economic, benefit., 36,  Central Asia has also become a zone of competition between outside powers and oil companies.,  The region is next to Russia, China, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, and close to West Asia.,  After 11 September 2001, the US wanted military bases in the region and paid the governments of all Central, Asian states to hire bases and to allow airplanes to fly over their territory during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq., However,,  Russia perceives these states as its ‘Near Abroad’ and believes that they should be under Russian influence.,  China has interests here because of the oil resources, and the Chinese have begun to settle around the borders and, conduct trade.,  In eastern Europe, Czechoslovakia split peacefully into two, with the Czechs and the Slovaks forming, independent countries.,  But,  The most severe conflict took place in the Balkan republics of Yugoslavia.,  After,  1991, it broke apart with several provinces like Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina declaring, independence.,  Ethnic Serbs opposed this, and a massacre of non-Serb Bosnians followed.,  The NATO intervention and the bombing of Yugoslavia followed the inter-ethnic civil war.

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INDIA AND POST-COMMUNIST COUNTRIES, 38, , India has maintained good relations with all the post, communist countries., But the strongest relations are still those between Russia and India., Indo-Russian, Russian relations are embedded in a history of trust and common interests and are matched by, popular perceptions., For example:- Culture,, Military, Political and Economic Relations., ,  Indian heroes from Raj Kapoor to Amitabh Bachhan are household, names in Russia and many post- Soviet countries., ,  One can hear Hindi film songs all over the region, and India is part of, the popular memory., Russia and India share a vision of a Multipolar world order. :., , Q.1 What they mean by a multipolar world order., 1. Co-existence, existence of several powers in the international system., 2. Collective security (in which an attack on any country is regarded as a threat to all, countries and requires a collective response),, 3. Greater regionalism., 4. Negotiated settlements of international conflicts., 5. An independent foreign policy for all countries, and decision making through, bodies like the UN that should be strengthened, democratised, and empowered.

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Note:- More than 80 bilateral agreements have been signed between India and Russia as, part of the Indo-Russian, Russian Strategic Agreement of 2001.39, , India stands to benefit from its relationship with Russia on issues like, like:Kashmir, Energy supplies,, sharing information on international terrorism, access to Central Asia,, and balancing its relations with China., , Russia stands to benefit from this relationship because, 1. India is the second largest arms market for Russia., 2. The Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia., 3. Since India is an oil, oil-importing nation, Russia is important to India and, has repeatedly come to the assistance of India during its oil crises., 4. India is seeking to increase its Energy imports from Russia and the, republics of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan., 5. Cooperation with these republics includes partnership and investment in, oilfields., 6. Russia is important for India’s Nuclear Energy Plans. And…., 7. Assisted India’s space industry by giving., for example:- The Cryogenic Rocket when India needed it., 8. Russia and India have collaborated on various scientific projects.

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Unipolar world, , Middle Easte crisis:- Afghanistan ; Gulf War ;Democratic politics, st, Democratization:41 The 21 Century (Arab Spring)., , We have seen that the end of Cold War left the US without any serious, rival in the world. The Era since then has been described as a period of, US dominance or a unipolar world., This power is in the form of military domination, economic power,, political clout and cultural superiority., For ex:- Jeans Top ; Fast Food = Soft war., , The international system dominated by a sole superpower, or hyperpower, is called a ‘unipolar’ system., The sudden collapse of the Soviet Union took everyone by surprise., The US hegemony began in1991 after Soviet power disappeared from the international scene., This is largely correct, but we need to keep in mind two riders to this., , 1. Some aspects of US hegemony did not emerge in 1991 but in fact go back to the end, of the Second World War in 1945., 2. The US did not start behaving like a hegemonic power right from 1991.

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Middle East Crisis – Afghanistan & US, 42, , World’s most troubled regions., 1. Arab nation (Land) = wars between Israel and the various arab states., ( 1948, 1948-1949, 1956,1967,and 1973), , 2. The Iran-Iraq war 1980-1988., 1988., , Afghanistan, , 1992-19966 Islamic state of Afghanistan (for political issu.., , 1996-2001, , 1979-89, , Taliban Al- Qaeda, , Osama bin Laden, Mohammad Najibullah, , Afghan Civil War, , V/S, , Islamic State of Afghanistan

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43, , On 19 March 2003, the US launched its invasion of Iraq under the, codename ‘Operation Iraqi Freedom’., More than forty other countries joined in the US, US-led ‘coalition of, the willing’ after the UN refused to give its mandate to the, invasion.

