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POLITICAL SCIENCE (Code No. 028), Class XII (2021-22), Time: 3 hrs., , Max. Marks: 80, , Part A: Contemporary World Politics, Units, , Contents, , Periods, , 1, , Cold War Era and Non–aligned Movement, , 18, , 2, , The End of Bipolarity, , 18, , 3, , New Centers of Power, , 16, , 4, , South Asia and the Contemporary World, , 16, , 5, , United Nations and its Organizations, , 12, , 6, , Security in Contemporary World, , 10, , 7, , Environment and Natural Resources, , 10, , 8, , Globalization, , 10, Total, , 110, , Marks, 12, , 12, , 08, , 08, 40, , Part B: Politics in India Since Independence, Units, , Contents, , Periods, , 9, , Challenges of Nation-Building, , 10, , Planning and Development, , 11, , India's Foreign Policy, , 12, , Parties and the Party Systems in India, , 13, , Democratic Resurgence, , 14, , Social and New Social Movements in India, , 15, , Regional Aspirations, , 16, , Indian Politics: Trends and Developments, Total, , 36, , Marks, 12, , 08, , 06, , 30, , 10, , 36, , 110, , 12, , 40
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COURSE CONTENTS, Part A: Contemporary World Politics, , Cold War and Non-aligned Movement, 1, , Emergence of two power blocs/Bipolarity, Non-aligned Movement, (NAM)., The End of Bipolarity, , 2, , 3, , Disintegration of Soviet Union, Unipolar World, Middle East Crisis –, Afghanistan, Gulf War, Democratic Politics and Democratization –, CIS and the 21st Century (Arab Spring)., New Centres of Power, Organizations: European Union, ASEAN, SAARC, BRICS. Nations:, Russia, China, Israel, India., South Asia and the Contemporary World, , 4, , Conflicts and efforts for Peace and Democratization in South Asia:, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives., United Nations and its Organizations, , 5, , 6, , Principle Organs, Key Agencies: UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO, ILO,, Security Council and the Need for its Expansion., Security in Contemporary World, Security: Meaning and Types; Terrorism., Environment and Natural Resources, , 7, , Environmental Movements, Global Warming and Climate Change,, Conservation of Natural Resources., , 18, Periods, , 18, Periods, , 16, Periods, , 16, Periods, , 12, Periods, , 10, Periods, 10, Periods, , Globalization, 8, , Globalization: Meaning, Manifestations and Debates., , 10, Periods
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Part B: Politics in India Since Independence, , 9, , 10, , 11, , 12, 13, , 14, , 15, , 16, , Challenges of Nation- Building, Nation and Nation Building, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel and Integration, of States, Legacy of Partition: Challenge of Refugee, Resettlement,, Kashmir Issue, Nehru’s Approach to Nation – Building, Political, Conflicts over Language and, Linguistic Organization of States., Planning and Development, Changing nature of India’s Economic Development, Planning, Commission and Five year Plans, National Development Council, NITI, Aayog., , 20, Periods, , 16, Periods, , India's Foreign Policy, Principles of Foreign Policy; India’s Changing Relations with Other, Nations: US, Russia, China, Israel; India’s Relations with its, Neighbours: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Myanmar;, India’s Nuclear Programme., , 08, Periods, , Parties and the Party Systems in India, Congress System, Bi-party System, Multi-party Coalition System., , 14, Periods, , Democratic Resurgence, Jaya Prakash Narayan and Total Revolution, Ram Manohar Lohia, and Socialism, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya and Integral, Humanism, National Emergency,, Democratic Upsurges – Participation of the Adults, Backwards and, Youth., Social and New Social Movements in India, Social vs. New Social Movements, Farmer’s movements, Worker’s, Movements,Women’s Movements, Ecological Movements., Regional Aspirations, Rise of Regional Parties, Punjab Crisis, The Kashmir issue,, Movements for Autonomy., Indian Politics: Trends and Developments, Era of Coalitions: National Front, United Front, United Progressive, Alliance [UPA], – I & II, National Democratic Alliance [NDA] – I, II, III & IV, Issues of, Development and Governance., , Prescribed Books:, 1. Contemporary World Politics, Class XII, Published by NCERT, 2. Politics in India since Independence, Class XII, Published by NCERT, 3. Uploaded Additional Study Materials, , Note: The above textbooks are also available in Hindi and Urdu., , 16, Periods, , 10, Periods, , 10, Periods, , 16, Periods
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Question Paper Design (2021-22), POLITICAL SCIENCE(CODE NO. 028), CLASS XII, , S.No, 1, , 2, , 3, , TIME: 3 Hours, Competencies, , Max . Marks : 80, Total Marks, , Demonstrative Knowledge + Understanding, (Knowledge based simple recall questions, to know, specific facts, terms, concepts, principles, or theories,, Identify, define ,or recite, information) (Comprehension –, to be familiar with meaning and to understand, conceptually, interpret, compare, contrast, explain,, paraphrase information), Knowledge / Conceptual Application (Use abstract, information in concrete situation, to apply knowledge to, new situations; Use given, content to interpret a situation, provide an example, or solve a, problem), Formulation Analysis, Evaluation and Creativity, (Analysis & Synthesis- Classify, compare, contrast, or, differentiate between different pieces of information;, Organize and/or integrate unique pieces of information, from a variety of sources)(includes Map interpretation), Total, , % Weightage, , 29, , Upto 37%, , 27, , Upto 33%, , 24, , Upto 30%, , 80, , 100%, , Project Work : 20 Marks, , □ Scheme of Options:, , There is an internal choice for long answer questions of 6 marks., □ In order to assess different mental abilities of learners, question paper is likely to include, questions based on passages, visuals such as maps, cartoons, etc. No factual question will, be asked on the information given in the plus (+) boxes in the textbooks.
