More from Yogendra Kumawat

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SEM CBSE SCHOOL(NKT), Near police station Neem ka thana (Sikar ) Rajasthan 332713 Mo.9672998010,16,18, , Class-12th Political Science, No. 7. Security in the Contemporary world, ., (Notes), January 19, 2022 by :-Yogendra kumawat, , Traditional Notions of External Security, , , , , , , , , , , , The greatest danger to a country is from military threats. The root of this, danger is the other country which by threatening military action endangers the, core values of sovereignty and independence., There are three choices with the government in response to the threat of war., These choices are to surrender, to prevent the other side from attack and to, defend itself during the war and four components of traditional security i.e., deterrence, defence, balance of power and alliance building., Deterrence means prevention of war; defence means limiting or ending war;, balance of power means there should be balance between bigger and smaller, countries and alliance building means coalition of states., A good part of maintaining a balance of power is to build up one’s military, power that coordinate their actions to deter or defend against military attack., According to the traditional view of security, most threats to a country’s security, come from outside its borders., Within a country, the threat of violence is regulated by an acknowledged, central authority i.e. the government., But in world politics, each country has to be responsible for its own security., , Traditional Notions of Internal Security, , , , , , , , , , Traditional security must concern itself with internal security which has not, been given so much importance due to various reasons., After the Second World War, internal security was more or less assured to the, powerful countries on the Earth., Most of the European countries faced no serious threats from groups or, communities living within those borders. Hence these countries gave, importance to external security., The main concern for the external security was the era of Cold War. Both the, superpowers were afraid of attacks from each other., The colonies which became independent were under fear of conversion of Cold, War into a Hot War., The newly independent African and Asian countries were more worried about, the prospect of military conflict with neighbouring countries., They were worried about internal threats from separatist movements which, wanted to form independent countries., , Page | 1

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Traditional Security and Cooperation, , , , , , , , It is universally accepted that war can takes place for the right reasons,, primarily self-defence or to protect other people from genocide., Traditional views of security also gives importance to other forms of, cooperation like disarmament, arms control and confidence building., Disarmament requires all states to give up certain kinds of weapons., Arms control regulates the acquisition or development of weapons, e.g. United, States and Soviet Union signed a number of other arms control treaties., Confidence building means a process in which countries share ideas and, information with their rivals., Force is both the principle threat to security and the principle means of, achieving security in traditional security., , Non-Traditional Notions, , , , , , , , The non-traditional notions of security go beyond military threats to include a, wide range of threats and dangers affecting the condition of human existence., Non-traditional views of security have been called ‘human security’ or ‘global, security’., By human security we mean the protection of people more than the protection, of states., Proponents (supporters) of the ‘narrow concept’ of human security focus on, violent threats to individuals., On the other hand, proponents of the ‘broad concept’ of human security argue, that the threat agenda should include hunger, disease and natural disaster., The idea of global security emerged in the 1990s in response to the global, nature of threats such as global warming, AIDS and so on., , New Sources of Threats, , , , , , , , , , , Some new sources of threats have emerged about which the world is, concerned to a large extent. These includes terrorism, human rights, global, poverty, migration and health epidemics., Terrorism refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and, indiscriminately., There are three types of human rights. The first is political rights, second is, economic and social rights and the third type is the rights of colonised people., Another type of insecurity is global poverty. Rich states are becoming richer, whereas poor states are getting poorer., Poverty in the South has also led to large scale migration to seek a better life,, especially better economic opportunities, in the North., Health epidemics such as H1V-AIDS, bird flu and Severe Acute Respiratory, Syndrome (SARS) have been increasing across countries through migration., It is important to understand that the expansion of the concept of security does, not mean to include everything., To qualify as a security problem, an issue must share a minimum common, criterion., , Page | 2

