Page 2 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, Enviromental Engineering, Water supply Eng. Waste water engg., , Air & Noise Engineering, , Water supply, Water demand and population fore casting, , Differnet type of demand, 1., , Annual Average demands:, , city, , Total water demand of a year, 365, , Annual average demand (Q avg.)=, (ii), , Litre per capita daily (LPCD) :, , LPCD =, (iii), , Qavg., Population, , Maximum daily demand (QDmax)=, use, , demand, , maximum, , Qdmax= 1.8 Qavg., (iv), , Maximum hourly demand (QHmax):, maximum demand, , particula rhour, , maximum demand, , QHmax= 1.5 x QDmax= 1.5x 1.8 Qavg., QHmax=2.7Qavg., Note:(i), , Maximum daily demand, Avg. daily demand, , (ii), , Maximum weekly demand, Avg. weekly demand, , (iii), , Maximum monthyl demand, Avg. monthly demand, , (iv), , Goodrich formula, , 180%, , 148%, , 128%, , maximum, , Avg. demand, , Ratio, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 1
Page 3 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, QD max, QAvg., , 180.t, , 0.10, , t=time in days, , Various water demand, (i), , Domestic water demand :, Low Income Group colony having no flusing system : 135 LPCD, High Income Group colony having full flushing system = 200LPCD, , Note: According to G.O.I. manual domestic water demand : 135-225 LPCD, (ii), , Industrial water demand : 50 LPCD - 450 LPCD, , (iii), , Institutional / commerical water demand : 20 LPCD - 50 LPCD, , Note: Office : 45 LPCD, Hotel :180 LPCD, (iv), , Public use demand : 5% of the total demand : 10 LPCD, , (v), , Water loss and theft demand : 10-15% of total demand, , (vi), , Fire demand : 1 LPCD, , Note: Fire hydrant, Fire demand, (i), , minimum 1-1.5 Kg/cm2 pressure, formula, , Kuichling formula :, Q=l/min, P=population in thousand, , P, 10, 10, , (ii), , Freeman formula : Q= 1136, , (iii), , Buston's formula Q= 5663 P, , Note: Total design demand (draft) = 335 LPCD, Q., , Calculate fire demand of a city having 1 Lac. population according to kuiching, formula in meter per second., , Sol., , 318 P =1,00,000, l / min, , 1, , =0.530 m/sec, Design period & demand :, Diagram, Population forecastig :, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 2
Page 4 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, Arithmetic increase method:, method population, population, , P, , Po, , increase, , constant, method, old city, , method, , n.x, , P0=initial population, n=No. of year, , x =Avg. increasment, Q., , Calculate population in year 2009 by arithmetic increase method:, 2005 300, 2006 400, 2007 550, 2008 670, 2009 ?, , Sol., , P, , Po, , n.x, , x, , 100 150 120, 3, , 123.363, , Po=300, n=4, P= 300, P, , 4 123.33, , 793.33 794, , Geometric increase method:, method, population airthmatical, method, method, young city, , P, , r, Po 1, 100, , n, , r=rate of increase of population, Note: G.O.I., , r, , value, , geometric mean, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 3
Page 5 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, UNIT - 2, Pipe, Appertenances & Distribution System, Source, Surface, , Sub. Surface, , Canal, , Wells, , River, , Infiltration wells, , Pond, , Infiltration Gallaries, , Spring, , Pipe, (i), , Cast Iron Pipe (C.I. Pipe):, pipe, pressure, , (ii), , pipe corrosion resistant, , distribution system, , Steel Pipe :, , highly duralbe, pipe 700 KN/m2, , pipe internal pressure, pipe, pumping main, , external pressure, , transportation, (iii), , R.C.C. Pipe:, 750 KN/m2, , Highly durable, pressure, , sewer, (iv), , Galvanised Iron pipe (G.I. Pipe):, tant, costly, , (v), , corrosion, acid and alkali (base) resisindustries, , Copper Pipe:, water supply, , higly temperature resistant, , hot, , highly acid a alkali resistant, costly, (vi), , Hume steel pipe:, , (vii), , Asbestos Cement Pipe:, brittle, corrosion resistance, 350-1400 KN/m2, , contrifugal process, asbestos or Silica, , pressure, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 4
Page 6 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, flexible, , simplex method, , costly, (viii), , Vitrified Clay-Pipe:, , (ix), , Poly-vinyl- Chloride (PVC):, , Note: Generally, , highly brittle, , sewer, , pipe flexible, , Spigot-socket joint, Valves, , (i), , GATE/SLUICE/CUT OFF VALVE:, valve, valve pipe, flow, regulate, Gate valve, , summit point, , spacing 150-300 m, , (ii), , Air Valve:, , (a), , Air inlet valve :, , gate valve, air provide, , air inlet valve, (b), , Air relief valve :Gate valve, relief valve, , (iii), , Blow/Scour/Drain valve:, maintenance, repairing, , (iv), , Check /reflux/ non-return valve:, delivery point, flow, opposite direction, , air, , air, , pipe, , Note: Foote valve, suction pipe, check valve, foote valve, , Water distribution system%, (i), , Dead end system tree system:, dead end, , Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, , main line, , 5, , area, pathogenic bacteria, , Contact No.: 9610446964
