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Acids, Bases, and, Buffers, , PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 1
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Acids, Bases are defined by Four, main theories, 1. Traditional theory / concept, 2. Arrhenius theory, 3. Bronsted and Lowry theory, 4. Lewis theory, PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 2
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General concept :, , , , , , , , , Acid: are the substance, Which converts blue litmus paper to red, Having the PH <7, Sour taste, React with bases to form salts and, water, Eg :- Hydrochloric acid (HCl), , PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 3
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Base, Base: are the substance which converts red, litmus paper to blue, Having the PH >7, Bitter taste, React with Acids to form salts and water, , Eg: Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 4
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Arrhenius theory, In 1884 of Svante Arrhenius Also known as,, Arrhenius theory of ionization, b)Electron dissociation theory, This theory define acids & bases according to, there formation of ions when dissolved in, water, PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 5
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Acids, An Acid is a substance that can release, hydrogen ion (H+) when dissolved in water or, A substance which when dissolved in water, gives hydrogen ions (H+) is known as acid, Hydrochloric acid (HCl), , PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 6
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Base, A Base is a substance that can release a, Hydroxyl ion (OH-) when dissolved in water Or, A substance which when dissolved in water, gives Hydroxyl ion (OH-)is known as acid, Eg : Sodium Hydroxide [NaOH (Na+ + OH)], , PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 7
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Neutralization reaction, Acids react with Base and form Salt & Water, Eg: Hydrochloric acid react sodium hydroxide, and form Sodium chloride (Salt) & water, NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O, ( BASE) + (ACID) = (SALT) + (WATER), PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 8
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Limitations, , Water is essential, Not explain Acidity or Basisity of non aqueous, Solvent Eg :Benzene, , Basisity of Ammonia (No OH- ion) is not explained, Acidity of BF3,AlCl3 (No H+ ion) is not explained, , PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 9
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Boric Acid, , Hydrochloric acid, Strong ammonium hydroxide, Calcium hydroxide, , Sodium hydroxide, , PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 10
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Properties, Physical Properties:, White crystalline powder, , Odourless, Soluble in water, Soluble in Ethanol, Soluble in glycerine, PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 12
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Uses of Boric Acid, , Local anti-infective, To maintain acidic pH medium in Medicament, Preparation of buffer solution, , In ophthalmic preparation, Dusting powder, , Preparation of ointment, PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 13
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Physical Properties, , , , , , , Clear colorless liquid, Pungent odour, Miscible with water, Miscible with alcohol, fuming liquid, , , , , , , Uses, As a Pharmaceutical Aid (Acidifying agent), Solvent in Industry, For Manufacturing of Basic Pharmaceuticals, Reagent in Laboratory, , PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 15
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Strong Ammonium Hydroxide, NH3 / 17.03, Syn: Ammonia solution, ammonium hydroxide, strong, ammonium water, liquor ammoniae forties, Preparation:By mixing ammonium chloride with slaked lime, NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 =NH4OH + CaCl2, PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 16
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Physical Properties, Clear colourless liquid, , Pungent odour, Characteristic taste, Miscible with water, Aqueous solution is strongly, Alkaline in nature, , PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 17
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Uses, Alkalizing agent, Reflux stimulant (fainted person), , Vasoconstrictor, Strong base, Antacid, , Reagent in Laboratory, , PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 18
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Calcium hydroxide, (Ca(OH)2 / 74.10), Synonym: Slaked Lime, Lime water, Preparation:- By treating calcium chloride with, , sodium hydroxide, CaCl2 + 2NaOH Ca(OH)2 + 2NaCl, , Physical Properties: White amorphous powder, Slight, bitter taste, Slightly soluble in Water, Insoluble in, Alcohol & soluble in Glycerin, PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 19
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Uses, Antacid, , Astringent, Fluid electrolyte, , Emulsifying agent, Absorb carbon dioxide, Making of glass, White washing of cloth, PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 20
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Sodium hydroxide, (NaOH / 40), , Syn: Caustic soda, soda lye, Preparation:, By treating sodium carbonate with lime water, Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 = 2NaOH + CaCO3, Properties :White amorphous pellets, Slight bitter taste,, Soluble in water, Soluble in alcohol, Soluble in, glycerine & Deliquescent in nature, PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 21
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Uses, Alkalizing agent, , Disinfectant for animal houses, For preparation of soap, Absorb CO2 gas, Common laboratory reagent, , PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 22
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Thank U, PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1, , 23
