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SURYA CLASSES, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, , CHAPTER NO: 05, , MORPHOLOGY OF, FLOWERING PLANTS, , [ANGIOSPERMS], ,  Angiosperms: The most evolved, , flower and seed bearing plants in, which ovules enclosed inside the ovary known as angisopermic plants,  General characters:, 1. Size : 0.1 inches to 100 meters, 2. Lifespan: Few weeks to thousand years., 3. Forms/Habits/Types : Herbs, Shrubs, Trees, Lianas, Climbers,, Trailers, Twinners, 4. Habitats : Mesophytes [ land] ,Hydrophytes[ Water] ,, Xerophytes [Dry/Desert], Lithophytes [Rocks],, Psammophytes [Sand], Halophytes [Saline water],, Epiphytes [Grows on other plants], 5. Mode of nutrition : Mostly autotrophic mode of nutrition, Some Saprophytes and Few Parasites, 6. Division of Body: 1.Root 2. Stem 3. Leaves 4. Flowers, 7. Vegetative parts: The parts, concerned with nutrition, and growth called as, vegetative parts . Example :, Root, Stem and Leaves, 8. Floral parts: The parts, concerned with sexual, reproduction c/a floral parts, . Example : Parts of flower, 9. Root system: Homologous, and underground root, system. Root system, consists of main root and, lateral branches., 10. Shoot system:, Heterogeneous and aerial, shoot system. It consist of, stem ,branches ,leaves and, flower, , 11. Vegetative parts: The parts concerned with nutrition and growth, called as vegetative parts . Example : Root, Stem and Leaves, 1, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, , 12. Floral parts: The parts concerned with sexual reproduction c/a floral, parts . Example : Parts of flower, 13. Vascular tissue :, a. Xylem : Dead vascular tissue helps in conduction of water, b. Phloem: Live vascular tissue helps in conduction of food and, minerals., 14. Flower : Flower is modified shoot for sexual reproduction, 15. Fertilization : Internal [Direct/indirect] and double fertilization, 16. Pollination : With the help of abiotic [ water and wind] and biotic [, insects, birds, bats, animals, snail, snake] agents, 17. Types/ Class : 1. Monocotyledons 2, Dicotyledons, 18. Examples : Maize, Rose, Sunflower, Jowar ,Hibiscus, ,  Roots : The descending axis of plant body which grows downwards, in the soil called as root, General Characters:, 1. Root germinates from radical, of embryo, 2. Positively geotrophic and, hydrotropic, 3. Negatively phototrophic [, grows away from sunlight], 4. Non green and Cylindrical, 5. Homogenous in nature [, Produces similar organs, endogenously like primary &, secondary roots, 6. Not differentiated into nodes, and internodes, 7. Unable to produce dissimilar, oragns, , 2, , Functions :, 1.Fixation /Anchorage of plant, body in soil, 2.Absorption of water and, minerals, 3.Conduction of absorbed, minerals, 4.Helps in Vegetaive propogation, 5.Special functions :, Storage of food, Photosynthesis,, Excange of gases , absorption of, food & water from host, 6.Absorption of moisture fro air, 7.Helps in perennation, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, ,  Regions of Root :, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , Regions of Root., 1. Region of Root Cap: The tender apex of, root protected by, Multicellular cap like structure called as root, cap. Root cap secretes mucilage or mucin. In, hydrophytes, root cap replaced by root, pockets., 2. Region of Cell Division/ Meristem, /Growth: It is located at the tip of root, And 1 mm in length. It contains, compactly arranged meristematic cells., Meristem has great power of cell division, 3. Region of Elongation : It is present just, above region of, growth . The newely formed cells enlarge and, elongates rapidly, 4. Region of Absorption /Root hairs:, It is, piliferous /epiblema layer produces root hairs., Root hairs are tubular, unicellular and, elongated hairy structure. Root hairs remain, in contact with soil. Region root hair replaced, by every 10-15 days, 5. Region of maturation/Cell, Differentiation: The cells in