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Class XII, Paper I: Contemporary World Politics, Unit-2: The End of Bipolarity, Sub-Unit: ‘Arab Spring’, The 21st century witnessed emergence of new developments for democracies and, democratization in West Asian countries, one such event is characterized as Arab Spring that, began in 2010. Located in Tunisia, the Arab Spring took its roots where the struggle against, corruption, unemployment and poverty was started by the public which turned into a political, movement because the people considered the existing problems as outcome of autocratic, dictatorship. The demand for democracy that started in Tunisia spread throughout the Muslimdominated Arab countries in West Asia. Hosni Mubarak, who had been in power in Egypt since, 1979, also collapsed as a result of the massive democratic protests. In addition, the influence of, Arab Spring could also be seen in Yemen, Bahrain, Libya and Syria where similar protests by, the people led to democratic awakening throughout the region., Unit-3: New Centres of Power, Sub-Unit: ‘BRICS’, , The term BRICS refers to Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa respectively. BRIC was, founded in 2006 in Russia. BRIC turned into BRICS after the inclusion of South Africa in its first, meeting in the year 2009. The key objectives of BRICS are primarily to cooperate and distribute, mutual economic benefits among its members besides non-interference in the internal policies, of each nation and mutual equality. The 11th conference of the BRICS concluded in Brazil in, 2019, chaired by Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro., Sub-Unit: ‘Russia’, , Russia has been the largest part of the former Soviet Union even before its disintegration. After, the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1980s and early 1990s, Russia emerged as the strong, successor of USSR [Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]. Russia's GDP is currently 11th in the, world. Russia has reserves of minerals, natural resources and gases that make it a powerful, country in the global world. In addition, Russia is a nuclear state with a huge stock of, sophisticated weapons. Russia is also a permanent member of the UN Security Council, called, P-5.
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Sub-Unit: ‘India’, The 21st century India is being seen as an important emerging global power. The world is, experiencing the power and rise of India in a multidimensional way. The economic, cultural,, strategic position of the country with a population of more than 135 crores is very strong. From, an economic perspective, targeting the goal of a $5 trillion economy, a competitive huge market,, an ancient inclusive culture with 200 million people of Indian Diaspora spreading across the, globe impart distinct meaning and salience to India as a new centre of power in the 21st century., From a strategic perspective, the military of India is self-sufficient with indigenous nuclear, technology making it another nuclear power. ‘Make in India’ scheme in technology and science, is another milestone of Indian economy. All these changes are making India an important centre, of power in the present world., Sub-Unit: ‘Israel’, , Shown on the world map with a pointer, Israel has emerged as one of the most powerful, nations in the 21st century world in terms of science and technology, defence, intelligence, besides economy. Situated in the middle of the burning politics of West Asian countries, Israel, has reached to the new heights of global political standing by virtue of its indomitable defence, prowess, technological innovations, industrialization and agricultural development. Sustaining, against adversity is the principle with which a small Jewish-Zionist nation, i.e., Israel is placed in, the contemporary global politics in general and the Arab-dominated West Asian politics in, particular., Unit-5: United Nations and Its Organizations, Sub-Unit: ‘UNESCO’, , The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was, established on 4 November 1946. With its headquarter in Paris, France, UNESCO is a special, body of the United Nations whose main objective is to promote education, natural science,, society and anthropology, culture and communication. During past several years, the special, work done by UNESCO has been to promote literacy, technical and educational training and, independent media etc. all across its member nations., Sub-Unit: ‘UNICEF’
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The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was established in, 1946 by the United Nations General Assembly as a body whose main task was to collect, emergency funds for children and to help in their development work all across the world. Apart, from this, UNICEF helps and encourages the work that promote children's health and better life, in all parts of the world. With its’ headquarter in New York, United States, UNICEF has been, working successfully in almost all 193 countries of the world., Sub-Unit: ‘ILO’, , The International Labour Organization (ILO), founded in October 1919 with its headquarter in, Geneva, Switzerland, is a body of the United Nations which aims to promote efficient conditions, of social justice and work for workers through international labour standards at the global level., In addition, there is an incentive for women and male workers to engage in productive work and, to create safety, parity