More from Yogendra Kumawat

Page 1 :
CLASS – 12TH POTITICAL SCIENCE - 2. THE END OF BIPOLARITY ( CONTEMPORARY WORLD POLITICS ), 1

Page 2 :
2

Page 3 :
3, , The eight East European countries that were part of the Soviet bloc replaced their communist governments, in response to mass demonstrations.

Page 4 :
Chapter Topic, , 4, , 1. WHAT WAS THE SOVIET SYSTEM?, 2. GORBACHEV AND THE DISINTEGRATION, 3. WHY DID THE SOVIET UNION DISINTEGRATE?, 4. TIMELINE OF DISINTEGRATION OF THE SOVIET UNION, 5. LEADERS OF THE SOVIET UNION, 6. CONSEQUENCES OF DISINTEGRATI, DISINTEGRATION, 7. SHOCK THERAPY IN POST, POST-COMMUNIST, COMMUNIST REGIMES, 8. CONSEQUENCES OF SHOCK THERAPY, 9. TENSIONS AND CONFLICTS, 10. INDIA AND POST, POST-COMMUNIST COUNTRIES, 11.. FLASHBACK: INDIA AND THE USSR, Note:- And Additional topic according chapter 3rd US Hegemony in world politics, politi .

Page 5 :
The Berlin Wall, , 5, ,  After the end of world war, war-II, II and the cold war of 1962, the world was, divided into two parts .,  The partition took place from the continent of Europe from the capital of, Germany, Which is known as the berlin wall .,  Construction of the Berlin wall – 1961,  Length of the Berlin wall – 150- 155 KM., ( wall built more than 150, 150-155 KM. long.),  The wall stood for 28 years and was finally demolished by the public on, 9 November 1989., Reason :- A portion of the wall was dropped to make free movement possible, possible., The world was divided into two parts by this wall., 1. West Camp (USA), 2. Eastern Camp (USSR),  The Berlin wall symbolized the division between the Capitalist, apitalist and, Communist worlds .,  When the Berlin wall fell the other world came to an end., 1. Capitalist world =, , America (USA), , 2. Communist world = Soviet Union (USSR)

Page 6 :
WHAT WAS THE SOVIET SYSTEM ?, 6, , Story, Monarchy System, , Russain Revolution Feb 1917, , Tsar Nicholas- II (Russian Empire) before 1917, , USSR., ,  Union of Soviet Social Republic, (USSR),  Inspired by the idea or socialism.,  Abolition of private Productivity, property.(LAND, LAND + Productivity), , Tsar Nicholas- II, Autocratic Nation, , Russia + Empire, , Present day Finland, Latvia,, Lithuania, Estonia, Part of, Poland , Belarus, Ukraine ,, Georgia, Armenia, and, Azerbaijan., , Reason:- 1914-1918 (WW-I), Russia + Germany, (Peasant and Worker), , Vladimir lenin, He was a devotee of Karl Marx., Karl Marx brought communism to our society and, he was a great philosopher of communism., During this time Vladimir lenin formed a party of this, own ., Founder of the Bolshevik Communist party., , Karl Marx, , leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and, the founder-head, head of the USSR during the, most difficult period following the revolution., , SEM CBSE SCHOOL NEEM KA THANA (SIKAR)

Page 7 :
7, , The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) came into being after the, socialist revolution in Russia in 1917., The revolution was inspired by the ideals of socialism, as opposed to, capitalism.,  The need for an egalitarian society., Private, ivate Property Protested, This was perhaps the biggest attempt in human history to abolish the, institution of private property and consciously design a society based on, principles of equality., The USSR came into existence after the Russian Revolution in 1917., The soviet union was created by combining 15th republics., The soviet union was ruled by a single party ---- Communist Party., In doing so, the makers of the Soviet system gave primacy to the state and, the institution of the party., The Soviet political system centred, There was no other, around thee communist party, and no other, political party or, opposition was allowed., allowed, political party or opposition was allowed., The economy was planned and controlled by the state., SEM CBSE SCHOOL NEEM KA THANA (SIKAR), , SEM CBSE SCHOOL NEEM KA THANA (SIKAR)

Page 8 :
8, , After the Second World War, the east European countries that the Soviet, army had liberated from the fascist forces came under the control of the, USSR.

