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Political Science – Book II, Class XII, Arrange the following as per the chronological order:, 1. a. Setting up of the Planning Commission, b.Congress ends dual membership, c. The fourth General Elections, d.Major split in the Communist Party, (b, a, d, c), 2. a. Formation of Grand Alliance, b. Formation of Samyukt Vidhayak Dal, c. Formation of United Progressive Alliance, d. Formation of National Democratic Alliance, (b, a, d, c), 3. a. Signing of the Peace Agreement between Rajiv Gandhi & Sant Langowal, b. Signing of Peace Agreement between Rajiv Gandhi & Laldenga, c. Agreement between Indira Gandhi & Sheikh Abdullah, d. Signing of the accord between Rajiv Gandhi & AASU leaders, (c, a&d, b), 4. a. Setting of the Shah Commission, b.Setting of the Planning Commission, c. Setting of the Mandal Commission, d.Setting of the States Reorganization Commission, (b, d, a, c), 5. a. Bandung Conference, b. Shimla Agreement, c. Asian Relations Conference, d. Tashkant Agreement, (c, a, b, d), 6. a. Formation of Bharatiya Jana Sangh, b. Formation of Socialist Party, c. Formation of Swatantra Party, d. Formation of Janata Party, (b, a, c, d), II. Name the following:, 1. First President of Pakistan Mohammad Ali Jinnah, 2. Frontier Gandhi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, 3. Advocator of Ahimsa & Satyagraha Mahatma Gandhi, 4. India’s Deputy Minister following Independence Sardar Patel, 5. India’s Home Minister following Independence Sardar Patel, 6. Maharaja of Manipur -Maharja Bodhachandra Singh
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36. Home Secretary who signed the order banning RSS at the time of partition. J. P., Ray, 37. The Maharaja who signed the Merger Agreement Bodhchandra Singh, 38. Leader who led the Vishalandhra movement Potti Sriramulu, 39. Leader who advocated limited cooperation with the Congress Asoka Mehta, 40. Minister of Communication in the First Ministry of Free India Rafi Ahmed, Kidwai, 41. Architect of the Ist Five year Plan K. N. Raj, 42. Architect of the IInd Five Year Plan P. C. Mahalanobis, 43. A party which is centrist Congress, 44. A party which is rightist BJP, 45. A party which is leftist CPI (M), 46. The party which traces its roots to Bharatiya Jana Sangh BJP, 47. Name two dams set up during the period of Ist & IInd Five Year Plans Bhakra, Nangal Dam, Hirakud Dam, 48. Two events which influenced planning in India The experience of Great, Depression in Europe, the inter war reconstruction of Japan & Germany, 49. Author of ‘Economy of Permanence’ J. C. Kumarappa, 50. Original name of J. C. Kumarappa J. C. Cornelius, 51. The state which achieved total literacy. Kerala, 52. Gandhian economist who proposed rural industrialization J. C. Kumarappa, 53. The founder of Bharatiya Lok Dal Charan Singh, 54. Four leaders who supported the idea of Public Sector Lal Bahadur Shastri, Ajit, Prasad Jain, Jagjivan Ram, Swaran Singh,, 55. Two leaders who supported the idea of Private Sector Minoo Masani, K. M., Munshi, 56. Author who has translated ‘Raag Darbari’ Shrilal Shukla, 57. The country from which we imported wheat during food crisis in 1960’s US, 58. Regions which prospered because of green revolution Punjab, Haryana,, Western Uttar Pradesh, 59. The ‘ Milkman of India’ Verghese Kurien, 60. The organization which launched ‘Amul’ Gujarat Cooperative Milk &, Marketing Federation Ltd., 61. Programme which established the nationwide milk grid. Operation Flood, 62. PM associated with the nationalization of banks Indira Gandhi, 63. The leader from Ghana associated with NAM President Nkrumah, 64. The leader from India associated with NAM Pt. Nehru, 65. The leader from Indonesia associated with NAM President Sukarno, 66. The leader from Yugoslavia associated with NAM President Tito, 67. The leader from Egypt associated with NAM President Nasser, 68. Article of the Indian Constitution associated with India’s foreign policy Art. 51, 69. Founder of INA Subhash Chandra Bose, 70. Leader who supported pro US foreign policy Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, 71. Parties which supported pro US foreign policy Bharatiya Jan Sangh &, Swatantra Party, 72. The country, which attacked Egypt over the Suez canal issue. Britain