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Afghanistan / US War, 44, , Soviet Afghan friendship treaty of 1978., in Mascow., , Brezhnev meet with Nur muhammed Taraki, , It is also known USA invasion Afghanistan in 2001., 9/11 AND THE ‘GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR’ :-- 11/SEP/2001,  On 11 September 2001,, nineteen hijackers hailing from a number of, Arab countries took control of four American commercial aircraft, shortly after takeoff and flew them into important buildings in the US.,  One airliner each crashed into the North and South Towers of the, World Trade Centre in New York.,  A third aircraft crashed into the Pentagon building in Arlington,, Virginia,, , Where the US Defence Department is headquartered.,  The fourth aircraft, presumably bound for the Capitol building of the, US Congress, came down in a field in Pennsylvania., , The attacks have come to be known as “9/11”., 1., 2., 3., 4., , The attacks killed nearly three thousand persons., In terms of their shocking effect on Americans,, They have been compared to the 1814 and 1941., This in terms of loss of life, 9/11 was the mostsevere attack on US soil.

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45, , The US response to 9/11 was swift and ferocious., Clinton had been succeeded in the US presidency by George W. Bush of the Republican Party,, Son of the earlier President George H. W. Bush, Bush., Unlike Clinton, Bush had a much harder view of US interests and of the means by which to, advance them., As a part of its ‘Global War on Terror’, Terror’, the US launched ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’, against all those suspected to be behind this attack, mainly Al-Qaeda and the Taliban regime in, Afghanistan., , The US forces made arrests all over the world,,  Often without the knowledge of the government of the persons being arrested,,  Transported these persons across countries and detained them in secret prisons.,  Some of them were brought to Guantanamo Bay, Bay, a US Naval base in Cuba,,  Where the prisoners did not enjoy the protection of international law or the law of their own country, or that of the US., Even the UN representatives were not allowed to meet these prisoners.

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Gulf War, , 17 Jan 1991- 28 Feb 1991 .( 1 month -1 week – 4 days ), Location:- Iraq , Kuwait, Persian gulf ( also known as Arabian Gulf ), Israel , Saudi Arabia., 46, , Q.1 Why did the Gulf War start ?, , Ans:- Persian Gulf War, also called Gulf War, (1990, (1990–91),, 91), international conflict, that was triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990., ,  In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, rapidly occupying and subsequently annexing it.,  After a series of diplomatic attempts failed at convincing Iraq to quit its aggression.,  The United Nations mandated the liberation of Kuwait by force.,  The US President George H.W. Bush hailed the emergence of a ‘new world order’., order’

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Kuwait, United States, United Kingdom, , Iraq, , V/S, , Saddam, , Saudi Arabia, , Hussein, , 47, , Egypt, France, , 1. A massive coalition force of 6,60,000 troops from 34 countries fought against Iraq and, defeated it in what came to be known as the First Gulf War., 2. The UN operation, which was called ‘Operation Desert Storm’,, was overwhelmingly, American., 3. An American general, Norman Schwarzkopf, Schwarzkopf,, led the UN coalition and nearly 75 per, cent of the coalition forces were from the US., 4. The Iraqi President, Saddam Hussein, Hussein, had promised “the mother of all battles”, the Iraqi, forces were quickly defeated and forced to withdraw from Kuwait., NOTE:- The highly publicised use of socalled‘, socalled‘smart bombs’ by the US led some observers to call this a, ‘computer war’. Widespread television coverage also made it a ‘video game war’,, with viewers around the, world watching the destruction of Iraqi forces live on TV in the comfort of their living rooms., , Despite winning the First Gulf War, War, George H.W. Bush lost the US presidential elections of, 1992 to William Jefferson (Bill) Clinton of the Democratic Party,, , THE IRAQ INVASION:-, , 1. On 19 March 2003,, the US launched its invasion of Iraq under the codename ‘Operation Iraqi Freedom’., Freedom’, 2. More than forty other countries joined in the US, US-led ‘coalition of the willing’, 3. After the UN refused to give its mandate to the invasion.