Page 9 :
9, , The political and the economic systems of all these countries were modelled, after the USSR., This group of countries was called the Second World or the ‘socialist, socialist bloc’., bloc’, The Warsaw Pact, a military alliance, held them together. The USSR was the, leader of the bloc., State the main feature of the soviet union ::-, , The Soviet Union became a super power after the Second World War., The Soviet economy was, as then more developed than the rest of the world except, for the US., ., World`s Second largest economy, economy., The soviet union emerged as a superpower after the second world war ., , Yogendra Kumawat…

Page 10 :
10, , Advanced communication system, system., , (It had a Complex Communications), Communications, , Vast energy resources including, like as ::Manufacture of mineral oil, iron, iron, steel and machinery production and transport sector, that connected its remotest areas with efficiency.,  There were advanced domestic consumer industries:, industries:It had a domestic consumer industry that produced everything from pins to, cars., There were good transport facilities :-Transport/ traffic relations, ations were good., State ownership :- The rule was from the state / (government.), There was no unemployment., The government provided basic necessities such as ::-, , Health care, , Education Child care, , And other public welfare at subsidized rates .

Page 11 :
11, , Later the bureaucracy was tightened on the soviet system.,  This system became authoritarian and the lives of citiz, citizens, ens became, difficult.,  Due to lack of democracy and freedom of expression, people often, expressed their disagreements in jokes and cartoons., , Communist party, ., , The soviet union was ruled by a party , the communist party., This party had a deep control on all institutions., This party was not accountable to the public., The people formed the soviet union by mixing 15th republics together to handle their culture and other matters, on their own., In the arms race, the Soviet, , But this party refused to recognize the will of the public., Russia was one of these 15th states, which was powerful in itself.

Page 12 :
12, , , In the arms race, the Soviet Union managed to match the US, from, rom time to time, but at great cost., , The Soviet Union lagged behind the West in technology,, infrastructure (e.g. transport, power), and most importantly, in, fulfilling the political or economic aspirations of citizens., , The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 weakened the, system even further., , Though wages continued to grow, productivity and technology, fell considerably behind that of the West., , , , , , This led to shortages in all consumer goods., , , , Food imports increased every year., , The Soviet economy wa, wass faltering in the late 1970s and became stagnant.

Page 13 :
GORBACHEV AND THE DISINTEGRATION13, , Tsar Nicholas- II Before 1917, (Russian Revelation)) After, , Vladimir Lenin (1870) 1917-1924, 1917, Joseph Stalin (1879) 1924-1953, 1924, Nikita Khrushchev (1894) 1953-1964, 1953, Leonid Brezhnev (1906) 1964-1982, 1964, Mikhail Gorbachev, rbachev (1931) 1985-1991, 1985, Boris Yeltsin(1931) 1991-1999, 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev, , Mikhail Gorbachev,, who had become General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet, Union in 1985., Sought to reform this system., Reforms were necessary to keep the USSR abreast of the information and technological revolutions, taking place in the West countries., However:::- Gorbachev’s decision to normalise relations, relations:- with the West and democratise and reform, , the Soviet Union had some other effects that neither he nor anyone else intended or anticipated., The people in the Eastt European countries which were part of the Soviet bloc started to protest, against their own governments and Soviet control., The Soviet Union, under Gorbachev, did not intervene when the disturbances occurred, and the, communist regimes collapsed one afte, after another., , Yuri Andropov, 12 Nov 1982 –, 9 February 1984

Page 14 :
Reforms:-, , 14, , These developments were accompanied by a rapidly escalating crisis within the USSR, that hastened its disintegration., Gorbachev initiated the policies of economic and political reform and democratisation, within the country., A coup took place in 1991 that was encouraged by Communist Party hardliners., , The people had tasted freedom by then and did not want the old-style, style rule of, the Communist Party., Boris Yeltsin emerged as a national hero in opposing this coup., The Russian Republic, where Yeltsin won a popular election, election,, began to shake, off centralised control., Power began to shift from the Soviet centre to the republics, especially in the, more Europeanised part of the Soviet Union, which saw themselves as, sovereign states., NOTE:-, , The Central, tral Asian republics did not ask for independence, and wanted to remain with the Soviet Federation., , The reforms were, opposed by, leaders within the, Communist Party.

Page 15 :
Central Asian republics, 15, , *, , In December 1991,, under the leadership of Yeltsin, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, three, major republics of the USSR, declared that the Soviet Union was disbanded.

