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53, , 1. WHY INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS? IMF, 2. FOUNDING OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 3. EVOLUTION OF THE UN, 4. The United Nations System. Principal organs:organs:, 5. REFORM OF THE UN AFTER THE COLD WAR, 6. UN SECRETARIES--GENERAL, 7. REFORM OF STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES, 8. World Bank, 9. JURISDICTION OF THE UN, 10. INDIA AND THE UN REFORMS, 11. IAEA, 12. THE UN IN A UNIPOLAR WORLD, 13. Amnesty International And Human Rights Watch, 14.
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UN, , 54, , Olive Branches, , The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental, organization aiming to maintain international peace, and security,, develop friendly relations among, nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a, centre for harmonizing the actions of nations., , It is the world's largest, most familiar, most, representative, and most powerful international, organization., , This is the United Nations’ logo. The, emblem has a world map, with olive branches around it, signifying, world peace., Credit : www.un.org, , The UN is headquartered on international territory in New, York City and has other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi,, Vienna, and The Hague, Hague.
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55, , The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing, future wars, succeeding the ineffective League of Nations., On 25 April 1945, 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference, and started drafting the UN Charter, which was adopted on 26 June 1945, and took effect on 24 October 1945,, when the UN began operations., Pursuant to the Charter,, celebrated as UN Day, The, he organization's objectives include maintaining international peace and, security, protecting human rights, rights, delivering humanitarian aid,, aid, promoting sustainable development, development, and upholding international law., At its founding, the UN had 51 member states, states;; with the addition of South, Sudan in 2011,, membership is now 193, representing almost all of the, world's sovereign states., IntroductIon :New challenges including the rise of US power. The potential reform of the United Nations, Security Council is an interesting case of the reform process and its difficulties. We then turn to, India’s involvement in the UN and its view of Security Council reforms.
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1. WHY INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS ?, , 56, , Israel attacked, Lebanon June, 2006,, , During June 2006, Israel attacked Lebanon, saying that it was necessary to control the militant group called Hezbollah., Large numbers of civilians were killed and many public buildings and even residential areas came under Israeli, bombardment. The UN passed a resolution on this on, only, ly in August and the Israel army withdrew from the region only in, October. Both these cartoons comment on the role of the UN and its Secretary, Secretary-General, General in this episode., , The UN is generally regarded as the most important international organisation in, today’s world., In the eyes of many people all over the world,, It is indispensable and represents the great hope of humanity for peace and progress., Why do We then need organIsatIons lIke the un?, , 1. “The United Nations was not, created to take humanity to, heaven, but to save it from hell.”, , Dag Hammarskjöld(1953-1961), , UN’s second Secretary-General., Secretary
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2. It is better to fight with the tongue than to fight with arms., 57, ( Shashi Tharoor, the former UN Under-Secretary, Secretary- General for Communications and Public Information. ), These two quotes suggest something important. International, organizations are not the answer to everything, but they are important., International organizations help with matters of war and peace., They also help countries cooperate to make better living conditions for us, all., Countries have conflicts and differences with each other. That does not, necessarily mean they must go to war to deal with their antagonisms., They can, instead, discuss contentious issues and find peaceful solutions., Indeed, even though this is rarely noticed, most conflicts and differences are, resolved without going to war., The role of an international organization can be important in this context., An international organization is not a super-state, state with authority over its members., It comes into being when states agree to its creation., Once created, it can help member states resolve their problems peacefully.
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58, , International organizations are helpful in another way., Nations can usually see that there are some things they must do together., There are issues that are so challenging that they can only be dealt with when, everyone works together., Disease is an example.:- Some diseases can only be eradicated if everyone in, the world cooperates in inoculating or vaccinating their populations., Or, Take global warming and its effects., As temperatures rise because of the increase in greenhouse gases in the, atmosphere; there is a danger that sea levels will also rise; thereby submerging, many coastal areas of the world including huge cities., Of certain chemicals called cchloro fluoro carbons (CFCs).
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59, , Each country can try to find its own solution to the effects of global warming., But in the end a more effective approach is to stop the warming itself., This requires at least all of the major industrial powers to cooperate., cooperate, Unfortunately,:- Recognizing the need for cooperation and, actually cooperating are two different things, things., Nations can recognize the need to cooperate but cannot, always agree on how best to do so,, How to share the costs of cooperating, cooperating, how to make sure that, the benefits of cooperating are justly divided, and how to, ensure that others do not break their end of the bargain and cheat on an agreement., agreement, , An international organization can help produce information and ideas about, how to cooperate., It can provide mechanisms, rules and a bureaucracy, to help members have more, confidence that costs will be shared properly,
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60, , That the benefits will be fairly divided,, And; That once a member joins an agreement it will honour the terms and, conditions of the agreement.., With the end of the Cold War, War, we can see that the UN may have a slightly, different role., As the United States and its allies emerged victorious, victorious,, there was concern, amongst many governmentss and peoples that the Western countries led by the, US would be so powerful that there would be no check against their wishes and, desires., Can the UN serve to promote dialogue and discussion with the US in, particular, and could it limit the power of the American government?, government, Note :- We shall try to answer this question at the end of the chapter., Note:- World total countries according to Un = 193+2 =195., 1. Vattigancity, UN HQ. = New York City: - others Geneva , Nairobi ,Vienna and Huge, 2. Philistine, .