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73. The place where First NAM Summit was held Belgrade, 74. Indian leader who was a co founder of NAM Pt. Nehru, 75. The Chinese Premier who signed the Panchsheel Premier Zhou Enlai, 76. Tibetan spiritual leader – Dalai Lama, 77. The place which has largest refugee settlement of Tibetans in India, Dharamashala, 78. The parties which have supported the cause of Tibet’s independence Socialist, Party & Jan Sangh, 79. The two leaders who had talks over border disputes which erupted with China in, 1960’s Pt. Nehru & Mao Tsetung, 80. The Defence Minister at the time of India – China War V. Krishna Menon, 81. The Minister who resigned after the India China War V. Krishna Menon, 82. The areas claimed by China Aksai Chin region in Ladakh Region and much of, the state of Arunachal Pradesh, 83. The year of Cuban Missile Crisis 1962, 84. First PM after Nehru to visit China Mr. Rajiv Gandhi, 85. The faction of Communist Party is pro USSR CPI, 86. The faction of Communist Party is pro China CPI (M), 87. The Advisor of US President who made a secret visit to China Henry Kissinger, 88. Leaders who signed the Shimla Agreement Mrs. Indira Gandhi & Zulfikar Ali, Bhutto, 89. Country with which India signed the Treaty of Peace & Friendship USSR, 90. The Lt. Gen.’s who signed the Instrument of Surrender after India – Pak War, 1971 Jagjit Singh Aurora & A A K Naizi, 91. Some area occupied by Pakistani Army during Kargil Crisis Dras, Mashkoh,, Kaksar, Batalik, 92. Departments set up to strengthen India’s Defence The Department of Defence, Production & Department of Defence Supplies, 93. The dangerous decade 1960’s, 94. Who succeeded Pt Nehru after his death? Lal bahadur Shastri, 95. The competitor of Mrs. Gandhi after Lal Bahadur Shastri’s death. Mr. Morarji, Desai, 96. Two states which comprised the Bombay State Gujarat & Maharashtra, 97. The leaders who signed the Tashkent Agreement Lal Bahadur Shastri &, Muhammad Ayub Khan, 98. The portfolio held by Mrs. Gandhi in Shastri’s cabinet Union Minister for, Information, 99. The Socialist leader who gave the strategy of Non Congressism Ram Manohar, Lohia, 100. Founder of DMK Party in 1949 C. Natarajan Annadurai, 101. The leader associated with Justice Party in Madras C. Natarajan Annadurai, 102. Founder Editor of ‘Mankind & Jan’ Rammanohar Lohia, 103. Political stalwarts who lost elections in 1967 Kamraj in Tamil Nadu, S. K., Patil in Maharashtra, Atulya Ghosh in West Bengal, K. B. Sahay in Bihar, 104. Constituents of the SVD Government in Bihar (SSP, PSP, CPI, Jana Sangh)
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105. Constituents of ‘Popular United Front” (Akali Dal – Sant Group & Master, Group, CPI, CPI(M), SSP, Republican Party, Bhartiya Jana Sangh), 106. Party ruling in Madras State in the year 1967 (DMK), 107. States in which non Congress governments were established after the 1967, elections.(Punjab, Haryana, UP, MP, West Bengal, Orissa, Madras & Kerala), 108. Had been CM of Madras state & a syndicate too. (K. Kamraj), 109. Syndicate leaders from Bombay city, Mysore, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West, Bengal (S. K. Patil, S. Nijalingappa, S. Nijalingappa, N. Sanjeeva Reddy,, Atulya Ghosh), 110. Regarded as maker of modern state of Karnataka (S. Nijalingappa), 111. Strong opponent of the use of English Language from Bihar (Karpoori, Thakur), 112. The leader who exercised the whip during the Presidential elections in 1969(S., Nijalingappa), 113. Two groups after the split in congress in 1969 (Congress – Organisation &, Congress – Requisitionists), 114. Leader who thought abolition of Privy Purses as “breach of faith with the, princes”. (Morarji Desai), 115. Constituents of Grand Alliance (SSP, PSP, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Swatantra, Party, Bharatiya Kranti Dal), 116. Constituents of United Front formed by Charan Singh in 1974 (BKD,, Swatantra Party, Utkal Congress, SSP, BKS), 117. The leader who gave the slogan of Garibi Hatao (Indira Gandhi), 118. Two candidates who contested the Presidential elections in 1969 (N. Sanjeeva, Reddy & V. V. Giri), 119. Candidate put up by the Syndicates in the Presidential election in 1969 (N., Sanjeeva Reddy), 120. Candidate put up by Mrs Gandhi in the Presidential election in 1969 (V. V., Giri), 121. Name the President whose death resulted in the Presidential election 1969 (Dr, Zakir Hussain), 122. Name the Deputy Prime Minister & Finance Minister in 1969(Morarji Desai), 123. The Congress President at the time of the Presidential elections in 1969.