and self-respectful conditions for them at the workplace., Unit-6: Security in Contemporary World, Sub-Unit: ‘Terrorism’, , Terrorism refers to systematic use of brutal violence that creates an atmosphere of fear in, society. It is used for many purposes, very prominently the politico-religious purposes., , There could be three broad meanings of terrorism:, ●, , A systematic use of terror, often violent, especially as a means of coercion., , ●, , Violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror); are perpetrated for a religious,, political or, ideological goal; and deliberately target or disregard the safety of noncombatants (civilians)., , ●, , Acts of unlawful violence and war., , There is not a single nation in the world that does not suffer from terrorism. Although some, countries have tried to divide terrorism into good and bad terrorism, India has always denied this, distinction. India's current Prime Minister Narendra Modi has also clarified that terrorism cannot, be divided into good or bad; it is a global problem and should be combated collectively.
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Class XII, Paper II: Politics in India Since Independence, , Unit-9: Challenges of Nation Building, Sub-Unit: ‘Patel and National Integration’, The first deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, emerged, as a major leader of the freedom movement after the Kheda Satyagraha (1918) and the Bardoli, Satyagraha (1928)., , At the time of independence, the problem of integration of princely states was a big challenge, for the national unity and integrity of India. Under such difficult times, Sardar Patel undertook the, daunting tasks of uniting all 565 princely states of India. Known as an ‘Iron Man’ of India, Patel's, approach to the question of the merger of princely states into independent India was very clear., He was not in favour of any compromise with the territorial integrity of India. By his political, experience, diplomatic prowess and foresightedness, out of India's 565 princely states many, had already given their consent to merge with India even before achieving the independence, Sardar Patel faced key challenges of integration from three states, viz., Hyderabad, Junagarh, and Kashmir. It was under his leadership that Indian forces compelled Hyderabad and Junagarh, to merge with India. Keeping well- versed with Pakistan’s intentions from Jinnah’s divisive ‘Two, Nation Theory’, Sardar Patel's opinion on Kashmir was different from other leaders. Like, Hyderabad, he also wanted Kashmir’s integration with India through military operations. But due, to various reasons, Sardar could not succeed in integrating Kashmir fully with India. However,, Sardar will always remain as an astounding leader who combined in himself the features of a, true ‘Nationalist’, ‘Catalyst’ and ‘Realist’ – popularly characterised as NCR in Indian political, history., Unit-2: Planned Development, Sub-Unit: ‘NITI Aayog’, After independence, a Planning Commission based on socialist model was formed for the, planned development of India. But in the era of globalization, especially in the 21st century, it, was becoming ineffective and irrelevant, particularly in terms of coping with the pressing, challenges of development. Hence, during his Independence Day speech on 15 August 2014,
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Prime Minister Narendra Modi talked about the abolition of the Planning Commission. NITI, Aayog was constituted in place of Planning Commission on 1 January 2015 with the objective of, providing the necessary and technical advice to the Union Government regarding policy making, at the Central and State levels., , The Prime Minister of India is the ex-officio Chairman of NITI Aayog and he appoints the Vice, Chairperson of NITI Aayog. The first Vice Chairperson of NITI Aayog was Arvind Panagariya. Dr, Rajiv Kumar is the current Vice Chairperson of NITI Aayog., , To harmonize the interests of national security and economic policy and to prepare strategic, and long-term framework of policy and program, NITI Aayog acts as a think tank of the Union, Government. By adopting a ‘Bottom-Up Approach’, the NITI Aayog acts in the spirit of, cooperative federalism as it ensures equal participation of all states in the country., Unit-3: India’s Foreign Policy, Sub-Unit: ‘India-Israel Relations’, , Nearly 45 years after independence, due to various reasons, India's foreign policy with Israel, remained largely unexplored notwithstanding the two nations gaining independence from the, British colonial rule in 1947 and 1948 respectively., Though historical and cultural ties between India and Israel have gone back from times, immemorial, diplomatic relations formally developed between the two after the opening of Israeli, embassy in India in 1992., After the establishment of formal diplomatic relations, the relations between the two countries, started gaining firmness in 1996 and 1998 onwards. Relations between the two democratic, nations further intensified with the visits of the Two Heads of Government: Prime Minister, Narendra Modi to Israel in 2017 and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to India in 2018. The, two nations have started cooperation in various fields like cultural exchange, security and, defence, counterterrorism, space research, water and energy and agricultural development., Sub-Unit: ‘India’s Nuclear Program’ (Updates), India's nuclear policy has always been peace-oriented, whose clear impression is reflected in, the policy of No First Use. But in view of contemporary regional security challenges, the present, government led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has made it clear that the policy of no first use, can be reviewed and changed in consonance with India's regional and national security. In