Page 16 :
16, , The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was banned., And, , Capitalism and democracy were adopted as the bases for the post, post-Soviet, Soviet republics., , CIS, , Again Russia after 1991, ,  The declaration on the disintegration of the USSR and the formation of the, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) came as a surprise to the other, republics, especially to the Central Asian ones.,  The exclusion of these republics was an issue that was quickly solved by making, them founding members of the CIS, CIS.,  Russia was now accepted as the successor state of the Soviet Union.,  It inherited the Soviet seat in the UN Security Council.,  Russia accepted all the international treaties and commitments of the Soviet Union.,  It took over as the only nuclear state of the post, post- Soviet space and carried out some, nuclear disarmament, isarmament measures with the US.,  The old Soviet Union was thus dead and buried.

Page 17 :
CIS, , Headquarter, s, , 17, , Minsk, Capital of Belarus

Page 18 :
WHY DID THE SOVIET UNION DISINTEGRATE?, 18, , How did the second most powerful country in the world, suddenly disintegrate ?, Neither is a polity broken for the first time nor, for the last time in the form of the Soviet union., , This question is, necessary to, understand the, collapse of any, political system., , While there are unique features of the Soviet collapse:, collapse:1. There is no doubt that the, internal weaknesses of Soviet, political and economic institutions,, which failed to meet the, aspirations of the people., , Reason:, Reason:- Political,, Economic, conomic and Cultureal…, Role of Gorbachev’s, reforms and people, impact…., , Q. Why did the system become so weak and why did the economy stagnate?, Ans:- The Soviet economy used, much of its resources in, At the same time,, maintaining a nuclear and, ordinary citizens became more, knowledgeable about the, military arsenal and the, economic advance of the West., development of its satellite states, They could see the disparities, in Eastern Europe and within the, between their system and the, Soviet system (the five Central, systems of the W, West., Asian Republics in particular)., ,  After years of being told that the Soviet system was, better than Western capitalism, the reality of its, backwardness came as a political and psychological, shock.

Page 19 :
19, , USSR = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics., Created by :- 30 Dec.1922 ( Valadimir lenin) Bolshevik Communist party.(1917, party.(1917-1924), Disintegration:-26 Dec 1991., 1924:- Lenin, in died. ( Lenin wanted to bring Democracy in USSR.), After Lenin’s death “Joseph Stalin” and it turned out to be a dictator., , Tsar Nicholas- II Before 1917 (Russian Revelation) After, , Vladimir Lenin ( 1917-1924), Joseph Stalin (1924-1953), Nikita Khrushchev (1953-1964), Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982), Yuri Andropov (1982-1984), Konstantin Cherenkov (1984-1985), Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991), Boris Yeltsin (1991-1999) (Russai), , Baltic state, , Joseph Stalin (1924 -1953), 1. Biggest dictator., 2. Parliament was built in Moscow.= Supreme soviet of the union ., 3. Single party implemented., 4. Formed a team of his own and members of that team would choose the new leader of, the USSR.= POLIBURO., 5. 1930s :- held responsible for the Great Terror of the1930s, authoritarian functioning, and elimination of rivals within the party. ( GULAG) {1,80,000 were locked in Gulag.}, 1953:- Joseph Stalin died., 1. Estonian, , dictator, CIS, , 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., , Latvian, Lithuanian, Armenian, Azerbaijan, Byelorussian, Georgian, Kazakhstan, Moldavian, Russian, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Ukrainian, Uzbekisthan., , CIS implemented :- Sep 1993. (11+1) Member’s, 08 Dec 1991:1991: Belavezha Accords – Three Major, countries (Russai+ Belarus+Ukrain)., Belarus+, Disbanded., 21 Dec 1991 :- (Alma Ata Declaration), Gorbachev freed all the republics of the USSR., 25 Dec 1991:1991 Gorbachev resigned from the, USSR., 26 Dec.1991:Dec.1991: USSR Disintegration.