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2010-2014, 48, , Democratic politics and Democratization ::- The 21st century (Arab Spring), Arab Spring, , Zine-al-Abidine-Ben-Ali, Zine, Tunisia, , The wave of democratization of the west Asian countries which started in 2010 from Tunisia., , 14 JAN 2011, REMOVE, AFTER 24, , 25 JAN 2011 Conflicts, (Civil war), , Hosni Mubarak, 1979-2010 (30 years ), War end :- 2 week, 3, days, , 17 Dec 2010, , Fire, Birth:- 29 march 1984, , Mohamed, BOUAZIZI, , 4 Jan 2011, , Death

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49, , President of Libya, , Muammar Gaddafi, Muammar Gaddafi, NOTE:- There was no democracy in the here . The desire of the people to protect, themselves was to bring democracy., Tunisia benefited the most in the Arab countries .,  On 17 December 2010, Mohamed Bouazizi , a resident of Tunisia , set himself on fire .,  The reason was Tunisia's authorities began asking for bribes at vegetable shop to some extent., , , From 18 December 2010,, the people of Tunisia staged a huge protest there.., ,  Mohammad Bouazizi died on 4 January 2011., On 14 January 2011, the President of Tunisia also lost the support of his army., Tunisia's President Ali had been ruling Tunisia for 24 years, and because of this protest, he had to resign from his post. And then came democracy in Tunisia., Tunisia president:- Zine EL Abidine Ben Ali :- one party rule and long time president . ( Autocratic dictatorship.), , Turned into political movement, , In Tunisia the Arab, rab spring took its roots where the struggle agginst corruption, unemployment and poverty was started by the public.

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Egypt, 50, ,  For this reason, it also felt that it was possible to bring democracy, so his people, also revolted against Hosni M, Mubarak,, who was ruling there for 30 years.,  On 25 January 2011,, there was a protest in Egypt and this protest gradually took a very big, form.,  Hosni Mubarak, who was ruling for 30 years in Egypt,, had to leave his post in 2 weeks 3 days., , Libiya, , Muammar Gaddafi, , V/S, , Behran, , ( civil war in Libiya ), , On 15 February 2011,, a civil war broke out in Libya, and Mohammad Gaddafi,, Gaddafi, who was ruling there, was killed on the streets by his own people because of this, movement., KUWAIT, LEBANON, JORDON MORCCO, OMAN, OTHER ARAB NATIONS….., , They are also fighting for their rights, till now.

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51, , Three major republic, , Thank You

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53, , 1. WHY INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS? IMF, 2. FOUNDING OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 3. EVOLUTION OF THE UN, 4. The United Nations System. Principal organs:organs:, 5. REFORM OF THE UN AFTER THE COLD WAR, 6. UN SECRETARIES--GENERAL, 7. REFORM OF STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES, 8. World Bank, 9. JURISDICTION OF THE UN, 10. INDIA AND THE UN REFORMS, 11. IAEA, 12. THE UN IN A UNIPOLAR WORLD, 13. Amnesty International And Human Rights Watch, 14.

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UN, , 54, , Olive Branches, , The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental, organization aiming to maintain international peace, and security,, develop friendly relations among, nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a, centre for harmonizing the actions of nations., , It is the world's largest, most familiar, most, representative, and most powerful international, organization., , This is the United Nations’ logo. The, emblem has a world map, with olive branches around it, signifying, world peace., Credit : www.un.org, , The UN is headquartered on international territory in New, York City and has other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi,, Vienna, and The Hague, Hague.

