Page 1 :
Practical, , SYRUPS, , 1 What, , is syrup?, , concentrated, aqueous preparation of a sugar or ugar substitute with or without, , Is.Syrupis, , medicinal substances., , v o r i n ga n d ., , 2 Wha, , are the types of svrups?, , c There are, , two, , types of syrups:, , a. Flavored syrup: contains only flavoring agent., , Medicated syrup: contains a therapeutic or medicinal agent., , a What are the advantages of syrups?, , 5. They are, , as, , follows:, , a. They provide a pleasant means of administering a liquid form of disagreeable drugs., , b. Children and youngsters due to their pleasant taste like them., , . Any stable water-soluble drug can be given in the form of syrups., d. They contain little or no alcohol thus favored by the patients., e. Syrups having specific gravity of 1.313 is, self-preservative., f. Non-medicated syrups can be used as vehicle for other liquid preparation., g. Drugs being in dissolved form have high rate of absorption. This produces rapid onset, of action., , What are the disadvantages of the syrups?, , S. They are as follows:, a., , They may cause an increase in dental canes and gingivitis., , b. They are not preferred to those patients who are on a restricted calorie intake., C. They are not suitable dosage forms for the patients suffering from diabetes., , d. They are supplied usually in glass bottles thus increases weight of container which, , transport charges considerably., e. Any breakage spoils the whole unit container possessing number of doses., , Ihey are not convenient to carry with the patients on tour., Wnat are the methods of preparation of syrups?, , 5. There are four methods:, a., Solution with heat, b., , Agitation without heat, , C.Addition of a medicating liquid to syrup, d. Percolation

Page 2 :
PU, , 438, , Q.6 Describe all the methods of preparation of syrup, , Solution with, Ans., volatile nor arethey, , A Text Book of p, , narmaceutics, , in short., , when the drug and other additivee, heat: This method is used, are, decomposed by heat. It is the suitable method when it is desirable t e, , syrup rapidly. The sucrose is added to the purified water or aqueous solution and, , make, , solution is affected. Strain and sufficient water is added to make desired weight or volumeUn, , e, , Agitation without heat: This method is used when the drug or other additives are heat., , Containing valuable volatile constituents. Sucrose is added to the aqueous solution, , tive, , wice th size required for the syrup. This permits active agitation and rapid solution., Addition of medicating liquid to syrup: This method is used when fluid extracts tincte, , othe liquids are added to syrup to medicate it. Syrups prepared by this method may deve, , develop, , pclpltates, because of the alcohol being the solvent for such types of the preparations. Alc, , ohol, , dissolved substances get precipitates when mixed with syrup producing hazy preparation.Th, , This, , method is modified by mixing the fluid extract and tincture with water, allowing the mixture, , to, stand to permit the separation of insoluble constituents, filter 1t and then sucrose is dissolved i, , the filtrate. This method is not permissible when precipitates have great importance as, , medicinal agent., Percolation; In this method, purified water or an aqueous solution is permitted to pass slowi, , through a bed of crystalline sucrose, thus dissolving it and forming syrup. A pledget of coton, place in the neck of percolators and a suitable stopcock adjusts flow of liquid. The percolates, repassed through the percolatorto dissolve the sucrose. Finally, sufficient purified water is passed, through the cotton to make the required volume., Q.7 What will happen if syrup is prepared by excessive heat?, Ans. It promotes the inversion of sucrose producing invert sugar which is having more tendencies, , to ferment. The chemical reaction takes place is as follows:, , CH0+ H,O, Sucrose, , 2C,H1,0O, Invert sugar, , (Dextrose + Levulose), , Q8 Invert syrup is sweeter than the plain syrup, why?, Ans. Invert syrup contains levulose, which is sweeter than sucrose; therefore invert syrup is, , sweeter than sucrose syrup., Q.9 Give relative sweetness of levulose. sucrose, and dextrose., Ans. The relative sweetness of levulose, sucrose, and dextrose is in the ratio of 173: 100: 74., , Q.10 What will happen if syrup of sucrose is overheated?, Ans. Overheating promotes the degradation of levulose formed by inversion. It turns the synup, , brownishblack., This, process of caramel formation is called caramelization. This phenomenon, enhanced by the addition of little acids., , 5