Page 20 :
The main reasons for the disintegration for the USSR., 20, , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., , Dictatorship (1924 -1985), Space race ( Sputnik-1st satellite 1956, Yuri gayarin1961, laika dog 1957)., Arms race (26,000 nuclear weapons and booms, booms):- Tank , Army , SUBMARINE., Cold war (1945-1991)., Bureaucracy., Economy, Soviet- Afghan war 1979 to 1989 (150,00+50,000), Vietnam - USA war. (1, 1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975), Batter Education, 1989 Civil revolution in Russia. (Berlin wall), Gorbachev policy :- 1. Glasno, Glasnost policy (media free )., 2. Perestroika policy (voting system), system)., 3. Private, rivate property rule free ., , The Soviet Union had become stagnant in an administrative and political sense as well., The Communist Party that had ruled the Sovi, Soviet, et Union for over 70 years was not, accountable to the people., What was worse was that party bureaucrats had more privileges than ordinary citizens., Gorbachev’s reforms promised to deal with these problems., In such a situation, you may wonder why then the soviet union broke up ?

Page 21 :
21, , The most basic answer seems to be that when Gorbachev carried out his reforms and, loosened the system,, he set in motion forces and expectations that few could have, predicted and became virtually impossible to control., -:- Even after all this, the Soviet Union would not have disin, disintegrated, tegrated. -:1. An incident shocked all the people of the Soviet Union and people were stunned.,  This event was the rise of nationalist sentiments and the desire for sovereignty.,  Russia and Baltic republic, republics :- (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), Ukraine,, Georgia,, orgia, and others proved to be the final and most immediate cause for the, disintegration of the USSR, USSR.

Page 22 :
22

Page 23 :
LEADERS OF THE SOVIET UNION, 1. Vladimir Lenin, , 23, , Birth:- 22 Jan. 1870, Death:- 21 Jan. 1924 ( Gorki , Russia) 53 years old, ,  NAME :- Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( Lenin ),  Tenure:- 1917-1924 (Post:- 30 Jan 1922) to 21 Jan. 1924.,  He became famous as the leader of the battle of the Bolsheviks in Russia.,  Bolsheviks party :- Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. (1898, (1898-1912),  Founder of the Bolsheviks Communist party,  Russian Communist Party (1912-1924), 1924),  USSR FIRST FOUNDER / father of the USSR.,  Leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the founder, founder-head, head of the USSR, during the most difficult period following the revolution(1917, revolution(1917-1924).,  An outstanding theoretician and practitioner of Marxism and a source of, inspiration for communists all over the world, world.

Page 24 :
2. JoSeph StalIn, , Birth:- 18 Dec. 1879 (Gori, Georgia), Death:-- 05 March 1953 ( Kuntsevo Dacha) 74 years old, 24, , NAME :- Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin., Tenure :- 1924-1953., Successor to Lenin and led the Soviet Union during its co, consolidation (1924-1953), Biggest dictator., Stalin emphasized the process of planning for Russian progress and under this he established the Planning, Commission in 1925 AD and implemented three Five Year Plans till World War II., (1925-five year plan established).,  The first five-year, year plan was implemented from 1928 to 1932, whose objective was to eliminate the remnants of, capitalism.,  Industrialization of Soviet Russia, grouping and mechanization of agriculture., , , , , , , Stalin's works:1. Established of five year plans. :-1925, 2. Agriculture sector reforms.:- Grouping System., 3. Work in Education:- (i.) The government made primary education free and compulsory., (ii.) In 1941 AD, 90 percent of the people of Russia became educated and there was a lot of, progress in the scientific, ic and technical field of Russia., 4. New Constitution of 1936:i. The constitution which was created during Lenin's period in 1918, was amended by Stalin in 1936 AD and, implemented it as a new constitution., ii. Under this, their parliament was named "Supreme Soviet of the USSR"., iii. It consisted of two houses whose tenure was fixed for four years., iv. Citizens were also given the right to get work., Soviet victory in the second world war., Single Party Rules Implemented., Held responsible for the Great Terror of the1930s,, he1930s, authoritarian functioning and elimination of rivals within the party., party.(Gulag ), 05 march 1953:- Joseph Stalin died. (1,80,000 were locked in Gulag.)