(s., Nijalingappa), 124. Official Congress candidate in the Presidential election in 1969 ( Sanjeeva, Reddy), 125. Independent candidate in the Presidential election in 1969 (V. V. Giri), 126. The President of India from 1969 – 1974 (V. V. Giri), 127. Name the party which allied with the Congress (R ) – (CPI), 128. The prominent leader of Congress (O) who went on an indefinite fast, demanding assembly elections in Gujarat in 1975. (Morarji Desai), 129. Student leader in Bihar in 1975 ( Jayaprakash Narayan), 130. The leader who gave the slogan Indira is India & India is Indira. (D. K., Barooah), 131. Who was the President of the Congress in 1974? (D. K. Barooah)
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132. Founder of CPI (ML) & participated in the Tebhaga Movement – (Charu, Mazumdar), 133. The leader who gave the slogan of “Save Democracy” ( Jayaprakash, Narayan), 134. The leader who led the Peoples’ march to the Parliament. (Jayaprakash, Narayan), 135. Name some of the parties which supported JP. –(Bharatiya Jana Sangh,, Congress –O, Bharatiya Lok Dal, Socialist Party), 136. Leader who gave a call for strike by all employees of the Railways (George, Fernandes), 137. Name the judge who superseded three other senior judges to become the chief, Justice of India in 1973 (Justice A. N. Ray), 138. Name the judge who gave the judgment in the Allahabad High Court declaring, Mrs. Gandhi’s election as invalid. (Justice Jagmohan Lal Sinha), 139. The socialist leader who filed the election petition against Mrs. Gandhi.(Raj, Narain), 140. The PM who recommended the imposition of Emergency to the President in, 1975 (Indira Gandhi), 141. The President who imposed the emergency in 1975 (President Fakruddin Ali, Ahmed), 142. The leader who called for massive demonstration in Delhi’s Ramlila grounds on, 25th June 1975 (Jayaprakash Narayan), 143. Name two newspaper which protested against censorship (Indian Express &, Statesman), 144. Name two organizations banned during emergency (Rashtriya Swayamsevak, Sangh & Jamait – e – Islami, 145. Name two magazines which chose to close down than submit to censorship –, (Mainstream & Seminar), 146. Two writers who returned their awards in protest against suspension of, democracy (Shivarama Karanth & Fanishwarnath Renu), 147. The amendment passed during the emergency period in 1976. – 42nd, Amendment Act., 148. The commission set up to look into the allegations of excesses during, emergency. – Shah Commission, 149. The area where demolitions took place during emergency. Turkman Gate, 150. The leader who ordered forced sterilization during emergency. – Sanjay, Gandhi, 151. Name the PM between 1977 – 79 – Morarji Desai, 152. Name four states where Congress lost in 1977 – UP, MP, Gujarat, HP, 153. Name states where Congress and its allies swept the elections in 1977 –, Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh, 154. Name the constituency from where Mrs. Gandhi & Sanjay Gandhi were, defeated in 1977. – Rae Bareli & Amethi respectively, 155. The party which formed the government in 1977 – Janata Party, 156. Name the three leaders who were in stiff competition with each other for the, post of PM in 1977. – Morarji Desai, Charan Singh, Jagjivan Ram