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Cooperative Security, , , , , , , Dealing with certain issues of security require cooperation rather than military, confrontation. Military help can be taken to deal with terrorism but it will be of, no use in dealing with issues like poverty, migration and so on., It becomes important to devise strategies that involve international cooperation, which can be bilateral, regional, continental or global., Cooperative security may also involve a variety of other players, both, international and national., But cooperative security may also involve the use of force as a last resort. The, international community may have to sanction the use of force to deal with, dictatorship., , India’s Security Strategy, , , , , , , Indian’s security strategy depends upon four broad components, Strengthening the military capabilities is the first component of India’s security, strategy because India has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours., The second component of India’s security strategy has been to strengthen, international norms and international institutions to protect its security interests., The third important component of India’s security strategy is geared towards, meeting security challenges within the country., The fourth component is to develop its economy in a way that the vast mass of, citizens are lifted out of poverty and misery., , FACTS THAT MATTER, 1. ‘Security’ is freedom from ‘threats’, security protects core values from threatening, by preventing, limiting and ending the war., 2. The notions of security can be grouped into two i.e. Traditional concept and Nontraditional concept. Traditional notion includes both external and internal threats., External threats experience military war, balance of power and alliance building, threats whereas internal includes internal peace and order., 3. The means of traditional security limit the violence upto maximum extent through, disarmament, arms-control and confidence building. Disarmament bounds states to, give up certain kinds of weapons. Arms control regulates acquisition of weapons and, confidence building share ideas and information with rival countries., 4. Non-traditional security focuses on human and global security by covering all of, human kinds. Human security in a narrow sense protects individuals from internal, violence only whereas broadly it protects from hunger, diseases and natural, disasters. Global security responds to threats like global warming, international, terrorism, health epidemics like AIDS, bird flue and so on., Page | 3

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5. New sources of threats include terrorism, human rights, global poverty, migration,, and health epidemics. Terrorism refers to political violence targeting civilians, deliberately and indiscriminately. Human rights threats involve political rights,, economic and social rights as well as rights of colonised people and indigenous, minorities., 6. Global poverty suffers from low per capita income and economic growth and high, population migration creates international political friction as states pursue different, rules for migrants and refugees. Health epidemics cover HIV-AIDS, bird flu, and, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) through migration business, tourism and, military operations., 7. Cooperative security is required to alleviate poverty, manage migration, refugee, movements and control epidemics. Cooperation may be bilateral, regional,, continental or global depending on the nature of threat and willingness and ability of, countries to respond either nationally or internationally., 8. India has faced both traditional and non-traditional threats to its security. India’s, security strategy has four broad components i.e. strengthening military capabilities,, to strength international norms and institutions, to meet security challenges inside, the border and to develop to lift citizens out of poverty, missing and economic, inequalities., WORDS THAT MATTER, 1. Security: An essence for existence of human life to protect from threats either, external or internal., 2. Arms Control: It regulates acquisition of weapon., 3. Disarmament: It bounds states to give up certain kinds of weapons to avoid, mass destruction., 4. Confidence building: A process in which different countries share ideas and, information with rival countries by intimating each other about their military, plans., 5. Global Poverty: It refers to a country to be suffered from low incomes and less, economic growth to be categorised as least developed or developing countries., 6. Migration: It is the movement of human resources from one state to another, due to some particular reasons., IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS, 1. BWC: Biological Weapons Convention, 2. CWC: Chemical Weapons Convention, 3. ABM: Anti-Ballistic Missile, 4. START: Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, 5. NPT: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 6. SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, 7. SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, 8. CBMS: Confidence Building Measures, 9. NIEO: New International Economic Order, 10. IMF: International Monetary Fund, , Page | 4