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addition, India is committed to ensuring its membership in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), and opposing partisan and unjust nuclear treaties like CTBT and NPT., Unit-5: Democratic Resurgence, Sub-Unit: ‘Jaya Prakash Narayan and Total Revolution’ [Updates], , Jaya Prakash Narayan is known for three key contributions: Fight against Corruption, Principle, of Communitarian Socialism and Championing of ‘Total Revolution’., Jaya Prakash Narayan was the first leader in post-independence India who undertook a tirade, against corruption through the participation of youth, particularly in Gujarat and Bihar. He, advocated the office of Lokpal against corruption. His principle of Communitarian Socialism, views India as a society of communities encompassing three key layers, viz., community, region, and rashtra – all combining together as an example of true federation., , Based on the above principles, Jaya Prakash Narayan advocated transformation of individual,, society and state through his call for ‘Total Revolution’. His call for total revolution sought to, encompass moral, cultural, economic, political, educational and ecological transformations. His, political transformation included the right to recall, the importance of village/mohalla samities in, democratic politics, and his call for Upper Ke Log to join political struggle for a clean politics in, the country., The essence for transformation according to Jaya Prakash Narayan revolves around ‘Man’, who could be the real catalyst of change in India., Sub-Unit: ‘Ram Manohar Lohia and Socialism’, Ram Manohar Lohia has been one of the main proponents of socialism in India. He, championed the idea of ‘Democratic Socialism’ while associating his socialism with, democracy. Lohia considered both capitalism and communism equally irrelevant for Indian, society. His principle of Democratic Socialism has two objectives - the economic objective, in form of food and housing and the non-economic objective in form of democracy and, freedom., Lohia advocated Chouburja Rajneeti in which he opines four pillars of politics as well as, socialism: Centre, Region, District and Village – all are linked with each other. Giving, consideration to affirmative action, Lohia argued that the policy of affirmative action should not, only be for the downtrodden but also for the women and the non-religious minorities., Based on the premise of Democratic Socialism and Chouburja Rajneeti, Lohia supported a, ‘Party of Socialism’ as an attempt of merging all political parties. The Party of Socialism
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according to Lohia should have three symbols, viz., Spade [prepared to make efforts], Vote, [power of voting], and Prison [Willingness to make sacrifices]., Sub-Unit: ‘Deendayal Upadhyaya and Integral Humanism’, , Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya was a philosopher, sociologist, economist and politician. The, philosophy presented by him is called 'Integral Humanism' which was intended to present an, 'indigenous socio-economic model' in which human being remains at the centre of development., The aim of Integral Humanism is to ensure dignified life for every human being while balancing, the needs of the individual and society. It supports sustainable consumption of natural, resources so that those resources can be replenished. Integral Humanism enhances not only, political but also economic and social democracy and freedom. As it seeks to promote diversity,, it is best suited for a country as diverse as India., The philosophy of Integral Humanism is based on the following three principles:, ●, , Primacy of whole, not part, , ●, , Supremacy of Dharma, , ●, , Autonomy of Society, , Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya opposed both Western 'capitalist individualism' and 'Marxist, socialism'. According to Deendayal Upadhyaya, capitalist and socialist ideologies only consider, the needs of the human body and mind, so they are based on materialistic purpose whereas, spiritual development is equally considered important for the complete development of human, being which is missing in both capitalism and socialism. Basing his philosophy on the internal, conscience, pure human soul to be called Chhitti, Deendayal Upadhyaya envisaged a classless,, casteless and conflict-free social system., Deen Dayal Upadhyaya advocated Indianization of Democracy, particularly with a focus on, Economic Democracy. For him, decentralization & Swadeshi are the foundation of Economic, Democracy. His philosophy broadly revolved around the principle of Arthayaam which states, that both the absence and prominence of artha lead to the destruction and denigration of, Dharma which is so central to Integral Humanism., Sub-Unit: ‘Democratic Upsurges’, , Increasing participation of the people in the democratic politics of the country is broadly, characterised as democratic upsurge. Based on this principle, social scientists have, characterized three democratic upsurges in post- independence history of India.