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188. The leadership of National Conference in 1982 was taken over by – Farooq, Abdullah, 189. Name the party with which the National Conference had an electoral alliance in, 1986 - Congress, 190. Name the party which is the biggest competitor to National Conference - PDP, (People’s Democratic Party), 191. A living example of plural society and politics – Jammu & Kashmir, 192. The political wing of the Sikhs – when was it formed? Akali Dal – 1920, 193. Name the state from which Haryana & Himachal Pradesh was formed. Punjab, 194. The resolution which asserted regional autonomy – The Anandpur Sahib, Resolution, 195. The resolution which spoke of Sikh Quam & Bolbala – The Anandpur Sahib, Resolution, 196. The code name for the army action in the Golden Temple – Operation Blue, Star, 197. The agreement signed to bring normalcy in Punjab – Rajiv Gandhi –, Longowal Accord., 198. Name the states which have conflict over sharing of Ravi – Beas river water., Punjab, Haryana & Rajasthan, 199. The commission set up to investigate Hindu Sikh violence after the, assassination of Mrs. Gandhi - Nanavati Commission, 200. Senior most advocator of formation of a separate Punjab state – Master Tara, Singh, 201. Name the erstwhile princely states of North East which merged with India after, Independence - Tripura, Manipur & Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, 202. Name the three issues which dominate the politics of North East – Demands for, autonomy, movements for secession, opposition to outsiders, 203. The founder and leader of MNF - Laldenga, 204. The leader of the Nagas who declared independence from India in 1951 –, Angami Zaphu Phizo, 205. The party which led the Assam movement – All Assam Students’ Union, 206. Founder of Sikkim Praja Mandal – Kazi Lhendup Dorji Khangsarpa, 207. Leader of democracy movement in Sikkim – Kazi Lhendup Dorji, Khangsarpa, 208. The party, which wanted Goa to merge with Maharashtra – Maharashtrawadi, Gomanatak Party., 209. The party, which wanted to maintain a separate Goan identity & Konkani, Language – United Goan Party., 210. Name a state created on the basis of its socio religious identity –Punjab, 211. Name a state created because of its demand emerging from regional imbalances, – Jharkhand, 212. Name states where there have been secessionist demands on account of their, tribal identity – Nagaland & Mizoram, 213. Name a state which had tensions with the Central Government over the issue of, linguistic identity. Tamil Nadu
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214. The event which symbolized & triggered debates about the nature of Indian, Nationalism & secularism - Ayodhya issue, 215. Name the leader who became the PM after the assassination of Mr. Rajiv, Gandhi – Mr. Narsimha Rao, 216. Name the Constituents of National Front – Janata Dal, BJP & Left Front, 217. Founder of BSP – Kanshi Ram, 218. Chief Justice who gave judgment on Babri Masjid Issue – Chief Justice, Venkatachaliah, 219. Name the three states created in 2000 - Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Uttaranchal, 220. Name the original states from which the following states were created:, a) Gujarat, Bombay, b) Haryana, Punjab, c) Meghalaya Assam, d) Chattisgarh Madhya Pradesh, 221. Name the states that were affected by the partition. Punjab & West Bengal, 222. Name the two states that were once Union territories. Goa & Arunachal, Pradesh, 223. Name any four ministers of Pt. Nehru’s first cabinet - Rafi Ahmed Kidwai,, Sardar Patel, Baldev Singh, C. Rajagopalachari, Maulana Abul kalam Azad,, Rajkumari Amrit kaur, 224., , Answer the following:, 1. What is a conscience vote?, 2. What is dual membership?, 3. What is a whip? Give an example, 4. What is a privy purse?, 5. What was the ten point programme?, 6. What is referred to as “seven sisters”.?, 7. What is a plebiscite?, 8. What is a protectorate?, 9. What were the recommendations of the Mandal Commission?, 10. What does Hindutva mean?, 11. What was the Shah Bano case?, 12. How many states & UT’s created by the States Reorganization Act?, 13. The movements for demand for new states still continues to exist. Which are these?, 14. When was the Indian Constitution adopted & enacted?, 15. What is delimitation?, 16. How can we say that Congress had “first off the blocks advantage”?, 17. What is planning?, 18. What is mixed economy?, 19. Study the allocations on page 54 and justify that the Ist Five year plan was an, agricultural plan while the IInd plan was an industrial plan., 20. What is zoning?