Page 7 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, fire fighting, Grid Iron/Reticulated/Interlaced System:, Pathogenic bacteria, system fire fighting, , 4., , flow inward to outward, Ring system :, G.I. system, outward to inward, Radial system:, , G.I. Inward to outword, , dead end, , Flow, , direction, , road pattern radial, , Ring. Outword to inward, , Radial System, services reservoir, pipe line, , road, , mid point, along, , Note :, (i), , Distribution pipe, , (ii), , Distribution system, , (iii), , Water supply line, , (iv), , Ferrule pressure :, , dia 150-200 mm, hardy cross method or equivalent pipe method, sewer line, , Single storey: 10.5 m, Double storey: 12 m, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 6
Page 8 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, UNIT - 3, Water Quality Parameter, A., , Physical water Quality parameter, , B, , Chemical water Quality parameter, , C, , Biological W.Q.P., , A., , Physical W.Q.P.:, , parameter, , physically, , Solid, Organic, , Inorganic, , [contains carbon], , [Do not contain carbon], , Biodegradable, , Non-biodegradable, , [B-D], , [N-B-D] [Phenol], Solid, , Suspended [S.S.], 1., (a), (b), (i), (ii), (iii), (c), , Dissolved [D.S.], , Suspended Solid (S.S.):, Origin /Source :Organic or inorganic solids from rock, oil and grease., Effect/Impact :, S.S., incrustation (s.s., discharge capacity, alkalinity, hardness acidity, solid, chlorine, demand, Measurment :, measurement Graviometric technique, techniquie, fillter, 104º 605º C, 104ºC, total solid (S.S.+D.S.), 605º, inorganic solid, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 7
Page 9 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, 2., , Turbidity :, , (a), , Origins : Organic and inorganic S.S., oil & grease, , (b), , Effect :, animal, , aquatic, effect s.s., , (c), , Measurement :, , method, , 1., , Turbidity Rod method :, method, aluminium rod, 1 mm dia, & 25 mm lenght, platinum needle, aluminium rod, test sample, platinum needle, point, platinum, needle, standard solution match, turbidity, , Note:, (i), , Standard Solution :, distilled water, earth), Standard solution, , 1 mg silica dia-oxide (SiO2) (fuller's, , (ii), , Unit = S.T.U. = Silica turbidity unit, , 2., , Jackson Turbidity meter : method, flask, stand, test sample, flask, low, reading, standard solution match, turbidity, , Note: Unit: S.T.U. /J.T.U., Note: 5 J.T.U, 25 J.T.U., method, 3., , turbidity, method, lake, , Bylis Turbidimeter:, , 25 J.T.U., , turbidity, , turbidity, method, , standard tube colour match, intensity, light, direction, , G.I. Box, black colour, blue colour solution, tube standard sample, test tube, turbidity, method light, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 8
Page 11 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, Note-unit:- T.O.N (THRESHOLD ODOUR NUMBER), , T .O .N, , final diluted sample (ml ) 200, 8 T.O.N., Initial test sample (ml ), 25, , Taste, , odour, , bar dis-, , tilled water, (d) limit, , desirable, , cause of rejection, , 1 TON, , 3 TON, , (5) Temprature:- 10 C temp., 0, , Biological activity, , Measurment:, limit, , desirable, , cause of Rejection, , 10 C, , 250 C, , 0, , (B) Chemical W.Q.P:(1) dissolved solid:(a) Origin:- I.O.D.S & O.D.S, (b) Effect:-, , hardness, alkalinity, acidity, , (c) Measurment:- di-ionic tester, dissolved, Acidity solid-, , 0.65 x electrical conductivity, , mho, @ 250 C, cm, (d) limit:(2) pH scale:-, , 500 mg/l, , 2000 mg/l, acidity, , alkalinity, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 10
Page 12 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, H+ ion, , Alkalinity, , pH, , OH- ion, , 10, , 0, , 10, , 14, , 10, , 1, , 10, , 13, , 10, , 2, , 10, , 12, , 10, , 3, , 10, , 11, , 10, , 4, , 10, , 10, , 10, , 5, , 10, , 9, , 10, , 6, , 10, , 8, , 10, , 7, , 10, , 7, , 10, , 8, , 10, , 6, , 10, , 9, , 10, , 5, , 10, , 10, , 10, , 4, , 10, , 11, , 10, , 3, , 10, , 12, , 10, , 2, , 10, , 13, , 10, , 1, , 10, , 14, , 10, , 0, , Neutral, , pH=-log10(H+), POH=-log10 (OH -), Unit=, pH, , mole, litre, , POH, , 14, , H+=Hydronium ion, OH-=Hydroxyl ion, Limit:-, , desirable, 7 - 8.5, , cause to rejection, <6.5 & >9.2, , Q. Calculate P0H, Hydronium, Hydrxyl ion for PH = 10, Sol.Given PH = 10, PH = -log10H+, 10 = -log10H+, -10 = log10 H+, , H+ = 10-30 Mole/litre, , H+ x OH- = 10-14, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 11
Page 13 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, OH- =, , 10, 10, , 14, 10, , 10-4 mole/litre, , Q. Two liquid having PH 2 & 3 Respectivly if they mixed to together then what, will be the PH of Resistant mixture., Sol.PH = 2 = 10-2, PH = 3 = 10-3, 10-2 + 10-3 = 11x10-3, PH = -log10 H+ = -log10 (11x10-3) = 1.958<2, (3) Alkalinity:-, , H+, , Ex. OH- , CO-3 , HCO3(a) Effect:- alkalinity, , Neutral, , alkalinity, , 99% alkalinity, pipe, , Incrustration, , (b) Measurment:measurment titration, 0.01N H2SO4 [Sulphuric acid], use, , titrant, , (c) limit:200 mg/l, , 600 mg/l, , (4) Hardness:- Hardness multivalent cation [, , ], , Ex. Ca+ , mg+2, Al+2, Al+3, pb+4, Sr+4, Hardness, (i), , classified, , Temporary/ carbonate hardness, , (ii) Permanent/non-carbonate hardness, (i), , Temporary/carbonate hardness:[CO3-], Bi- Carbonate [HCO3-], boiling, remove, Ex., , Ca +2, , Hardness multivalent cation, carbonate, Hardness, simple, , CO 3-, , CaCO3, Ca[HCO3]2, , HCO3-, , mgco3 , mg[HCO3]2, , or, mg+2, , (ii) Permanent/non-carbonate hardness:trate [NO3-] Sulphate [SO4-2] chlorine [cl-], simple boiling, Ca +2, , NO 3-, , or, , SO 4 -2 mgNO3, , mg+2, , cl -, , Hardness multivalent cation, nihardness, , mgcl 2, mg[SO 4] 2, Ca[SO 4] 2, Cacl 2, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 12