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Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World Class 12, Political Science Notes, What is Security?, • Security implies freedom from threats. Security relates only to extremely dangerous, threats that could so endanger core values that those values would be damaged beyond, repair if we did not do something to deal with the situation., Traditional Notions: External, • The greatest danger to a country is from military threats. The source of this danger is, another country which by threatening military action endangers the core values of, sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity., • In response to the threat of war, there are three choices with the government, to, surrender; to prevent, the other side from attacking by promising to raise the costs of war to an unacceptable, level; and to defend itself., • Security policy is concerned with preventing war, which is called deterrence, and with, limiting or ending war, which is called defence., • Balance of power means there should be balance between bigger and smaller, countries., • Alliance building means a coalition of states that coordinate their actions to deter or, defend against military attack., • In the traditional view of security, most threats to a country’s security come from, outside its borders because the international system is a rather brutal arena in which, there is no central authority capable of controlling behaviour., • Within a country, the threat of violence is regulated by an acknowledged central, authority - the government., Traditional Notions: Internal, • Traditional security concern itself with internal security. After the Second World War,, internal security was more or less assured to the powerful countries on the Earth., • Most of the European countries faced no serious threats from groups or communities, living within those borders. Hence these countries gave importance to external security., • The security challenges facing the newly-independent countries of Asia and Africa, were different from the challenges Europe in two ways., → The new countries faced the prospect of military conflict with neighbouring countries., → They had to worry about internal military conflict., • Internally, the new states worried about threats from separatist movements which, wanted to form independent countries., , Page | 5

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Traditional Security and Cooperation, • In traditional security, there is a recognition that cooperation in limiting violence is, possible. These limits relate both to the ends and the means of war., • Traditional views of security also mean disarmament, arms control, and confidence, building., • Arms control regulates the acquisition or development of weapons. In 1992, the, AntiBallistic Missile (ABM) Treaty tried to stop the United States and Soviet Union from, using ballistic missiles as a defensive shield to launch a nuclear attack., • US and Soviet Union signed a number of other arms control treaties including the, Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty II or SALT II and the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, (START). The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 was an arms control, treaty that regulated the acquisition of nuclear weapons., • Traditional security also accepts confidence building as a means of avoiding violence., Confidence building is a process in which countries share ideas and information with, their rivals., • In traditional security, force is both the principal threat to security and the principal, means of achieving security., Non-Traditional Notions, • Non-traditional notions security go beyond military threats to include a wide range of, threats and dangers affecting the conditions of human existence., • Non-traditional security focuses on human and global security., • Human security is about the protection of people more than the protection of states. All, proponents of human security agree that its primary goal is the protection of individuals., • Proponents of the ‘narrow concept’ of human security focus on violent threats to, individuals while proponents of the ‘broad concept’ of human security argue that the, threat agenda should include hunger, disease and natural disaster., • The idea of global security emerged in the 1990s in response to the global nature of, threats such as global warming, international terrorism, and health epidemics like AIDS, and bird flu and so on., New Sources of Threats, • Terrorism refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and, indiscriminately. International terrorism involves the citizens or territory of more than one, country., • The classic cases of terrorism involve hijacking planes or planting bombs in trains,, cafes, markets and other crowded places., • Human rights have come to be classified into three types:, → The first type is political rights such as freedom of speech and assembly., Page | 6

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→ The second type is economic and social rights., → The third type is the rights of colonised people or ethnic and indigenous minorities., • Global poverty is another source of insecurity. High per capita income and low, population growth make rich states or rich social groups get richer, whereas low incomes, and high population growth reinforce each other to make poor states and poor groups, get poorer., • Health epidemics such as HIV-AIDS, bird flu, and severe acute respiratory syndrome, (SARS) have rapidly spread across countries through migration, business, tourism and, military operations., Cooperative Security, • Dealing with many of non-traditional threats to security require cooperation rather than, military confrontation., • Cooperation may be bilateral, regional, continental, or global which would all depend, on the nature of the threat and the willingness and ability of countries to respond., India's Security Strategy, • India has faced both traditional and non-traditional threats to its security. Its security, strategy depends upon four broad components:, • The first component was strengthening its military capabilities because India has been, involved in conflicts with its neighbours - Pakistan in 1947–48, 1965, 1971 and 1999;, and China in 1962., • The second component of India’s security strategy has been to strengthen international, norms and international institutions to protect its security interests., • The third component of Indian security strategy is geared towards meeting, security challenges within the country., • Fourth, there has been an attempt in India to develop its economy in a way that the, vast mass of citizens are lifted out of poverty and misery and huge economic inequalities, are not allowed to exist which has not quite succeeded., , Page | 7