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45. PDF Peoples Democratic Front, 46. JHP Jharkhand Party, 47. SWA Swatantra Party, 48. SCF Scheduled Castes Federation, 49. EVM Electronic Voting Machine, 50. NWFP North West Frontier Province, , Planning Commission- an extra constitutional body was set up not by a constitutional, provision or Act of Parliament but by a resolution passed by the Cabinet. It was, established on March 15, 1950., Function:1. Make an assessment of the materiel economic and human resources of the country, and then to formulate a plan for their utilisation. Keeping in mind the needs of, the nation., 2. To formulate a plan for the most effective and balanced utilisation of the country's, resources and to determine the various stages for the proper and most effective, realisation of the plan targets and to allocate resources for each of the plan., 3. To indicate obstacles, and in view of current social and political situation to, hampering situation and to apprise from time to time the progress made in the, execution of various plan and making any adjustments that may be required., 4. To determine the priorities of development and planning define stages of growth,, suggest allocation of resources., SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) was established in 1985, and is an organization of eight countries of South Asia – Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal,, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Sri Lanka., Objectives of SAARC:, 1. To promote the welfare of people in South Asian Countries, and to improve the, quality of their life;, 2. To promote and strengthen collective self reliance;, 3. To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development;, 4. To promote mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and, scientific field., India’s response to globalization:, India began responding to globalization from early 1980’s by warmly welcoming the, technological developments. It started processes towards liberalization and globalization, in the middle of 1980’s. It involved major changes in policy –, • Trade Reform Policy: This reform sought to dismantle the earlier import, licensing system. It proposed reforms and heavy scaling down or removal of tariff, on imports., • Industrial Policy Reform: It sought to abolish industrial licensing except for a, few specified industries. Items reserved for Public sector came to be highly, restricted and it extended favourable treatment to FDI. Restrictions on
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•, •, , investments by large business houses were abolished and a phased programme of, disinvestments of public ownership in public sector undertakings was initiated., The NRI’s were extended additional encouragement to invest and outward, investment by Indian enterprises was liberalised, Exchange rate reform: The rupee was devalued in 1991. Partial convertibility of, the rupee was done in 1992-93 and full convertibility on current account in 1994., Capital market reform: This was undertaken by setting up the Securities and, Exchange Board of India. SEBI, , Some points for questions on violence:, The most aggressive manifestation of communalism, casteism and deteriorating political process, is violence., Impact of violence:•, , Communal riots are engineered by vested interests for political, religious and, economic reasons. Since much has not been done to secularise the society, people, remain backward in their social thinking, caught in superstitious belief and, obscurantist practices., , •, , There has emerged a fierce struggle for political power between the higher and the, middle castes. Also, there is higher caste backlash against emerging awareness and, assertion of independence by lower castes particularly the Scheduled Castes. The, lower caste groups, landless labourers, suffering from unemployment and poverty, are mobilized by militant and extremist groups like Naxalites for violent actions., , •, , Democratic institutions work under the fear of violence. Elections do take place but in, many cases, the results do not express the real opinion of the people. Because of fear of, violence the proper use of political rights becomes almost impossible because the whole, atmosphere is charged with lawlessness. The increasing use of violence is responsible for, weakening the faith of common people on the values of democracy., , •, , Political parties do not work independently; rather sometimes they are constrained to take, decisions to appease the perpetrators of violence., , •, , The functionaries of government work under the constant threat and terror of violence, and thus they often do not perform their expected duties., , •, , To check the rise in use of violence the government has to spend a lot of money in, streamlining its armed forces. It caused extra burden on the public exchequer which, adversely effects the development activities of the government., , •, , The widespread use of violence creates a sense of fear, insecurity and discontentment, among the common masses. Such a feeling is certain to vitiate the social and political, atmosphere of the country which hinders the working of democratic system., , •, , The violent atmosphere stifles the voice of truth. Because of the fear of violence, a great, majority of political leaders do not even express the voice of their conscience., , •, , The most serious manifestation of political and social violence has been the growth, of terrorism. In some states innocent victims of state repression go underground and, join the ranks of terrorists or insurgents.
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Suggestion to overcome violence:•, , Factors which give rise to violence must be clearly identified and dealt with, without their, proper identification the use of violence can hardly be checked., , •, , Organisations advocating separatism and terrorist violence should be severely dealt with., , •, , Religious fundamentalism must not be encouraged. It should be suppressed with an iron, hand. Religious freedom must be allowed but religious fundamentalism should not be, tolerated in any way., , •, , Every effort should be made to solve the problem of unemployment because frustration, in unemployed youth leads them to take recourse in violence., , •, , Political parties based on religion and caste must be banned because their activities often, become responsible for communal and caste riots., , •, , In order to curb violence during election a Magistrate should be designated to every, constituency. He should have the responsibility of dealing with cases of electoral, violence before and during time of polling., , •, , Genuine grievances of minorities should be redressed., , •, , The demands of the people encouraging violence should be thoroughly probed and, genuine ones accepted with in plane work of the Indian constitution., , India’s Foreign Policy:, Foreign policy can be defined as an instrument through which a country conducts her relations with, other states in such a way as may prove useful for her national interest., Thus foreign policy of a country is determined by the following factors :-(a), National interests, (b), Geographical position, (c), Economic interests, (d), Military factors, (e), Ideals which inspired our national