Page 25 :
3. nIkIta khruShChev, , Birth:, Birth:- 15 April 1894, Kalinovka, Russia, Death:, Death:- 11 September, 1971, Moscow, Russia 77 years old, 25, ,  Leader of the Soviet union 1953-1964..,  During his time some policies of former Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin were, removed in 1956.,  Some openness was brought in political and economic matters and the, Soviet space program was promoted.,  During his reign, an incident called the Cuban Missile Crisis between the, United States and the Soviet Union took pl, place, which according to some, critics was the most dangerous turning point of the Cold War.,  Suggested “peaceful coexistence”” with the West; involved in suppressing, popular rebellion in Hungary and in the Cuban missile crisis.,  Due to his extraordinary acceptance, ance of the Communist Party and Soviet, life, he was awarded the title of Socialist Shramveer thrice in 1954, 1957,, 1961.,  His extraordinary talent for the protection of world peace was awarded, the International Lenin Prize for Strengthening Peace in Mankin, Mankind.,  He died of a heart attack in 1971., ,  Space race ( Sputnik-1st satellite 1956, Yuri gayarin1961, laika dog, 1957)., Fidel and Nikita

Page 26 :
4. leonId Brezhnev, , Birth:- 19 December 1906, Kamianske, Ukraine, Death:- 10 November 1982,, Zarechye, Russia 76 year old, 26, ,  Leader of the Soviet union 1964-1982, 1982.,  Proposed Asian Collective Security system.,  Associated with the détente phase in relations with the US, US.,  Involved in suppressing a popular rebellion in Czechoslovakia and in invading, Afghanistan.,  During this period, on the onee hand, he made the Soviet Union very powerful, militarily and greatly increased its, ts influence on the world level.,  But on the other hand the economic condition of the Soviet Union became, quite slow.,  This economic weakness is said to be one of the main rea, reasons for the collapse, of the Soviet Union in 1991., , Yuri Andropov (1982-1984), Konstantin Cherenkov (1984-1985), 1985)

Page 27 :
5. Mikhail Gorbachev, , Birth:-- 2 March 1931 (age 90 years), Privolnoye, Russia, Death:, Death:27, ,  Last leader of the Soviet Union.. ::-(1985-1991).,  Introduced economic and political reform policies of, perestroika(restructuring) and glasnost, glasnost(openness).,  Stopped the arms race with the US.,  Withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan and eastern Europe.,  Helped in the unification of Germany.,  Ended the Cold War.,  Blamed for the disintegration of the Soviet Union., , 6.Boris Yeltsin,  (Born1931-2007),  President of The first elected Russia (1991, (1991-1999).,  Rose to power in the Communist Party and was made the Mayor of, Moscow by Gorbachev.,  Later joined the critics of Gorbachev and left the Communist Par, Party.,  Led the protests against the Soviet regime in 1991.,  Played a key role in dissolving the Soviet Union.,  Blamed, lamed for hardships suffered by Russians in their transition from, communism to capitalism.

Page 28 :
CONSEQUENCES OF DISINTEGRATION, , 28, , The collapse of the second world of the Soviet Union and the socialist systems in eastern, Europe had profound consequences for world politics., Let us note here three broad kinds of enduring changes that resulted, lted from it:it:, First, , Second, , 1. It meant the end of Cold War confrontations., 2. The ideological dispute over whether the socialist system would beat the capitalist system was not, an issue any more., 3. The end of the confrontation demanded an end to this arms race and a pos, possible, sible new peace., 1. Power relations in world politics changed and, therefore, the relative influence of ideas and, institutions also changed., 2. The end of the Cold War left open only two possibilities., a. Either the remaining superpower would dominate and create a unipolar system., syst, b. Different countries or groups of countries could become important players in the, international system, thereby bringing in a multipolar system where no one power could, dominate., The US became, came the sole superpower., , 1. Backed by the power and prestige of the US, the capitalist economy was now the dominant, economic system internationally., 2. Institutions like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, und became powerful advisors to all, these countries since they gave them loans for their transitions to capitalism…, Politically the notion of liberal democracy emerged as the best way to organise political life.

Page 29 :
Third, , 29, , 1. The end of the Soviet bloc meant the emergence of many new countries., 2. All these countries had their own independent aspirations and choices., 3. Some of them, especially the Baltic and east European states,, wanted to join the, t, European Union and become part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, (NATO)., 4. The Central Asian countries wanted to take advantage of their geographical location, and continue their close ties with Russia and also to establish ties with the West, the, US, China and others., 5. The international system saw many new players emerge, each with its own identity,, interests, and economic and political difficulties.

