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ANTHROPOLOGY: DEFINITION, MEANING AND, SCOPE., , Anthropology is the study of various elements of, humans, including biology and culture, in order to, understand human origin and the evolution of, various beliefs and social customs., • The term anthropology is a combination of two, terms ‘anthropos’ and ‘logus’, the former meaning, human and the later meaning discourse or science., Thus anthropology is the science or discourse of, man. It is the science or discourse of human beings., Aristotle first used the term ‘Anthropologist’.
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Definitions of Anthropology, 1. The concise oxford dictionary:, “study of mankind especially of its societies and customs;, study of structure and evolution of man as an animal”., 2. Kroeber: “Anthropology is the science of groups of, men and their behavior and production”., 3. Herskovits: “Anthropology may be defined as the, measurement of human beings.”, 4. Jocobs and Stern: “Anthropology is the scientific study, of the physical, social and cultural development and, behavior of human beings since their appearance on this, earth.”
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DIVISIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS, , Anthropology has been divided into two main branches: Physical, anthropology and cultural anthropology. These two main branches, have been again, sub-divided into several other branches which, have been given in the following chart:, Classification Of Anthropological Sciences, , Physical Anthropology, Human Human Ethnology Anthropometry Biometry, Genetics Paleontology, , Cultural Anthropology, Prehistoric, Archeology, , Social, Anthropology
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Physical Anthropology: Physical anthology studies human body,, genetic and the status of man among living beings. Some of its, definitions are as follows :, J.E. Manchip White:, “Physical anthropology is the study of bodily appearance of, man.”, 1., , Hoebel, “Physical anthropology is therefore the study of the physical, characteristics of the human race as such”., , M.H. Herskovits,, “Physical anthropology is, in essence, human biology.”, Piddington,, “Physical anthropology is concerned with the bodily characteristics, of man.” Physical anthropology has now been divided into the, following five branches according to the specialization of study.
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1. Human Genetics: Human genetics is the branch of physical anthropology which, studies the genesis of man. Human genetics is the study of human heredity. It studies the, human physical characteristics that are transmitted through heredity from generation to, generation.
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. Human Paleontology:, Human paleontology studies the old human skeletons of different stages. It also studies, the history of earth evolution. According to Webester’s New International Dictionary,, “Human palaeontology is the science that deals with life of the past geographical periods., It is based on the study of the fossils remains as organisms.”
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3. Ethnology:, Ethnology studies human races. Ethnology classifies human races and studies their, physical characteristics. Ethnology is based upon anthropometry and biometrics, since, both these measure racial characteristics.
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4. Anthropometry: According to Herskovits, anthropometry may be defined as, the, measurement of man. Anthropologists have decided certain definite traits by the, measurement of which human races may be classified. Anthropometry, again , has, been classified into two branches, study of the physical structures of living human, beings and study of human fossils.
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5. Biometry:, , In the words of Charles Winik, Biometry is the statistical analysis of, biological studies specially as applied to such areas as disease, birth, growth and, death”. Thus biometry is the statistical study of biological characteristics., 2. Cultural anthropology, , Cultural anthropology studies human cultures. In order to carry on his personal, and social life man invents some sort of system, develops and establishes it. This, total system is culture. It is social heritage. It is however, not transmitted through, heredity. It is learned through imitation, experience and understanding. Cultural, anthropology studies human customs, mores, traditions, social life, religion, art,, science, literature and economic and political organization., According to, E.A. Hoebel. “The phase of anthropology that devotes its attention to the customs, of mankind, is called cultural anthropology”.
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Cultural anthropology has been classified into the following two classes:, 1. Prehistoric Archeology:, literally speaking, archeology is the study of ancient time. Thus it studies, ancient things. Archeology studies the ancient history which has no written, records. Things and articles discovered by archeological excavations give us, an idea about the culture of the people using them. It records cultural, successes of a particular era and also area of its expansions.
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2. Social anthropology:, social anthropology as is clear by the nomenclature, studies social organization and social, institutions. According to Firth, “One of the broadest ways of defining social, anthropology is to say that it studies human social processes comparatively.” Physical, anthropology and cultural anthropology are closely related. Different branches of physical, anthropology have close bearing upon the study of social anthropology, a branch of, cultural anthropology. Again archeology has been helpful in the study of various branches, of physical anthropology.
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LINTON’S CLASSIFICATION OF ANTHROPOLOGY, , Anthropology, Physical, Anthropology, Human, Paleontology, , Somatology, , Cultural Anthropology, Linguistics, , Ethnology, , Archeology
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PIDDINGTION’S CLASSIFICATION OF ANTHROPOLOGY, , Anthropology, Physical, Anthropology, Human, Genetics, , Somatology, , Cultural, Anthropology, Prehistoric, , Social
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SCOPE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Although it is more properly a definition of cultural anthropology,, yet it surely and clearly shows that the field of social anthropology, is very wide. It includes a study of different parts of culture, social, institutions and economic and political administration. The main, Branches Of Social Anthropology Are Given Below:, 1. Ethnography, 2. Familial anthropology, 3. Economic anthropology, 4. Political anthropology, 5. Symbology and linguistics, 6. Thought and Art
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1. Ethnography:, Ethnography is the main field of social anthropology. As is clear from its, name, it studies the human race. Its scope also includes the study of cultures, of different races., 2. Familial anthropology:, Family is the basic institution of society. Social anthropology, therefore, studies, the family also. This branch of social anthropology is known as familial, anthropology. It takes up a comparative study of the families of different, cultures and societies. It studies the different forms of family along with its, progress. A family is based on marriage. Familial anthropology therefore,, includes a study of different forms of marriage. It also includes other blood, relations along with marriage.