Page 14 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, (a) Measurment:measurment titration, 0.01NEDTA [ETHYLINE DIAMINE TETRA ACETIC ACID], [Erichrome black T], use, , titrant, indicator, , EBT, , (b) limit:, 200 mg/l, Note: domestic water, , 600 mg/l, , Hardness, , value 75-115 mg/l, , (c) Effect:- hard, Hardness, , pipe, , Incrustration, , corrosion, , Note:- (i), Hardness mg/l, 0 – 55, 56 – 100, 101 – 200, >200, , Water, Soft, Slightly hard, Moderately hard, Very hard, , (ii) Corbonate hardness- Total hardness, or, alkalinity, , minimum, , Q. Calculate non-carbonate hardness of a water sample whose total hardness is, 300 mg/l and alkalinity 200 mg/l., Sol.Corbonate hardness = total hardness, or, alkalinity, C.H.=, , minimum, , 300, or, 200, , C.H.=, , minimum, , 200 mg/l, , Non- carbonate hardness = total hardness - carbonate, = 300 - 200 = 100 mg/l, Q. Calculate non-carbonate hardness of a water sample whose total hardness 800, mg/l & alkalinity is 500 mg/l., Sol. C.H. = 500 mg/l & T.H. = 800 mg/l, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 13
Page 15 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, N.C.H = 800 - 500 = 300 mg/l, Q. Calculate non/carbonate hardness of a water sample whose total hardness is, 600 mg/l is alkalinity is 800 mg/l., Sol. C.H. = 600 mg/l & T.H. = 600 mg/l, N.C.H = 600 - 600 = 0 mg/l, Q(iii) Bifurcate hardness & alkalinity, 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 5, , 6, , KOH, , NaOH, , Al2 [SO 4 ], , Ca[HCO 3] 2, , CaCO 3, , NaCl 2, , 7, , 8, , 9, , 10, , 11, , 12, , Cacl 2, , mgcl 2, , Al[OH] 2, , Na[SO 4] 2, , mgco3, , mg[HCO 3] 2, , 14, , 15, , 16, , 17, , 18, , mgNO3, , mg[OH] 2, , Ca[OH] 2, , Al, , mg+2, , 13, NaNO, , 3, , +2, , Alkalinity, , Carbonate hardness, , non-carbonate, , 1,2,4,5,9, , 4,5,11,12,17,18, , 3,7,8,14,17,18, , 11,12,15,16, (15) Nitrogen:-, , pollution, , (a) Free Ammonia:, Limit:-, , persent, Pollution, , measurment simple boiling, , Desirable, , Cause to rejection, , 0.15 mg/l, , 0.15 mg/l, , (b) Organic Ammonia [ALBUMINOID]:organic matter, decompostion, present nitrogen, boiling, KMNO4, Note:- KJELDAH:- Organic Ammonia + Free Ammonia, Limit:(c) Nitrite[NO 2]:-, , Desirable, , Cause to rejection, , 0.30 mg/l, , 0.30 mg/l, , Present organic matter, micro organic, , partial decomposition, micro organic, , colour matching technique, acid Nepthamine, use, limit, , Desirable, 0 mg/l, , indicator, , sulphonic, , Cause to rejection, 0 mg/l, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 14
Page 16 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, (d) Nitrate [NO3-]:present organic matter of complete decomposition, colour matching techique, indicator, Phenol di, sulphonic acid, Hydrogen peroxide [H2O2], use, Present, nitrite infant, hemoglobin, blue baby dissus [METHEMOGLOBINEMIA], limit, , Desirable, , Cause to rejection, , 45 mg/l, , 45 mg/l, , Note: NITRIFICATION:- Ammonia, , Ammonia, , Nitate, , Nitrosonomus, Bacteria, , DE-NITRIFICATION:- Nitrate, , Nitrification, , Nitrobector, bacteria, , N2, , Nitrogen, , NO 3, , de- Nitrification, , Note:- Blue baby disease:present Nitrate [NO-3] infant, blue-baby disease [METHEMOGLOBINEMIA], , hemoglobin, , (6) CHLORIDES:-, , simple titration, indicator, , domestic Industrial pollution, titrant, silver nitrate [AgNO3], Pottesium chromate [K2CrO4], use, lungs, , limit:-, , Respiratory system, Desirable, , Cause to rejection, , 250 mg/l, (7) FLUORIDES:- 1 mg/l flouride, 1 mg/l, limit:-, , Desirable, 1 mg/l, , 1000 mg/l, teeth, , teeth, bons, , bones, , Cause to rejection, 1.5 mg/l, , colour matching technique, alizarin, use, Note:- Fluoride, Fluoride, , ml/l, mg/l, , (8) Iron & Manganese:technique, , indicator, , zirconium, , dental fluorosis, bone fluorosis, colour, , colour matching, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 15