leaders., Basic features of India’s foreign Policy are:, I. Panchsheel - Five principles of peaceful coexistence a part of India - China agreement on April, 29, 1954., The five principles are :-(a) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty., (b) Mutual Non-aggression ;, (c) Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs., (d) Equality and mutual benefit., (e) Peaceful Co-existence., II.Non-Alignment :-- It means aloofness from power blocks and military alliances. It does not mean,, neutrality but it means adopting of an independent stand on international issues., Non-alignment as a policy implies :-(1) Not joining military alliances or power blocs., (2) Policy of taking independent decisions on international matters., (3) Freedom to enter into bi-lateral (between 2 countries) or multilateral agreements for, protection and promotion of her own national interests., III. Opposition to Colonialism and Imperialism :-India has welcomed the unity of the Asian and the African countries. It has been our policy, to extend moral and material support to those countries which fought for their independence. India, played a significant role in the liberation of Bangladesh. We supported freedom movement of Libya,
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Tunisia, Malaya, Gold Coast Algeria and Angola. India raised the question of Namibia, Independence at the eight summit of NAM., IV., , Opposition to Racial Discrimination :-India opposed the rule of whites in South Africa and Rhodesia. India vehemently opposed, the inhuman policy of Apartheid in South Africa and expressed solidarity with the brave freedom, fighters of South Africa and supported their just struggle for human rights. India welcomed the, release of African National congress leader Nelson Mandela and formation of democratically, elected government., V., Supports the cause of Disarmament :-- Stockpiling of arms increasing defence budget, the, destructive nature of nuclear arms have all increased possibilities of war, and an environment full, of suspicion and fear. India firmly believes in reducing defense budget, using nuclear energy for, peaceful purposes and ban on manufacture and sale of weapons as well as testing of atomic, energy. India has also not signed the NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) and CTBT, (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) because the terms of these treaties are highly discriminatory., VI., Supports the United Nations :-- It has always been India’s effort to see that UN becomes a, powerful and effective body. We supported the UN action in Korea and Suez crisis. India sent her, forces to Congo. Indian military officials served in the UN Peace Keeping Force. Recently, India, sent its team to Mozambique and Somalia., VII., Respect for Human Rights :-- India has signed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and also ratified the UN Declaration on Elimination of all forms of Racial discrimination., , OR, Discuss India’s role in the United Nations., , India’s foreign policy recognized the necessity and importance of a world today like the, United Nations to maintain peace, understanding and cooperation in the world., •, , •, , •, •, , India was appointed as the first chairman of the Decolonisation committee. As a, member of the committee of 24, India has ceaselessly struggled for an end to, colonialism. India also took up the decolonization issue in Trusteeship Committee,, the Special Committee on Non-Self Governing Territories. It also sponsored and, supported numerous resolutions in the UN on decolonization. India also raised this, issue in the Commonwealth and Non aligned meetings. India played a significant, role in the freedom of the French colonies of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco., India has always expressed faith in the aims and objectives of the UN. Whenever, the UN Force was set up for Peace Keeping India offered her services. Indian troops, have taken part in some of the most difficult operations Indian armed forces have, helped in the maintenance of peace in Korea, Egypt and Cargo. Indian army, provided an Observer Mission in Yemen in1996 and participated in the UN, operations in the Cyprus was a part of the Military Observer Group to monitor the, situation on Iran – Iraq border., India has supported U.N. efforts for ending racial discrimination and has taken, effective measures for safeguarding human rights., India has consistently pursued the objective of global disarmament based on, principles of Universality, non-discrimination and effective compliance. In the UN
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•, •, , •, •, , •, , , India pleaded the cause of disarmament and arms control in 18 th National, Disarmament committee, special sessions of the United Nations General Assembly, and in the conference on disarmament.India has been in favour of total disarmament, and has refused to sign the C.T.B.T and N.P.T., India has followed a policy of of Non- Alignment and has played an important role, through the United Nations in reducing the tension between the two powers blocs., Many eminent Indians are remembered for their work at the U.N. Mrs Vijaya, Laxmi Pandit was the first woman President of the United Nations General, Assembly. Three of our eminent jurists Shri B.N.Rau and Dr. Nagendra Singh and, Justice P. N. Bhagwati have served as judges of the International Court of Justice, India has been participating in the activities of the UN agencies like the ILO, the, UNESCO and the UNCTAD, Within the United Nations, India took the lead in organizing an informal AfroAsian group and has continued to represent the views of the group in various for a, of the UN. India not only supported the cause of their membership but actively, pleaded for that. This led to the admission of 16 countries in the UN. India along, with Egypt, Yugoslavia, Indonesia provided a vision for newly independent Afro, Asian Countries and worked as a NAM group in the United Nation to assert their, views on issues of development and freedom., India has been constantly emphasing on the need for restructuring of the United, Nations Security Council and democratizing the processes. India is of the firm, opinion that any expansion of permanent members must be based on transparent, consultations. India has also suggested that the veto power must be done away with., , National Development Council:NDC was created by a resolution of the Union Cabinet in August 1952. It is the highest body, for planning and aim at bringing about coordination between the plans of the centre and the, State., Composition - It was reconstituted on October 1967., •, , Prime Minister (Chairman), , •, , All Union Cabinet Ministers., , •, , Chief Ministers of all States and UT's., , •, , Members of the Planning Commission., , •, , If Governor and Chief Executive Councillor of Delhi., , •, , Non members among Union and State Ministers may be invited to participate in, deliberations of the Council., , Functions of National Development Council:1. Describe guidelines for the formulation of National plans including assessment of, resources for the plan and to consider the national plan as formulated by the Planning, Commission and also to review the working of the national plan from time to time.