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The ‘First Democratic Upsurge’ could be attributed from the 1950s till 1970s which was based, on the participation of Indian adult voters to the democratic politics both at the centre and in, states. Falsifying the western myth that the success of democracy requires modernization,, urbanization, education and access to media, the successful holding of elections to both Lok, Sabha and legislative assemblies all across states on the principle of parliamentary democracy, were the testimony of India’s first democratic upsurge., During the 1980’s, the increasing political participation of the lower classes of the society such, as SCs, STs and OBCs has been interpreted as ‘Second Democratic Upsurge’ by Yogendra, Yadav. This participation has made Indian politics more accommodative and accessible for, these classes. Although this upsurge has not made any major change in the standard of living of, these classes, especially Dalits, the participation of these classes into the organizational and, political platforms gave them the opportunity to strengthen their self-respect and ensure, empowerment in the democratic politics of the country., , The era of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization from the early 1990s is attributed to the, emergence of a competitive market society encompassing all important sectors of economy,, society and polity thus paving way for the ‘Third Democratic Upsurge’. The Third Democratic, Upsurge represents a competitive electoral market which is based not on the principle of, survival of the fittest but rather the survival of the ablest. It underlines three shifts in India’s, electoral market: from State to Market, from Government to Governance, from State as, Controller to State as Facilitator. Moreover, the Third Democratic Upsurge seeks to promote the, participation of the youth who constitute a significant chunk of Indian society and have emerged, as the real game changers in view of their increasing electoral preference for both development, and governance in India’s contemporary democratic politics., Unit-7: Regional Aspirations, Sub-Unit: ‘The Kashmir Issue’, , Since its integration with the Union of India, Kashmir has remained one of the burning issues in, post-independence India. The problem became more complicated when it was accorded a, special status in the Constitution through Article 370 and Article 35A – the former giving it, special powers like having its separate Constitution/Constituent Assembly/Flag, new, nomenclature for Chief Minister as Prime Minister and Governor as Sadr-e-Riyasat, and the, non-enforcement of most of the Union laws in the state while the later imparting it special
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citizenship rights prohibiting the non-Kashmiris from buying property in the state., It was against the special status of the state of Jammu and Kashmir that there was a call for, abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A. Others equated Article 370 and 35A as ‘constitutionally, recognized separatism’., It was against this backdrop that current NDA Government presented the Jammu and, Kashmir Reorganization Bill in Rajya Sabha on 5 August 2019 for the abolition of Section 370, and 35-A from Kashmir, which was passed by a majority. The bill was passed by the Lok Sabha, on 6 August 2019. After the President's assent on 9 August 2019, Sections 370 and 35A were, repealed and Jammu and Kashmir got divided into two Union Territories of Ladakh and Jammu, and Kashmir., , Unit-8: Indian Politics: Trends and Developments, Sub-Unit: ‘NDA III & IV’, , The Bharatiya Janata Party led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi got an absolute majority in the, Lok Sabha elections held in May 2014 and after nearly 30 years in Indian politics, a strong, government with an absolute majority was established at the Centre. Though called NDA III, the, BJP-led coalition of 2014 was largely different its predecessor coalition governments. Where the, previous coalitions were led by one of the national parties, the NDA III coalition was not only, steered by a national party, i.e., BJP it was also dominated by BJP with an absolute majority of, its own in Lok Sabha. It was also called a ‘surplus majority coalition’. In that sense a major, transformation could be seen in the nature of coalition politics which could be seen from one, party led coalition to one party dominated coalition., The 2019 Lok Sabha elections, the 17th since independence, once again brought back BJP led, NDA [NDA IV] to the centre of power by winning more than 350 seats out of 543. The BJP on its, own won 303 seats in Lok Sabha, the biggest number any single party has won in the lower, house since 1984 when Congress swept the elections in the aftermath of Mrs Indira Gandhi’s, assassination. Based on the tumultuous success of the BJP in 2019, Social Scientists have, started equating the contemporary party system with the ‘BJP System’ where an era of one, party dominance, like the ‘Congress System’ has once again started appearing on the, democratic politics of India.