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55, ,  The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing, future wars, succeeding the ineffective League of Nations.,  On 25 April 1945, 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference, and started drafting the UN Charter, which was adopted on 26 June 1945, and took effect on 24 October 1945,, when the UN began operations., Pursuant to the Charter,, celebrated as UN Day,  The, he organization's objectives include maintaining international peace and, security, protecting human rights, rights, delivering humanitarian aid,, aid, promoting sustainable development, development, and upholding international law.,  At its founding, the UN had 51 member states, states;; with the addition of South, Sudan in 2011,, membership is now 193, representing almost all of the, world's sovereign states., IntroduCtIon :New challenges including the rise of US power. The potential reform of the United Nations, Security Council is an interesting case of the reform process and its difficulties. We then turn to, India’s involvement in the UN and its view of Security Council reforms.

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1. WHY INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS ?, , 56, , Israel attacked, Lebanon June, 2006,, , During June 2006, Israel attacked Lebanon, saying that it was necessary to control the militant group called Hezbollah., Large numbers of civilians were killed and many public buildings and even residential areas came under Israeli, bombardment. The UN passed a resolution on this on, only, ly in August and the Israel army withdrew from the region only in, October. Both these cartoons comment on the role of the UN and its Secretary, Secretary-General, General in this episode., ,  The UN is generally regarded as the most important international organisation in, today’s world.,  In the eyes of many people all over the world,,  It is indispensable and represents the great hope of humanity for peace and progress., Why do We then need organISatIonS lIke the un?, , 1. “The United Nations was not, created to take humanity to, heaven, but to save it from hell.”, , Dag Hammarskjöld(1953-1961), , UN’s second Secretary-General., Secretary

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2. It is better to fight with the tongue than to fight with arms., 57, ( Shashi Tharoor, the former UN Under-Secretary, Secretary- General for Communications and Public Information. ),  These two quotes suggest something important. International, organizations are not the answer to everything, but they are important.,  International organizations help with matters of war and peace.,  They also help countries cooperate to make better living conditions for us, all.,  Countries have conflicts and differences with each other. That does not, necessarily mean they must go to war to deal with their antagonisms.,  They can, instead, discuss contentious issues and find peaceful solutions.,  Indeed, even though this is rarely noticed, most conflicts and differences are, resolved without going to war.,  The role of an international organization can be important in this context.,  An international organization is not a super-state, state with authority over its members.,  It comes into being when states agree to its creation.,  Once created, it can help member states resolve their problems peacefully.

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58, , International organizations are helpful in another way., Nations can usually see that there are some things they must do together., There are issues that are so challenging that they can only be dealt with when, everyone works together., Disease is an example.:- Some diseases can only be eradicated if everyone in, the world cooperates in inoculating or vaccinating their populations., Or, Take global warming and its effects., As temperatures rise because of the increase in greenhouse gases in the, atmosphere; there is a danger that sea levels will also rise; thereby submerging, many coastal areas of the world including huge cities., Of certain chemicals called cchloro fluoro carbons (CFCs).

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59, , Each country can try to find its own solution to the effects of global warming., But in the end a more effective approach is to stop the warming itself., This requires at least all of the major industrial powers to cooperate., cooperate, Unfortunately,:- Recognizing the need for cooperation and, actually cooperating are two different things, things., Nations can recognize the need to cooperate but cannot, always agree on how best to do so,, How to share the costs of cooperating, cooperating, how to make sure that, the benefits of cooperating are justly divided, and how to, ensure that others do not break their end of the bargain and cheat on an agreement., agreement, , An international organization can help produce information and ideas about, how to cooperate., It can provide mechanisms, rules and a bureaucracy, to help members have more, confidence that costs will be shared properly,

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60, , That the benefits will be fairly divided,, And; That once a member joins an agreement it will honour the terms and, conditions of the agreement.., With the end of the Cold War, War, we can see that the UN may have a slightly, different role., As the United States and its allies emerged victorious, victorious,, there was concern, amongst many governmentss and peoples that the Western countries led by the, US would be so powerful that there would be no check against their wishes and, desires., Can the UN serve to promote dialogue and discussion with the US in, particular, and could it limit the power of the American government?, government, Note :- We shall try to answer this question at the end of the chapter., Note:- World total countries according to Un = 193+2 =195., 1. Vattigancity, UN HQ. = New York City: - others Geneva , Nairobi ,Vienna and Huge, 2. Philistine, .