Page 17 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, iron:, , PHENANTHROLINE, , Indicator, limit:-, , Manganese:, , Ammonium per sulphate+ nitric acid, , Desirable, , Cause to rejection, , iron, Magnese, , 0.3, , 1.0, , 0.05, , 0.5, , (9) Copper:-, , lungs, , Copper sulphate, , 250 mg/l, , limit, , laxative effect [digestion problem], , Desirable, , Cause to rejection, , 0.5 mg/l, , 1.5 mg/l, , NOTE:- Magnesium sulphate[mgSO4], (10) Sodium:-, , Respiratory system, , 50mg/l, , lexative effect, , 50-250 mg/l, taste BITTER, , KIDNEY, , (11) Toxic element:- Arsenic, Boron, cadmium, lead, mercury, cynide etc., limit:- 0 mg/l, (12) Dissloved gases:(a) Oxygen:-, , WINKLER METHOD, , Note:(i), , Aquatic animal, , minimum 4 ppm oxygen, , Seawater: Sea water, , pure water, , (b) Carbon di oxide [CO2]:gas, acidity, corrosion, (c) Methane [CH4]:-, , 20%, , oxygen, , carbonic acid, , Highly explosive gas [, , acidity increase, , ], , (d) Hydrogen sulphide (H2S):gas, organic matter, ROTTEN EGG SMELL, , decomposition, , (C) Biological W.Q.P.:Type of organic matter:O-M, Biodegradble, (, , -0, , decompose, , Ex. Vegetable, Type of, , N-B-D, ), , (, , -0, , decompose, , ), , Ex. Phenol, , -0:- Bacteria, virus, protozoa Helimathens, coliform, E-coli [Es chercia-, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 16
Page 18 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, coli] B-Coli etc., Types of Bacteria:Bacteria, Aerobic, air, , Anaerobic, presence, , air, , Facultative, , absence, , air, , presence, , absence, , SHAPE OF BACTERIA:1., , Spherical, , (2). Straight Rod:, , Single:, , -, , Cocus, , Group, , -, , Cocci, , Chain, , -, , Strepto cocci, , Single, , -, , Bacillius, , Group, , -, , Bacilli, , Chain, (3) SPIRAL:-, , Spirillum, , (4) Curved:Effect of, , Strepto baccilus, , Vibrio, -0:-, , (a) Bacteria:- Typhoid, cholera, Dysentery etc., (b) Virus:- Jaundice, polio etc., (c) PROTOZOA:- Amobic Dysentry etc., (2) Iron bacteria, , pipe, , tuberculati on, , (3) Sulphur bacteria:- Sulphur bacteria, , concerte structure, , durability, , Test of coliform:(1) Membrane filter technique:-, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 17
Page 19 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, method, , test sample, , STERILE MEMBRANE, 350C incubator, , MEMBRANE, coliform, , (2) MPN TEST (most probable no.), (3) Coliform index test, UNIT - 4, WATER TREATMENT, (A) Screeing:-, , Process, , large floating matter, , Remove, , Ex. Wood, leaves, vegetable etc., screen, Screen, Coarse, Size, , 10-25 mm bar, , Spacing, Angle, , Fine, Size, , 1 cm × 1 cm, , 20-100 cm c/c, 450 - 600, , (B) Aeration:remove, , air, control, method, , gases, grease oil, , (a) Spray nozzle method:-, , CO 2, , 90%, , H 2S, , 99%, , (b) Cascade method:- use :- Widely use, , CO2, , 20 45%, , H 2S, , 35%, , (c) Tray Tower method:-, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 18, (d) Diffused air method:-
Page 21 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, coagulant, Ph, , ferric Hydroxide, dose 10 -30 mg/l, , alkalinity, , presence, , Gel percipitalte, , hardness, , 8.5, , increase, , (c) Chlorinated copper As [Fe2[SO4]3+Fecl3] :- Copper as, nated copper as, compount, , chlorine, , chlori-, , [Fe2[SO4]3 + FeCl3], coagulant wide pH range, Fecl3, , 3.5 - 6.5 & > 8.5, , Fe2[SO4]3, , over all pH Range, , 4.0 - 7.0 & > 9.0, , 3.5 - 7.0 & > 8.5, , Note:- (1) Iron Floccs, Aluminium floccs, use water treatment, Iron floccs, , pH Range, , corrosion, , use sewage treatment, , (d) Sodium Aluminate [Na2Al2O4]:Aluminate, Gel precepitate, 6 - 8.5 pH Range, , Hardness, , CO 3 2, Na 2 AlO 4 Ca, , 2, , Cl, , or, Mg, , HCO 3, , 2, , SO 4, , 2, , NO 3 2, , CO 3 2, Ca, or, , 2, , Mg, , 2, , HCO 3, Alu min ate Na Cl, SO 4 2, NO 3 2, , Gel Precepitate, Note:-, , costly, , Ca+2, mg+2, Hardness, Remove, , Hardness Remove, , use small scale, , boiler feed plant, , (D) Flocculation:slow mixing process, small neutral partical, large partical, detention period 10-30 min. tank, depth 33.5, velocity 0.2 - 0.8 m/sec., (E) Sedimentations:- S.S., (a) Plain sedimentation:-, , bottom, , settle, , sedimentation, , Coagulant, , (b) Sedimentation with coagulation:-, , coagulant, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 20
Page 22 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, Sedimentation tank, Sedimentation tank, Quisscent/fixed, , Continous flow, , hour, , D.P., , Plain sedimentation:- 4-8 hr., D.P.:, Sedimentation with coagulation 2-4 hr., Note: Sedimentation tank, , efficiency, , -, , Settling velocity/over flow rate [O.F.R] of particle, , -, , Surface area of tank, , **, , Settling velocity/over flow rate:- Particle, gravity gravitation/force, , settling velocity, , size, specific, , stoke low, , V, , 4(G 1) g.d, m3, 3 Cd, m 2 day, , G = sp gravity, , Re, , g = 9.8 m/sec, , V .d, , Reynold ' s no., , d = dia of particle, Cd = drag cofficient, , For Re<1 d<0.1 mm then Cd =, , V, , (G 1) .d 2, 18, , or, , 24, Re, , (G 1) g .d 2, 18, , = dynamic viscosity, = Kinematic viscosity, Note:(1) Sedimentation tank, , flow velocity, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 21