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3. Economic anthropology:, Economic rules play an important art in social organization. Some radical changes take, place in social structure along with a change in economic administration. Social, anthropology, therefore, minutely studies the economic administration of primitive and, civilized human societies and of different levels of evolution in them.
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4. Political anthropology:, Political anthropology has also an important place in social structure along with economic, administration. Social anthropology, therefore, studies all types of political administration,, laws, governments and rules of punishment, etc. This branch of social anthropology is, known as political anthropology., 5. Symbology and Linguistics:, The study of different symbols of human behavior, which are current n languages of, different societies, supplies many important facts for the study of society. Social, anthropology, therefore, studies all these also. The whole linguistic field falls within this, branch of social anthropology. The main branches of linguistics are given below:, i) Descriptive Linguistics: it studies the individual and regional languages;, ii) Historical Linguistics: It s a historical study of languages;, iii) Comparative Linguistics: It studies the comparative fact about language;, iv) Common Linguistics: It studies the difference between the minimum and maximum roots, of somelanguages., 6. Thought and Art:, The study of thoughts in theoretical study s very important. Thought includes religion,, magic, science and even legends. Social anthropology is a comparative study of all, thesethings in ancient human society. Art is an important part of culture and culture depicts, the interior of a society. Social anthropology studies sculpture, metallurgy, and even dancing, and instrumental and vocal music.
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Archaeological Anthropology, Archaeological Anthropology traces the origin, growth and development of, culture in the past. By past is meant the period before history when man had, not acquired efficiencies of written language in order to record the story of, his life. The archaeologist try to reconstruct the events of man's past dating, back to millions of years ago., Archaeology tells us about the technology used in the past by analyzing the, tools people have left behind. On this basis it can shed light on the, economic activities of the people. The engravings on the pottery, jewellary, etc reveal the artistic capacities of the people. Certain aspects of religious, beliefs can also be guessed by observing burial sites and the articles kept, there., The Archaeological Anthropology makes an attempt to understand the, geological processes particularly the climatic phases that have left evidences, in earth's surface. The archaeological evidences are found in abundance, mainly in river terraces. The chief methods of archaeologists are excavation, to discover artifacts dating to assign an approximate time period and to, build the cultural history of man's past based on that.
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Physical Anthropology, Physical anthropology is defined as the branch of anthropology that is, concerned with man as a biological organism. Physical anthropology deals, with the origin of man, the comparative study of racial and sub racial groups,, the measurement and classification of anatomical differences among men,, problems of heredity, the influence of differences in the physical environment, on the human organism and the interrelationship between biological and, cultural differences among men. Physical anthropology is sometimes referred, to as somatic anthropology or as somatology., The recognition of the pervasive influence and impact of culture on the, biology of man makes physical anthropology distinctive than human biology., It discusses the man's place in the animal kingdom. A detailed study of the, order of primates is undertaken by anthropologists. In the evolution of, mankind the title Homo sapiens that is attributed to modern human beings and, their ancestors has existed for approx the past 50,000 years., The anatomical and morphological changes that have occurred over the past, millions of years to produce this species of mankind are studied in detail by, the physical anthropologists. Physical anthropology is concerned about the, extent to which biological factors influence the nature, behavior and culture of, humans and population at large.
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Physical/ biological anthropology is the study of the past and present evolution of the, human species and is especially concerned with understanding the causes of present human, diversity. Within this broad definition it encompasses fields as disparate as human, palaeontology, evolutionary biology, human genetics, comparative anatomy and physiology,, primate behaviour, human behavioural ecology, and human biology. Human biology, broadly covers the areas of modern human biological variation, human ecology, nutrition, and demography. What makes physical/ biological anthropology unique is that it brings all, of these areas to bear on our understanding of the human condition., Evolutionary perspectives encompass the origins of modern humans and of modern human, diversity; the relationship between climate and human evolution; the evolution of language, and cognition. What underlies all of these areas is the interpretation of archaeological and, palaeontological evidence. Such evidence is considered within the broader theoretical, context of evolutionary biology and furthermore draws on evidence from comparative, morphology and behavioural research on both humans and non-human primates., Evolutionary studies also extend to modern human biological and behaviour variation. One, fascinating area of current interest is the degree to which human behaviour is rooted in, biology rather than culture. In the general area of human ecology recent concerns, emphasise the implications for vulnerable human groups of changes in climate, land tenure, and economy. This area also impinges on questions of environmental conservation in the, modern world. These more recent interests in human ecology occur alongside the more, traditional concerns which focus on human biological variation and the correlates of this, variation.
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Australopithecus Africans, • An extinct (fossil) species of, the australopithecines, the first, of an early ape-form species to, be classified as hominin (in, 1924). Recently it was dated as, living between 3.3 and 2.1, million years ago, or in the, late, Pliocene, and, early Pleistocene times;
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Rhodesian Man, • Homo rhodesiensis is the, species name proposed, by Arthur Smith, Woodward (1921) to, classify Kabwe 1 (the, "Kabwe skull" or "Broken, Hill skull", also, "Rhodesian Man"),, a Middle Stone Age fossil, recovered from a cave at, Broken Hill, or Kabwe,
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Solo man
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Neanderthal Man
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Homo Sapiens man