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2. To consider important question of social and economic policy affecting national, development., 3. To recommend such measures as are necessary for :- achieving the aims and targets set out in National plan., - Securing active participation, cooperation of the people., - For improving efficiency of administrative services., - Ensuring fullest development of less advanced regions and sections of society., 4. NDC determines, the priorities and targets of development and makes recommendations, for methods of their successful implementation., , Regional Imbalances:Can be defined as inter regional disparities and disparities between different social groups, rural, and urban, wage labourers, property owners, workers in organised and unorganised sectors, men, and women. In India some regions and states are economically advanced with higher per capita, income, while others are backward with low per capita income, then the co-existence of, reactively developed and depressed regions is known as regional imbalance., Measures to overcome:•, •, •, •, •, •, , Creation of infrastructure facilities., Creation of job opportunities., Liberal industrial policy., Linking economic planning with educational facilities., Setting up Developmental Councils, Just distribution of financial aid or loans and economic packages for backward regions., , Non alignment implies –, 1. a collective movement in contemporary world politics which emerged against polarized, and bloc-oriented politics and policies., 2. a movement to respond to five major challenges- the five d’s : Decolonisation, Détente,, Development, Disarmament, and Democratisation of international institutions like the, United Nations., 3. a movement of solidarity of the newly liberated countries aspiring to a position of, independence and equality in a highly interdependent world., , Role of the United Nations in promoting world peace:, Over the years, the UN has played a major role in helping defuse international crises, and in resolving protracted conflicts. It has undertaken complex operations involving, peacemaking, peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance., , The UN is working to make the world a better place:
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•, •, , •, , •, , •, •, , •, •, •, •, , •, •, , The UN formulated the historic Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), as well, as more than 80 human rights treaties which help protect and promote specific rights., UN peacekeeping is a vital instrument for peace. Currently some 37,400 UN military and, civilian personnel, provided by 89 countries, are engaged in 15 operations around the, world., UN environmental conventions have helped reduce acid rain in Europe and North, America, cut marine pollution worldwide, and phase out production of gases destroying, the Earth's ozone layer., The UN and its agencies, including the World Bank and the UN Development, Programme, are the premier vehicle for furthering development in poorer countries,, providing assistance worth more than $30 billion a year., More international law has been developed through the UN in the past five decades than, in all previous history., A joint UNICEF-World Health Organization (WHO) programme has immunized 80 per, cent of the world's children against six killer diseases, saving the lives of more than 2, million children a year., The World Food Programme provides each year about one third of the world's food aid., Air traffic the world over is safer, thanks to rules and regulations agreed on through the, International Civil Aviation Organization., UN appeals raise more than $1 billion a year for emergency assistance to victims of war, and natural disaster., Smallpox was eradicated from the world through a global campaign coordinated by, WHO. Another WHO campaign has eliminated polio from the Americas, and aims at, eradicating it globally by 2005., UN agencies help to aid and protect more than 25 million refugees and displaced persons, throughout the world., Expenditures of the UN system on operational activities for development - mostly for, economic and social programmes to help the world's poorest countries - amount to some, $4 billion a year (excluding the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund). This, is equal to 0.2 per cent of world military expenditures., , The various causes for rise of separatism in India are:, a Exclusion from employment opportunities because of language or religious, requirements., b Denial of land ownership or refusal to recognize traditional land ownership rights., c Economic development projects in the minority regions which benefit the, majority instead of minority., d Lack of developmental activities and absence of employment opportunities., e Refusal to use minority language in public schools and public administration., f Suppression of movements expressing democratic aspirations or grievances., g Similarity of culture, language, values, traditions etc. with the people across the, border., , Recommendations of the Mandal Commission., In 1978, the Second Backward Class Commission headed by Shri B.P.Mandal was appointed, by the Janta Party Government. It was to recommend necessary measures for the, advancement of the backward classes so identified. The Mandal Commission Report was, submitted on 31st December, 1980 carrying the following recommendations:-