Page 23 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, Range, , 0.15 - 0.90 m/min**, , Generally, , 0.45 m/min, , (2) O.F.R :For plain sedimentation, , 12000, , 18000 l, m 2 day, , 18 m 3, 12, m 2 day, , or, , For sedimentation with coagulation, , 24000, , 30000 l, m 2 day, , (3) Dimension:-, , 24, , or, , L, B = 4, , 30 m 3, m 2 day, , B = 10-12 m, D = 3-3.5 m, , Q. Calculate surface area of a sedimentation tank whose O.F.R. is 6m3/m2-day &, discharge is 120 m3/day., , 3, , Sol., , 120 m, , 3, , m, m, ,, m day day, , 3, , day, , m3, 6 2, m day, , 2, , 120 m 3 m 2 day, 6 day, m3, , 20 m 2, Note:- Clariflocculator:tion, (F) FILTERATION:organic matter,, , tank, , Coagulation, Flocculatatio,, , process, filter, -, salt,, minerlals remove, , Sedimentasmall s.s,, , filter, (1) Mechanical straining:-, , Remove small s.s, , (2) Sedimentation:- Remove small s.s, (3) Bioligical activity:- Remove 0-m +, , -0, , (4) Electrolytic change:- Remove salt & mineral, Filter, Filter, Gravity, (, , Pressure, gravity, , ), , (, , external pressure, , ), , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 22
Page 24 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, Slow sand filter, , Rapid Sand Filter, , [S.S.F.], , [R.S.F.], , Note:(i), , Backwashing, , min & 2.5%, , (ii) Backwashing velocity 0.45 cm/min, (iii) S.S.F., Rate, double filteration, (iv) Pressure filter, (G) Disinfection:-, , Rapid sand filter, R.S.F., Roughining filter, , m3, Rate of filteration 6000 2, m hr, Pathoganic bacteria, , Note:- Sterlization:disinfection, , Process, , -0, , disinfection, Sterlization, , method, , (a) Minor method:, (i), , Pottesium permanganate [KMNO4]:colour pink, 98% bacteria, remove, dose 1-2 mg/l, 4-6 hours contact period, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 23
Page 25 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, use, (ii) Ozone:use, , highly oxidising gas, , O, , high electric, arc, , (iii) Excess lime method:0, , stable, , O, , O, , Nascent Oxygen, , lime, , pH, , -, , Note:- Re-carbonation:- Excess lime method, use, pH, CO2 gas, Process, Re-carbonation, (iv) Iodine & Bromine tablets:-, , tablets, , use, , Ex. Army camp, school camp, (v) Silve catadyn:-, , costly, , (vi) U-V rays:-, , costly, , (vii) Boiling:-, , swimming pool, , best method, , use, , (B) Major method:*, , Chlorination:forms, , chlorine, , *, , Forms of chlorine:-, , (i), , Free chlorine:- [Cl2+HOCl+OCl], Chlorine, forms, , Cl 2, , H 2O, , HOCl, , pH 5, , pH 8, pH 7, , disinfection, , HOCl OCIeffective HOCl, , chlorination, , -0, , chlorine, , HOCl HCl, OCl, , H, , HOCl - Hypochlorus Acid,, , OCl - Hypochlorite ion, , (ii) Combined chlorine:- Chlorine, stable, , ammonia, chlorine 25%, , chloriamines, effective, , (iii) Hypochloride [Ca(OCl2)] & Bleaching powder [CaOCl2]:- 100% Hypochlorite, chlorine, 100% Bleaching powder, (iv) Chlorine di oxide [ClO2]:-, , 72%, , 40% chlorine, free chlorine, , effective, , Note:- Effectiveness:-, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 24
Page 26 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, HOCl>ClO 2>NHCl(high stable)>Cl 2, *, , Types of chlorination:-, , (i), , Plain chlorination:WATER TREATMENT process, chlorination, plain chlorination, dose 0.5 mg/l, , -0, (ii) Pre chlorination:Pre-chlorination, (iii) Post chlorination:- Filteration, dose, chlorine, , chlorine, dose 5-10 mg/l, , use, , filteration, , chlorination post chlorination, 10 min. contact Period, 0.2 mg/l Residual, , (iv) Double chlorination:Pre chlorination + Post chlorination, (v) Super chlorination:5-15 mg/l, Residual chlorine, , EPIDIMIC, , -0, Super chlorination, , chlorine, chlorination, , 1-2 mg/l, , (vi) Break point chlorination:-, , Break point chlorine, chlorine, , apply, , *, , Residual chlorine determination:-, , (i), , Starch iodine test:1 ltr sample 10ml KI, , 5ml starch, , Blue colour solution, , 0.01N Na 2S 2O3, , chlorine residual, , Colour less solution, , Yellow colour, , (ii) Orthotolidine test, (iii) Chlorotex test, (iv) D.P.D. test [Diethy phenelyne diamine], , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 25
Page 27 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, [H] SOFTENING:(i), -, , hardness, , remove, , softening, , method, , Lime soda process:lime carbonate hardness, , -, , lime mg+2, , -, , Soda non-carbonate hardness, , remove, , non-carbonate hardness, , Ca+2, , non-carbonate hardness, , charge, , remove, , process corrosion, -, , Generally, , process, , use, , sludge, , (ii) Zeolite process:method, +2, +2, Ca, mg, zeolite, , water sample, zeolite bed, hardness remove, , method, , 100% hardness, , remove, , Na2O Al2O3 xSiO2 yH2O, , Sodium zeolite [Na2Z], CO 3 2, , HCO 3, Cl, 2, , 2, , Na 2 Z Ca or Mg, , SO 4 2, NO 3 2, , Note:- Zeolite bed, , [I], , CO 3 2, Ca, , Alu min ate Na Cl, , or, Mg, , HCO 3, , 2, , process, , SO 4 2, , 2, , NO 3 2, , recharge, , (iii) Deminerlisation:-, , bed, , Nacl, , 5-10% BRINE Solution, , hardness, , ions, , neutral, , FLUORIDATION:- 1mg/l fluorine, teeth bons, fluorine, 1 mg/l, fluorine, fluoridation, process, sodium fluoride [NaF] & sodium silica fluoride [Na2Si f6], , [J] DE-FLUORIDATION:fluorine, Bon charcoal, remove, [K] DE-SALTINATION:-, , process, , remove, de-fluoridation, [activated carbon] or Actavited Alumina, salt, , remove, , (i) Boiling, (ii) Freezing, (iii) Electrodylsis, (iv) Reverse osmosis (R.O.], , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 26