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InternatIonal Monetary Fund (IMF), 61, , Establish :- 1944, Bretton, Woods, New Hampshire, United, States, , Financial & Technical help: - International level, Manages and maintains the world Economic., The IMF was established in 1944 in the aftermath of the Great Depression of the 1930s. 44 founding member countries, sought to build a framework for international economic cooperation. Today, its membership embraces 190 countries,, with staff drawn from 150 nations., , The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international, organization that oversees those financial institutions and, regulations that act at the international level., The IMF has 189 members countries (as April 2016), but they do not, enjoy an equal say., The top ten countries have 55 percent of the votes., They are the G-8 members (the US, Japan, Germany, France, the, UK, Italy, Canada and Russia), Saudi Arabia and China., 1. USA= 16.52 % (17.4%)., 2. Japan =6.15 %, 3. Germany = 5.32 %, 4. France = 4.03 %, 5. UK = 4.03 %, 6. Italy = 3.02 %, 7. Canada =2.22 %, Total = 41.29 % votes., , China = 6.09 %, , G4, , India, Japan , Germany, Brazil (South America ), , India = 2.64 %, , Are the other major member in G7, , Russia = 2.59 %, , G6, , Germany , France , UK, Italy ,Japan ,USA, , G7, , Germany , France , UK, Italy ,Japan ,USA,, Canada + Russia ( G8), , Brazil = 2.22 %, Saudi Arabia = 2.02 %
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2., , 62, , Roosevelt (USA), , Churchill (UK), , 25, , Stalin (USSR), , Roosevelt (USA), , Churchill (UK)
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3.EVOLUTION OF THE UN, , League Of Nation = 10 January 1920, (58 counters)., HQ = Geneva, 63, Founder = Woodrow Wilson ., , The First World War encouraged the world to invest in an international, organization to deal with conflict., Many believed that such an organization would help the world to avoid war. As a result,, the League of Nations was born., However:- despite its initial success, it could not, prevent the Second World War (1939, (1939-45)., Many more people died and were wounded in this, war than ever before., The UN was founded as a successor to the League, of Nations.. It was established in 1945 immediately, after the Second World War., The organization was set up through the signing of, the United Nations Charter by 51 states., It tried to achieve what the League could not between the two world wars., The UN’s objective :- is to prevent international conflict and to facilitate cooperation among states., It was founded with the hope that it would act to stop the conflicts between states escalating into war and, if, war broke out, to limit the extent of hostilities.
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Furthermore:- since conflicts often arose from the lack of social and economic development., 64, , The UN was intended to bring countries together to improve the prospects of social and economic, development all over the world., By 2006, the UN had 192 member states, states. These included almost all independent states., states, In the UN General Assembly, all members have one vote each., In the UN Security Council, there are five permanent members.These are: the United States, Russia, Russia, the United Kingdom, France and China., These states were selected as permanent members as they were the most powerful immediately, after the Second World War and because they constituted the victors in the War., , The UN’s most visible public figure, figure, and the representative head, is the Secretary-General., Secretary, The former Secretary-General, General is Ban Ki-Moon from South Korea.. He is the eighth, Secretary-General of the UN.. He took over as the Secretary-General, General on 1 January 2007., He is the first Asian to hold the post since 1971., The present Secretary General is = Antonio Guterres, Guterres. ( He is the ninth Secretary General of the UN.), UN., He took over as the Secretary General on 1 January 2017., Antonio Guterres :- 1. He was the Prime m, minister of Portugal (19395-2002)., 2. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Refugees. (2005-2015)., 3. 01. Jan 2017 – Secretary General of the UN.
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65, , The UN consists of many different structures and agencies:War and peace and differences between member states are discussed in the, General Assembly as well as the Security Council., Social and economic issues are dealt with by many agencies including:, including:1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., , WHO=, World Health, ealth Organization., UNDP=, The United, nited Nations Development Programme., UNHRC= The United, nited Nations Human Rights Commission, ommission., UNHCR= The United, nited Nations High Commission for Refugees., efugees., UNICEF= The United, nited Nations Children’s Fund., UNESCO = The United, nited Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, C, Organization.
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4. REFORM OF THE UN AFTER THE COLD WAR, 66