Page 30 :
SHOCK THERAPY IN POST-COMMUNIST REGIMES, 30, , The collapse of communism was followed in most of these countries by a painful process of, transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system., The model of transition in Russia, Central Asia and east Europe that was influenced by the World, Bank and the IMF came to be known as ‘shock therapy., , 1. Shock therapy varied in intensity and speed amongst the former second world, countries,, but its direction and features were quite similar., 2. Each of these countries was required to make a total shift to a capitalist economy., economy, 3. Which meant rooting out com, completely any structures evolved during the Soviet period., 4. Above all, it meant that private ownership was to be the dominant pattern of, ownership of property., 5. Privatisation of state assets and were to be immediately brought in., 6. Collective farms were to be replaced by private farming and capitalism in, agriculture., This transition ruled out any alternate oor ‘third way’, other than state-controlled, controlled socialism or capitalism.

Page 31 :
 Shock therapy also involved a drastic change in the external orientation of these economies., 31, ,  Development was now envisaged through more trade, trade,, and thus a sudden and complete switch, to free trade was considered essential.,  The free trade regime and foreign ddirect investment(FDI), nvestment(FDI) were to be the main engines of, change.,  This also involved openness to foreign investment, financial opening up or deregulation, and, currency convertibility., ., ,  The transition also involved a break up of the existing trade alliances among the countries of the Soviet bloc.,  Each state from this bloc was now linked directly to the West and not to each other in the region.,  These states were thus to be gradually absorb, absorbed into the Western economic system.,  The Western capitalist states now became the leaders and thus guided and controled the development of the, region through various agencies and organisations., , Shock Therapy in post- communist regime., An authoritarian (USSR) ; Socialist, Democracy, , ;, , Capitalist, , Russia, Central Asia, East Europe, 1., 2., 3., , Shock Therapy, Painful, process, Economic modal, , Speed – difference some way. Shock therepy., USSR- structure end --- Moving on capitalism., Privatisation of state assets., , World, bank &, IMF, , 1. Collective farming chane-----------chane, capitalism in agriculture., 2. ownership of property., 3. Trade---------Develpoment., Develpoment., 4. Free trade, 5. Openness to foreign investment., 6. Currency convertibility.

Page 32 :
CONSEQUENCES OF SHOCK THERAPY, , 32, , The shock therapy administered in the 1990s did not lead the people into the promised, utopia of mass consumption., Generally:- It brought ruin to the economies and disaster upon the people of the entire region., In Russia, the large state-controlled, controlled industrial complex almost collapsed, as about 90 percent of its, industries were put up for sale to private individuals and ccompanies, Since the restructuring was carried out through market forces and not by government, government-directed, industrial policies, it led to the virtual disappearance of entire industries., ,  This was called ‘the largest Garage sale in history., Economic Problems, , 1. Valuable industries were undervalued and sold at throwaway prices., 2. Though all citizens were given vouchers to participate in the sales,, most citizens sold, their vouchers in the black market because they needed the money.., 3. The value of the Ruble,, the Russian currency, declined dramatically., 4. The rate of inflation was so high that people lost all their savings., 5. The collective farm system disintegrated leaving people without food security, and Russia started to, import food.

Page 33 :
6. The real GDP(Gross, Gross Domestic Product, Product) of Russia in 1999 was below what it was in 1989., 33, , 7. The old system of social welfare was systematically destroyed., A mafia emerged in most of these countries and started controlling many economic activities., Privatisation led to new disparities. Post, Post-Soviet states, especially Russia,, were divided between rich, and poor regions., Unlike the earlier system, there, ere was now great economic inequality between people., Political Problems Because of Shock Therapy., ,  The constitutions of all these countries were drafted in a hurry and most, including Russia, had a strong executive, president with the widest possible powers that rendered elected parliaments relatively weak., weak,  In Central Asia, the presidents had great powers, and several of them became very auth, authoritarian., For example:-, , 1., , The presidents of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan appointed themselves to power first for ten years and then extended it for another ten, years., , 2., , They allowed no dissent or opposition.. A judicial culture and independence of the judi, judiciary, ciary was yet to be established in most of these, countries., , 3., , Most of these economies, especially Russia, started reviving in 2000, ten years after their independence., , 4., , The reason for the revival for most of their economies was the export of natural resources :- like oil, natural gas and minerals., , 5., , Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are major oil and gas producers., , 6., , Other countries have gained because of the oil pipelines that cross their territories for which they get rent., rent

Page 34 :
TENSIONS AND CONFLICTS, , 34, , Most of the former Soviet Republics are prone to conflicts, and many have had civil, wars and insurgencies., Complicating the picture is the growing involvement of outside powers.,  In Russia, two republics, Chechnya and Dagestan, have had violent secessionist movements., 1993. 1st war, Russia v/s Chechnya., (Militation), , Moscow’s method of, dealing with the Chechen, rebels and indiscriminate, military bombings have led, to many human rights, violations but failed to deter, the aspirations for, independence.