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InternatIonal Monetary Fund (IMF), 61, , Establish :- 1944, Bretton, Woods, New Hampshire, United, States, , Financial & Technical help: - International level, Manages and maintains the world Economic., The IMF was established in 1944 in the aftermath of the Great Depression of the 1930s. 44 founding member countries, sought to build a framework for international economic cooperation. Today, its membership embraces 190 countries,, with staff drawn from 150 nations., , The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international, organization that oversees those financial institutions and, regulations that act at the international level., The IMF has 189 members countries (as April 2016), but they do not, enjoy an equal say., The top ten countries have 55 percent of the votes., They are the G-8 members (the US, Japan, Germany, France, the, UK, Italy, Canada and Russia), Saudi Arabia and China., 1. USA= 16.52 % (17.4%)., 2. Japan =6.15 %, 3. Germany = 5.32 %, 4. France = 4.03 %, 5. UK = 4.03 %, 6. Italy = 3.02 %, 7. Canada =2.22 %, Total = 41.29 % votes., , China = 6.09 %, , G4, , India, Japan , Germany, Brazil (South America ), , India = 2.64 %, , Are the other major member in G7, , Russia = 2.59 %, , G6, , Germany , France , UK, Italy ,Japan ,USA, , G7, , Germany , France , UK, Italy ,Japan ,USA,, Canada + Russia ( G8), , Brazil = 2.22 %, Saudi Arabia = 2.02 %

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2., , 62, , Roosevelt (USA), , Churchill (UK), , 25, , Stalin (USSR), , Roosevelt (USA), , Churchill (UK)

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3.EVOLUTION OF THE UN, , League Of Nation = 10 January 1920, (58 counters)., HQ = Geneva, 63, Founder = Woodrow Wilson ., , The First World War encouraged the world to invest in an international, organization to deal with conflict., Many believed that such an organization would help the world to avoid war. As a result,, the League of Nations was born., However:- despite its initial success, it could not, prevent the Second World War (1939, (1939-45)., Many more people died and were wounded in this, war than ever before., The UN was founded as a successor to the League, of Nations.. It was established in 1945 immediately, after the Second World War., The organization was set up through the signing of, the United Nations Charter by 51 states., It tried to achieve what the League could not between the two world wars., The UN’s objective :- is to prevent international conflict and to facilitate cooperation among states., It was founded with the hope that it would act to stop the conflicts between states escalating into war and, if, war broke out, to limit the extent of hostilities.

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Furthermore:- since conflicts often arose from the lack of social and economic development., 64, , The UN was intended to bring countries together to improve the prospects of social and economic, development all over the world., By 2006, the UN had 192 member states, states. These included almost all independent states., states, In the UN General Assembly, all members have one vote each., In the UN Security Council, there are five permanent members.These are: the United States, Russia, Russia, the United Kingdom, France and China., These states were selected as permanent members as they were the most powerful immediately, after the Second World War and because they constituted the victors in the War., , The UN’s most visible public figure, figure, and the representative head, is the Secretary-General., Secretary, The former Secretary-General, General is Ban Ki-Moon from South Korea.. He is the eighth, Secretary-General of the UN.. He took over as the Secretary-General, General on 1 January 2007., He is the first Asian to hold the post since 1971., The present Secretary General is = Antonio Guterres, Guterres. ( He is the ninth Secretary General of the UN.), UN., He took over as the Secretary General on 1 January 2017., Antonio Guterres :- 1. He was the Prime m, minister of Portugal (19395-2002)., 2. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Refugees. (2005-2015)., 3. 01. Jan 2017 – Secretary General of the UN.

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65, , The UN consists of many different structures and agencies:War and peace and differences between member states are discussed in the, General Assembly as well as the Security Council., Social and economic issues are dealt with by many agencies including:, including:1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., , WHO=, World Health, ealth Organization., UNDP=, The United, nited Nations Development Programme., UNHRC= The United, nited Nations Human Rights Commission, ommission., UNHCR= The United, nited Nations High Commission for Refugees., efugees., UNICEF= The United, nited Nations Children’s Fund., UNESCO = The United, nited Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, C, Organization.

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4. REFORM OF THE UN AFTER THE COLD WAR, 66

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