Page 28 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, UNIT - 5, SEWER & SEWRAGE SYSTEM, *, , Refuse:-, , waste, , liquid, , solid, , form, , (1) Garbage:Biodegradable solid waste, Ex. Vegetable, wood, kitchen solid waste, (2) Rubbish:dry solid waste, B-D & N-B-D, Ex. e-duste, furniture waste, polythene., (3) Sullage:- KITCHEN WASTE + BATHROOM WASTE, (4), (i), (ii), (iii), , Sewage:liquid waste, Domestic:- Kitchen + Bathroom + Human excreta, Indurstrials:- Chemical waste, Drainage: Rainfall waste [Runoff], , Note:1. Sanitary sewage = Domestic waste + Industrial waste, 2. Night soil = HUMAN EXCRETA, 3. Sludge:- sewage treatment plant, unit, bottom, , *, , Sewer:-, , pipe, , House/lateral, , sewage, , Branch, , SEWERAGE SYSTEM:sewer, , Main, , pipe, , sludge, , lateral drain, , outfall, , diameter 15-300 cm, , OUTFALL/TRUNK, , Maximum variation, *, , waste, , minimum variation, , sytem, , sewage, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 27
Page 29 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, (i), , Seprate sewerage systems:system, Pipe, provide, Pipe sanitary sewage, pipe Rain off discharge, shape generally, circular, use, (ii) Combined S.S.:system, pipe, sanitary sewage rain, off, use, Generally EGG shape, sewer, use, (iii) Parital seprates system:system, sanitary sewage, pipe, rain off, side drain, *, Variation in sewage discharge:Maximum daily discharge [QD Max], 2 x QDavg., Minimum daily discharge [QD Min], , 2, x QDavg., 3, , Maximum hourly discharge [QH Max], 1.5 x QDmax = 1.5 x 2 x QDavg, 3QDavg., Minimum hourly discharge [QH Min], , 1, 1, QD min, 2, 2, , 2, Q Davg, 3, , 1, Q Davg, 3, Note:-, , *, , SEWER, lateral, Branch, main, outfall, , dia (m), 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.25, , peak factor, 4, 3, 2, 1.5, , Sewer design:Water supply, 75-80% waste water convert, Sewer line, Sight rail boning road method, Sewer, minimum maximum, Velocity, Sewer, full depth, design, dia, d<400 mm, , 400 mm d 900 mm, 900 mm<d, , sewer, , flow velocity, , design, sewer, , gases, , depth, , 1, full, 2, 2, full, 3, 3, full, 4, Grade, Roughness, Hydraulic, radius, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 28
Page 30 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, Self cleansing velocity 1 mm in inorganic, m/sec., Note:- Self cleasing velocity, velocity, paticle remove, Same self cleansing velocity, sewer, , 0.5 mm organic particle, , sewage, , 0.45, , particle sewer, , shear stress same, , .R .S ., , T, , = unit wt. of sewage, R = Hydrolic mean Radius, S = slope, , Vmax, , Q max, , Angle, , 256, , 3080, , d, D, , .81, , .95, , Increment, , 12.5 %, , 7%, , 0, , Note:- Hydroulic equivalent sewer:sewer, grade, full depth, same discharge capacity, *, MANHOLE:- masonary, structure, Sewer, Inspection, Repairing, cleaning, etc., Shallow - 0.6 - 0.9 m, Deep - 1.5 m, branch sewer, vertical pipe, Note:- brach line, *, (i), , main sewer, , main line, ramp manhole, Trap:- Junction, FLOOR/NAHNI TRAP:Trap, sullage, rainoff, collect, , same material, , same, , vertical distance 0.6 m, drop manhole, vertical pipe, Pipe, floor, , inclined pipe, , floor, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 29
Page 31 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, (ii) Gullay trap:trap, ground floor, sullage, rainoff, collect, (iii) Intercepting trap:house drainge system, end point, sewage municipal sewer enter, foul gases, *, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), , floor, , night soil,, , Pipes:Waste pipe:- Carry sullage, Soil pipe:- Carry human excreta/night soil, Vent pipe:- Carry foul gases, Antisyphonage pipe:- Preserve water seal, , *, Building drainage system:(1) Single stack system:system, (ii) One pipe system:vent pipe, (iii) Two pipe system:soil, , pipe, , pipe, , waste, soil, vent, , pipe waste pipe, , pipe, vent pipe, , waste, , pipe, , pipe soil, vent pipe, , I Pair, Waste, , Vent, , Soil, , Vent, , II pair, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 30
Page 32 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, UNIT - 6, SEWAGE QUALITY PARAMETER, Total solid:Suspended, , d> 1, , Colloidal, , 10, , Dissolved, , d 10, , -3, , 10, , 3, , d 1, , (c) Settleable solid:-, , 1, , Filterable, , Sieve, , 3, , (a) Filterable:, solid, sieve, 1, Ex. Colloidal & Dissolved solid, (b) Non-Filterable:Ex. Suspended solid, , Non-filterable, , solid, , 1, , pass, , seive, size 10, , solid, , plain sedimentation tank, , easily settle, (d) Non-settleable solid:-, , solid, , size 10, , plain sedimen-, , tation tank easily settle, *, , Measurment of settleable solid:measurment Imhoff cone, test sample, hour, 2 hour, cone, bottom, settle, solid, settleable solid, (2) Chemical oxygen demand [C.O.D] dichromate demand:organic matter [B.D + N.B.D], decompose, oxygen, oxygen, chemical, provided, chemical, oxygen demand, chemical, Generally pottesium dichromate [K2Cr2O7], Sulphuric acid, [H2SO4], use, Highly oxidising chemical, Biodegradeble, organic matter, [N-B.D.O.M], decompose, C.O.D, B.O.D., (3) Theoritical oxygen demand [Th.O.D.] :sewage, organic matter, formula, decompose, oxygen, theoritically calculate, theoritical oxygen demand, C6H12O6 + 6O2, 6CO2 + 6H2O, glucose, , 180 gm 192 gm, gm organic matter, decompose, 192 gm oxygen, (4) total organic carbon [T.O.C]:organic matter, oxygen, carbon, represent, 72 gm carbon 180 gm organic matter, , Represent, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 31