Page 3 :
439, Practical, , self-preservative?, 11 How do, Q.11, to 1.313 resists, Ans., S y r u p having specific density equal, Syrup, syrups actas, , microbial, , growth by virtue of their ex-, , ic effect on microorganisms. Thus, such syrups act as self-preservative., How do you prevent the microbial growth in syrups due to surface dilution ofsyrups, , 0.12H, , Thediluted surface layer of syrup makes an excellent medium for microbial growth. Thus,it, of the, ecessary to incorporate sufficient concentration of preservative, so that a diluted sample, , Ans. 1, i sn e, , ductresists microbial growth., 10 percent alcohol in the, This problem can also be solved by including approximately 5 to which, allow the alcohol to, of alcohol is more than that of water,, The, pressure, vapor, mulation., unsuitable for the, wanorize to the surface of the liquid and cap area. Alcoholic environment being, formu, , growth of microbes prevents their growth on the surface layer., , microbial attack?, , syrups from, 0.13 What are the precautions to be taken, taken to save syrups from microbial attack:, Ans. There are following precautions to be, facilities, to, , quantities than, (1)Do not prepare larger, their storage not available., , can, , save, , be used within, , a, , few months, if special, , of, , acid and its salts etc;, , particularly, , 25°C., , (2)Always store syrup at temperature exceeding, like methyl paraben, benzoic, (3) Add suitable preservatives,, of sucrose in the syrups is low., , when the concentration, conditions permit., in the formulation if the, amount (5 to 10%) of alcohol, little, (4)Add, , Q.14 What are the components, , of medicated syrups?, , medicinal, , agent other, , additives, , like;, , sucrose, , or, , water and any, stabilizers may be added., Ans. In addition to the purified, agents, thickeners and, solubillizing, colorants,, substitutes,, , sugar, , Q.15 What are sugar, , substitutes?, , Ans. They may be dextrose, , Q.16 What is glycogenetic, , or, , non-sugars as sorbitol,, , glycerin, and propylene glycol., , substance?, , substance., in the body, is called glycogenetic, converts to glucose, which, material,, like vehicles?, substances used to prepare syrup, , Ans. Any, Q.17 What are non-glycogenetic, , methylcellulose or hyaroxyetnyicellulose, blood stream., Ans, Substances like, absorbed into the, , They are not hydrolyzed, , Q.18, , non-glycogenetic substances., , and, , s u b s t a n c e s to prepare syrup like vehicles?, non-glycogenetic, select, When can you, 15 prescribed to diabetic patients and to those wh, the medican0n, selected when, , Ans. Thevy, , nave, , are, , are, , restricted, , and, , controlled diet.

Page 4 :
PU, , 440, , A, , Text, , Book of Pharmaceutle, , PREPARATION NO.1, SIMPLE SYRUP, I.P. 66, , Sucrose., , o667g, , snes, , ., , Purified water to.., , Sr. No., , (), , 1000g, , Reasons, , Method, Add water to sucrose in a tared, , The solubility of sucrose is I in 0.5 parts of, , beaker and heat on water bath The quantity of water is 333 ml which, to, sucrose. will take, Ong, time to dissolve sucrose in that much amount., , dissolve, , It, , very, , until sucrose dissolves, Add, to, sufficient, boiling, water, , enough, , produce 1000 g., , Heating enhance the solubility and ces, the viscosity of the syrup which permits the proper, water., , stirring, (2), , Filter hot syrup through cotton, , Hot syrup is filtered rapidly due to less Viscosity, , wool. Cool. [0.15 percent methyl, paraben may be added as, , preservative]_, LABEL, SIMPLE SYRUP, I.P, 66 (- ml), , USE: Pharmaceutical aid, STORAGE: Store, container, closed, , temperature, 25°C, , not, , well, , a, , at, , non-medicated, contains:, , syrup, Lic. no,--, , Sucrose: 66.7% w/w, , Batch no.-, , A, , a, , exceeding, , Wt. Per ml: 1.315 to 1.327, , Mfg. Date, Expiry date-, , Nameof the institutionVIVA-VOCE, , Q.1.By which method is this syrup prepared?, Ans. This syrup is prepared with the aid of heat., Q.2. What is the advantage of syrup prepared with the aid of heat?, , Ans. Heating of syrup promotes the hydrolytic reaction of sucrose forming invert sugar(dexuo, + levulose), which is'sweeter than sucrose syrup., 9,3. Why does this syrup turn to yellow?, , Ans. It is due to the effect of heat on the levulose portion of the invert sugar., , Q.4. What will happen if syrup is overheated?