Page 35 :
 In Central Asia, Tajikistan witnessed a civil war35, that went on for ten years till 2001.,  The region as a whole has many sectarian, conflicts.,  In Azerbaijan’s province of Nagorno, Nagorno-Karabakh,, some local Armenians want to secede and join, Armenia.,  In Georgia, the demand for independence has, come from two provinces,, resulting in a civil war.,  There are movements against the existing regimes, in Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan and Georgia.,  Countries and provinces are fighting over river, waters.,  All this, is has led to instability, making life difficult, for the ordinary citizen.

Page 36 :
 The Central Asian Republics are areas with vast hydrocarbon resources, which have brought them economic, benefit., 36,  Central Asia has also become a zone of competition between outside powers and oil companies.,  The region is next to Russia, China, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, and close to West Asia.,  After 11 September 2001, the US wanted military bases in the region and paid the governments of all Central, Asian states to hire bases and to allow airplanes to fly over their territory during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq., However,,  Russia perceives these states as its ‘Near Abroad’ and believes that they should be under Russian influence.,  China has interests here because of the oil resources, and the Chinese have begun to settle around the borders and, conduct trade.,  In eastern Europe, Czechoslovakia split peacefully into two, with the Czechs and the Slovaks forming, independent countries.,  But,  The most severe conflict took place in the Balkan republics of Yugoslavia.,  After,  1991, it broke apart with several provinces like Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina declaring, independence.,  Ethnic Serbs opposed this, and a massacre of non-Serb Bosnians followed.,  The NATO intervention and the bombing of Yugoslavia followed the inter-ethnic civil war.

Page 37 :
37

Page 38 :
INDIA AND POST-COMMUNIST COUNTRIES, 38, , India has maintained, aintained good relations with all the post, communist countries., But the strongest relations are still those between Russia and India., Indo-Russian, Russian relations are embedded in a history of trust and common interests and are matched by, popular perceptions., For example:- Culture,, Military, Political and Economic Relations., ,  Indian heroes from Raj Kapoor, or to Amitabh Bachhan are household, names in Russia and many post- Soviet countries., ,  One can hear Hindi film songs all over the region, and India is part of, the popular memory., Russia and India share a vision of a Multipolar, ultipolar world order. :., , Q.1 Whatt they mean by a multipolar world order., 1. Co-existence, existence of several powers in the international system., 2. Collective security (in which an attack on any country is regarded as a threat to all, countries and requires a collective response),, 3. Greater regionalism., 4. Negotiated, egotiated settlements of international conflicts., 5. An independent foreign policy for all countries, and decision making through, bodies like the UN that should be strengthened, democratised, and empowered.

Page 39 :
Note:- More than 80 bilateral agreements have been signed between India and Russia as, part of the Indo-Russian, Russian Strategic Agreement of 2001.39, , India stands to benefit from its relationship with Russia on issues like, like:Kashmir, Energy supplies,, sharing information on international terrorism, access to Central Asia,, and balancing its relations with China., , Russia stands to benefit from this relationship because, 1. India is the second largest arms market for Russia., 2. The Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia., 3. Since India is an oil, oil-importing nation, Russia is important to India and, has repeatedly come to the assistance of India during its oil crises., 4. India is seeking to increase its Energy imports from Russia and the, republics of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan., 5. Cooperation with these republics includes partnership and investment in, oilfields., 6. Russia is important for India’s Nuclear Energy Plans. And…., 7. Assisted India’s space industry by giving., for example:- The Cryogenic Rocket when India needed it., 8. Russia and India have collaborated on various scientific projects.

Page 40 :
40, 0

Page 41 :
Unipolar world, , Middle Easte crisis:- Afghanistan ; Gulf War ;Democratic politics., st, Democratization:41 The 21 Century (Arab Spring).

Page 42 :
42