Page 33 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, (5) Biochemical oxygen demand [B.O.D]:decompse, required oxygen, Naturaly provide, , B.O.D5 @ 200C, , biodegradeble organic matter, oxygen, chemical, , D.F [initial D.O. - final D.O], , dilution factor :-, , final diluted volume, initial test sample volume, , Note:B.O.D, 200C 5 days, calculate, Municipal sewage, B.O.D 100-500 gm/l, Standard domestic sewage, B.O.D 80gm/capital/day, Potable, drinking water, B.O.D. 0, B.O.D5, 68% of B.O.DU, 90% of B.O.DU, B.O.D10, *, , BOD, Ratio:TOD, sewage, , organic matter, , BOD, COD, , OM, , 1, 0, , Biodegradable, NB.D, Impossible, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 32
Page 34 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, *, , COD, Ratio:TOC, , Ratio sewage, , Note:(1), ratio zero, decompose, ratio 5.33, *, Relative stability:-, , R .S, *, , sewage, sewage, sewage, , dicromate, methane, , charter, , Pr esent dissolve oxygen in sewage, Required dissolve oxygen in sewage, , Population equivalent:-, , P .E, , Quality, , industrial waste, , 100, , strength, , BOD5 of industrial waste, S tan dard BOD5 of domestic waste, , Q. Calculate population equivalent of an industrial waste having 3200 gm/dya BOD5, , P .E, , BOD5 of industrial waste, 3200 gm / day, =, S tan dard BOD5 of domestic waste, 80 gm / capital / day = 40 capital, UNIT - 7, Table, , (A) Primary treatment:large floating matter, I.O.S.S, O.S.S, oil & greese remove, 30-40% B.O.D. remove, 60-70% S.S. remove, treatment, sludge, anaerobic decomposition, (1) Screening:bars, 30-600, process large floating matter, remove, Ex. Wood, Paper, Screening, 50 mm spacing, Coarse screen, Medium screen, 6-40 mm spacing, 1- 1.5 mm holes, fine screen, (2) Comminutor:device, particle, 6 mm size, Particle convert, (3) Grit chamber:tank, I.O.S.S remove, 60sec, velocity, structure, control, Parashall flume, propotional weir or sutro weir, Type of settling:(a) Discrete settling:settling, particle, shape, Ex. plain sedimentation tank of grit chamber, , detention period 40-, , size change, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 33
Page 35 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, (b) Flocculant settling:settling, particle, Ex. Coagulation odded sedimentation tank, , shape, , (c) Zone or hindered:particle, velocity field, touch, particle group, Ex. S.S.T after activated sludge process, (d) compressed settling:particle, particle group, settle, Ex. S.S.T after trickling filter, , touch, , velocity field, , Note:- Detritus tank:reactangular grit chamber, dentention period [3-4min], O.S.S, remove, (4) Skimming tank:tank, oil & grease, remove, period 3-5 min, Note:(i), tank 2mg/l chlorine, 3-4, (ii) India skimming tank, use, temperature, , size change, , oil, , grease, , touch, , velocity, [0.09 m/sec], tank, I.O.S.S, detention, , remove, , oil & grease, , (5) Primary sedimentation tank[P.S.T.]:tank, move, detention period 1-2 hr., settling velocity & over flow rate, , particle, , efficiency, solidification, , organic suspended solid, resedimentation, efficiency, stoke law, , Note:(1) Over flow rate:O.F.R. Plain sedimentation :- 40 50, , m3, m 2 day, , m3, Sedimentation with coagulant:- 50 60 2, m day, Note:(2) Dimension of P.S.T, , L, B, , 4 to 5, , If circular then dia, , B = 6 - 7.5m, , 60m, , 0-m, 0, Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 34, (3) P.S.T., , coagulant, , useful
Page 36 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, decomposition, (B) Secondary treatment/2 0 treatment:-, , 0m, , 0, , remove, , 90-95% BOD remove, sludge, aerobic decomposition, Biological treatment, Biological treatment, , 1., 2., 3., 4., , Aerobic, Trickling filter, Activated sludge process, Oxidation pond, Rotatory biological contactor[RBC], , (1) Trickling filter:75-80% BOD, use small, medium city, filter hot climate suitable, fly nuisance odour nuisance, , Anaerobic, 1., Septic tank, 2., Imhoff tank, 3., Anaerobic lagoons, 4., Upflow Anaerobic, sludge blanket reactor (UASBR], remove, , problem, , filteration rate, , (a) Standard or slow (ordinary) rate trickling filter [S.R.T.F], (b) High rate trickling filter [H.R.T.F], -, , Circular trickling filter, S.No., 1, , Parameter, Hydraulic loading rate, , diameter 30 - 60m, SRTF, 14, , HRTF, 1040, , 0.080.32, , 0.321.0, 1.2 1.8 m, , [m 3 /m2 day ], 2, , Organic loading rate, 3, , [Kg/ m, , day], , 3, 4, , depth of media, BOD removal, , 1.6 2.4 m, , 5, , Recirculation ratio, , 0**, , 20 ppm, , (2) Activated sludge process:Highly airated tank, sludge, 80-95% BOD remove, use large cities, sludge bulking, problem, A.S.P tank dimenstion, 20 - 200 m, L, , ! 30ppm, 0.53, , activated sludge, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 35