Page 5 :
441, , Practicat, Due to, , over-heating levulose formed by înversion is degraded to caramel. This is, , for the brown discoloration of the syrups. This change is called caramelization. The, in presence of little acids., ewction i se, nha, enhanced, , A n s, , Rtyponsible, , ion is, , What is the percentage of, , sucrose, , in this, , syrup?, , . . W h a t, , Ans. It, , is, , 66.7%, , w/w., , PREPARATION NO.2, COMPOUND SYRUP OF FERROUS PHOSPHATE, B.P.C. 59, , [PARRISH FOOD], , .4.3g, , Iron, , ..48.0 ml, , Phosphoric acid, , Calcium carbonate, , 1, , Potassium bicarbonate, , ... 1.0 g, , ., , .. 1.0g, , Sodium phosphate.., Cochineal, , ****, , ....3.5 g, , 700 g, , Sucrose, ., , Orange flower water, Purified water to, , Sr., , 3, , ., , 50 mnl, , . . 1000 ml, , Reasons, , Method, , No., , (1), , Preparation, , of, , a, , solution, , of, , Thereaction takes place is as, , follows:, , ferrous acid phosphate:, Take iron wire (in small pieces),, 20 ml phosphoric acid and 25 ml, , of purified water in a conic, flask and heat on a water bath, , until the iron dissolves., , | Fe++2H,PO,-Fe(H,PO.)2 + H, Heating on water bath is recommended to minimize, , the volatilization of water. If the reaction mixture is, dried or even approaches to dryness, there is a, formation of solid block which does not dissolve, when water is added., , Oxidation during heating cannot occur so long as, , hydrogen, , is, , being evolved.

Page 6 :
FU, , AText Book of Pharmaceutics, , 442, , (2), , of, , Preparation, , solution, , a, , of, containing the acid phosphates, , are, The reactions take place, , as, , follows:, , sodium, calcium, potassium, and, CaCO,, , carbonate,, (a) Triturate calcium, sodium, bicarbonate,, , potassium, , with, , phosphate, , remaining, , + 2H,PO4Ca(H2PO,)2 + CO, + H,0, Co, KH,PO4 + HO+CO, KHCO + H,PO4, NagHPO + HPO2NaH,PO, , phosphoric acid and 80 mi o T h e excess, , purified, , prepared, , phosphoric, , acid, , in, , ferrous acid, , Add the solution, phosphate solution and the phosphoric, abOve, in stage I to the, to all salts complete the above reaction., , water., , acid added, , slurry. Mix well., , To, , (b) Filter the, , (3), , Preparation of colored syrup:, , purified, , with 375 ml of, , sugar and again, , the strainer with purified water to, a specificd volume of, , produce, filtrate., , (4), , solution., , boiling, , after addition, , required, , of sugar ensures the, , complete, , provide, Sugar crystals, This will avoid, concentration of sugar., so, , oI, , of syrup., using cochineal, , as, , to, , is, , not, , Chance of fermentation, , merely, traditional but it conceals the colour change from, , The purpose of, , pale-green, , to, , reddish brown if oxidation, , takes, , place, , Combine the colored syrup with, , filtered, , To extract cochineal by decoction process. Re, , minutes.ssOuuon, water for 15, , boil for 15, minutes. Cool, strain and wash, Add, , derived, , the iron carbide and carbon, , from the iron solution., , mixture., , Boil cochineal, , remove, , iron, Add, , and, orange-, , calcium, flower, , water and then adjust the volume, with purified wate., , The orange-flower water flavors the preparation.

Page 7 :
443, P, , r, , a, , c, , t, , i, , c, , a, , l, , LABEL, COMPOUND FERROUS PHOSPHATE SYRUP, B.P.C, (G ), , 2 to 8 ml, USE: In the deficiency, , Lic, no,, , Contains:, , DOSE:, , of iron, , and calcium, , Iron:, , 0.4, , to, , 0.45%, , w/v, Mfg. Date, , calculated as Fe., , Batch no,, , STORAGE: Keep the air tight Calcium: 0.5 to 0.58% W/v,Expiry date, calculated as Ca., container in a cool place, , | Name ofthe institution, VIVA-VOCE, of this syrup?, Q.1. What is the method of preparation, addition of a medicating liquid to syrup., Ans. It is prepared by, of this syrup?, of, 92 What are the stages preparation, Ans. There, (1), , are, , is, three stages under which this syrup, , Preparation of ferous acid phosphate,, , (2) Preparation of acid phosphates, , prepared:, , and, of calcium, potassium, , sodium,, , colored syrup., (3) Preparation of, , 0.3 What is cochineal?, from, Ans. It is a dye obtained, carminic, , acid,, , a, , cacti. It contains the, the insect coccus, , bright red coloring principle;, , derivative of anthraquinone., , Q4 Is this syrup self-preservative?, , environment,, which provides self-preservative, 70%w/v sucrose, contains, it, Ans. Yes, because, calcium in our body?, of iron and, are the requirements, What, Q.5, of molecular, which is responsible for the transport, hemoglobin,, form, condition which, Ans. Iron is required to, in case of hypocalcemic, Calcium ion is required, the, body., Oxygen throughout, , might create many diseases.