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•, , "The proposed reservation of OBC's was to be pegged at a figure which when, added to 22.5% of SC's and ST's remains under 50%. In view of this legal, constraint, the Commission is obliged to recommend a reservation of 27% only,, even though their population is almost twice this figure"., , •, , The Commission believed that "seats should be reserved for OBC students in all, scientific, technical and professional institutions run by the Centre as well as, State Governments". The quantum would remain 27%., , •, , It wanted "separate financial institutions for providing financial and technical, assistance are established for the backward classes"., , Following arguments may be quoted in favour of the extension of the policy of reservation:•, , It is in accordance with the provision of the Preamble of the Constitution which, provides to secure social, economic and political justice of all citizens of India., , •, , It would enable the weaker sections of the society to participate in the political, process., , •, , It will prove helpful in raising the standard of living of millions of such people, who for long have been victims of social and economic injustices., , The Congress has remained as the dominant party up to 1977. It was the ruling, party both at the centre and almost in all the states. The reasons for this dominance, are:, a. Since 1885, the Indian National Congress had played a vanguard role in the, Indian National Movement – securing reforms, negotiating for greater, participation in the legislatures and local bodies. By 1920 it spearheaded a, mass upsurge and in the process became a peasant based multi class mass, movement for liberation., b. The popular appeal of charismatic leadership like Mahatma Gandhi, Pt., Nehru, Sardar Patel, Indira Gandhi etc. There leadership worked as a, cementing force capable of overcoming weakness in the party organization., Their vision provided for a blue print for the party programmes., c. The “Umbrella character” of the congress has also contributed to the, dominance of the congress party. The multi class, Trans regional, cross, communal and inter caste composition has been the strength of the party., d. A wide organizational network with party offices and youth wing in the, remotest part of the country also added to the popularity of the congress. A, very broad based manifesto which promises something for every section of, society has led to its acceptance by the people., e. Weak and fragmented opposition party which had always adopted a, sledge hammer approach in the legislature could never be a strong force till, 1977., 2. Examine the merits and the demerits of the one party dominance.
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One party dominant system is that party system in which more than one party exists, and freely competes but one gets higher support than the other party. Eg. Congress, party from1947 to1977 again in 1980. Such a system has its merits and demerits:, Merits of one party dominance:, a. It provides for a stable government which remains in power for years, without fear of losing power. As the opposition is weak and fragmented, the, party in power provides for stable and strong government., b. The party is able to adopt long term policies which strengthen national unity, under the leadership of a dynamic and competent leader., Demerits of one party dominance:, a. There is competition between factions within the dominant party system., Sometimes even the criticism against government may come from internal, factions. But in general opposition to government both from factions and, opposition parties remain weak and ineffective. Dominant party system may, behave like one party system., b. In the absence of the opposition, the government may enact laws and, policies which may be against the spirit of democracy. It provides for the, possibilities of developing cabinet dictatorship. It results in over, centralization of power., , Difference between Soviet planning and Indian planning:•, •, •, , The Soviet political system was ideologically oriented and based on socialist, mode of production while the Indian political system is not ideologically based, and neither is the production process., The Soviet model works on "control and Command Style of centralized type of, mandatory planning. In India, plan activities are not centralized, but are, implemented by State employees., Soviet planning is within the framework of a Socialist mode of, production. Our planning is oriented towards mixed economy., , Planning Commission- an extra constitutional body was set up not by a, constitutional provision or Act of Parliament but by a resolution passed by the, Cabinet. It was established on March 15, 1950., Composition, a. Chairman, b. Deputy Chairman, c. 7 full time members, d. 3 part time ministerial member (Defence, Finance and Agriculture), The Purposes / aims of the United Nations are:, 1. To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take, effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the, peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the
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peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the, principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of, international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;, 2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle, of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other, appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;, 3. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an, economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and, encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and, , 4. To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of, these common ends.