Page 37 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, H, 3 - 4.5 m, B, 3-6m, A.S.P., dentention period 4-8 hr., (3) Oxidation pond:large area, pond, air, 90% BOD, remove, dentention period 2 - 6 weeks, fly nuisance & odour problem, use, electricity, Ex. Rural, Note:- Oxidation ditch:- Sewage treatment, ciency, BOD Removal, 98%, S.S. Removal, 95%, (4) Septic tank:sludge, anaerobic treatment, sludge, sedimentation, digestion, Primary unit, detention period 12-36 hr., Septic tank dimenstion:*, , Naturally provide, , large area, , unit, , BOD removal effi-, , chamber, , L, = 2 to 3, B, , H = 1.2 - 1.8 m, *B, , 0.9m, , (5) Imhoff tank:septic tank, anaerobic process, sludge, Sedimentation digestin, chamber, dentention period 2 - 4 hr., *, Secondary sedimentation tank [SST]:treated sludge, sedimentation, sludge harmfull, disposal Aerobically, Note:- DORTMUND TANK:S.S.T., bottom hopper type, *, Sludge thickner:tank, sludge, *, Sludge disposal:(A) Burial (, , :-, , process, , dortmund tank, moisture content, , sludge, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 36
Page 38 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, (1) Sanitary land filling:process sludge, 1.5 thickness, layer, land, 0.15 m thickness, sand layer, mosquito breeding, nuisance, layer, Generally 7 days, layer, top layer, 0.6 m thick sand layer, Rodent, sludge, sand, sealant, use, Ex. Butyl, Rubber, polyvinyl chloride & Bitumen and Bentonite etc., method, 2 - 4 month total thickness, 20 - 40% Reduce, , (2) Composting:- Organic matter, composting, (i) Indore, Aerobic, (ii) Banglore, Anaerobic, , aerobic & anaerogic process, method, , fly, , manure, , (B) Incineration:Process sludge, 6700 C, (C) Dumping into sea:sludge, directly, , l, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 37
Page 39 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, UNIT - 8, AIR AND NOISE POLLUTION, AIR POLLUTION, S.No., 1, 2, , Primary, source, directly, 90% pollution, Ex. Sulphur oxides, , Secondary, primary, 10% pollution, Ex. H 2SO 4, , [SO 4 2 , SO4 3 , SO 4 4 ], carbon, , Ozone, , oxides, , [CO ,CO2 ], Nitrogen, , oxides, , Formeldehydes, , 2, , [NO, NO3 ], , peroxy acetyl nitrate, [PAN], , Hydrocarbon’s, [Hydrogen + carbon], Suspended particulate, matter [spm], , (1) Sulphur oxide:(a) Source:- Refineries, Combustion of fossil fuel, (b) Effect:- Breathing rate, increase, Acid rain, Note:- Acid rain:oxide, , molecule, Acid [ H 2SO4 , HNO3], , sulphur, rainfall, , Nitrogen, , acid rain, , (2) Carbon oxide:(a) Source:- Vehicle, combustion of wood of coal etc, (b) Effect:- Respiratory problem, global warming etc., Note:- Green house effect:, main gas carbon di oxide [CO2], 60%, sulphur di oxide, nitrogen oxide, methane, gases, carbon di oxide, earth, temperture, Global warming, (3) Nitrogen oxides:- [NO2, NO3], (a) Sources:- Burning of fuel at high temperature, ex. incineration plant, (b) effect:- Respiratory problem, acid rain, Blue baby diseases, (4) Hydrocarbon:Source:- hydrogen, , carbon, , molecules, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 38
Page 40 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, Ex. Petroleum fuel, effect:- Skin problem, eye irritation, (5) Suspended perticulate matter [SPM]:-, , Effect:- Respiratory problem, vision problem, eye irritation, Note:(i) Ozone layer depletion:- Chloro-fluro carbon [C.F.C.], ozone depletion, (ii) Ozone layer, Ultra-violet rays, (iii) Ozone layer, thickness, DOP SON unit, , ozone layer, , note:- SMOG:- Smoke + fog, *, , lapse rate:- temperature, , change, , (i), , Positive lapse rate:- Altitude, lapse rate, (ii) Negative lapse rate:- Altitude, lapse rate, (a) Radiation inversion, (b) Subsidience inversion, , *, , Environmental lapse rate [ELR]:- Altitude, perature, environmental lapse rate, , *, , Adiabatic lapse-rate (ALR):- Altitude, Adiabatic lapse rate, ALR, 9.80C/Km - 60 c/km, , lapse rate, temperature, , positive, , temperature, , Negative, , Environment, , pollutant, , tem-, , temperature, , Note:- ELR > ALR, Unstable environmental, ELR = ALR, Neutral environmental, Stable environmental, ELR < ALR, Lofting plume, Ideal plume, Fumigating plume, Worst plume, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 39
Page 41 :
Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar, NOISE POLLUTION, Environment, decibel, unit, Decibel, Hertz, , noise, , particular level, , noise pollution, , hearing limit, Minimum, Maximum, 1 dB, 180 dB, 10 Hz, 20, 000 Hz, , Note:(i) standard noise pressure = 20 pa, (ii) standard noise intensity = 10Watt/m2, (iii) noise level 20 dB, noise intensity 10, Ex. Noise level, Noise intensity, 20 dB, 10, 40 dB, (iv), level, noise, Resultant noise level 3 dB, Ex. 60 dB + 60 dB = 63 dB, (v) Noise limits:Zone, Silent, Residential, Commercial, industrial, , minimum, (night) dB, 40, 45, 55, 70, , m aximum, d8, 50, 55, 65, 75, , Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App., Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in, Contact No.: 9610446964, 40