this region, undergoes differentiation, and forms epidermis, cortex, endodermis,, pericycle, vascular bundle . The outermost, layer is thick walled and Permeable, , 3, , XI SCIENCE, , Functions,  Mucin lubricates, passage of root, through soil.,  Protection of region, of growth,  Longitudinal growth, of root,  Rapid cell division,  Increases length of, root,  Absorption of, mineral salts,  Absorption of water,  Increases surface, area of absorption, ,  Fixation of plants in, the soil,  Anchorage,  Conduction of, absorbed water and, minerals,  Development of, lateral roots, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, ,  Types of Roots: 1. Tap Root System 2. Adventitious Root System, Points, Tap root, Adventitious root, 1. Definition, The roots develop from The roots develop from, radical of embryo c/a, base of plumule, stem,, tap root, nodes or leaves c/a, adventitious root., 2. Synonyms, True root, Fibrous root, 3. Formation, All unequal sized roots All equal sized roots, forms tap root system forms adventitious, root system, 4. Secondary, Present, Absent, roots, 5. Tertiary roots, Present, Absent, 6. Penetration, Greater depth [Deep in Shorter depth, soil], 7. Direction of, Primary roots grows, Adventitious roots, growth, vertically and, grows vertically, secondary roots grows downwards, obliquely downwards, 8. Branching, Highly branched, Less branched, 9. Nature, Thick and stout, Thin and Fiber like, 10. Length, Unequal in length, Equal in length, 11. Modification, 11.a]Storage, Fusiform ,Conical and Simple and, Naphiform roots, Fasciculated roots, 11.b]Mechanical, Prop roots, Stilt root,, support, Climbing root, 11.c]Special, Epiphytic Root, function, Suckling root, 11.d]Respiration, Respiratory root, , , , Root modifications: The change in structure to perform special, function called as modification, , A] Modifications of Tap Root:, , I] For Food Storage: Tap root becomes swollen and fleshy. Secondary, roots remain thin. Stem reduced and bears radial leaves., , Types, of tap, roots, Carrot, 4, , Radish, , Beet, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , Conical Root, The root swollen at, base and gradually, tapers towards apex, known as conical root, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , Fusiform Root, The roots swoolen in, middle and tapering, towards base and apex, known as fusiform root, , Example : Carrot, Example : Radish, [ Daucus carota ] [ Raphanous sativus], , XI SCIENCE, , Naphiform Root, The roots are much, swollen ,spherical and, abruptly tapers into, narrow apex known as, naphiform root, Example : Beet, [ Beta vulgaris], , II] For Respiration :, Pneumatophores/Breathing Roots :, The special underground roots which, grows verticaly upward in the form of, conical spikes known as respiratory, roots., The roots are cylindrical,, unbranched, brown and contains, lenticles[small pores], Breathing roots present in, halophytes. Halophytes grows in, saline,swamp,marshy places and in, salt lakes where soil is aeration, deficient and roots does not get, oxygen, Example : Rhizophora , Heitiera,, Avicennia & Sonneratia, , B] Modification of Adventitious roots:, I] For Food storage: Tuberous roots, Simple tuberous root, The single irregular shaped roots, arises from nodes of stem and enter, into soil are known as simple, tuberous root., , Fasciculated tuberous root, A cluster of roots arise from nodes, of stem called as Fasciculated, root, , Example : Sweet Potato, [Ipomoea batatas], , Example : Dahila , Shatavari, [Asparagus racemosus ], , 5, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, , II] For Mechanical support:, Prop Root, Stilt root, The roots arise from, horizontal branches of trees, and grow vertically, downwards in the soil known, as prop root., Secondary growth present in, prop root. Prop root becomes, thick and acts as pillars. It, provides strong support to, heavy branches, , The roots arise from, lower nodes of weak, stem and grow, obliquely, downwards and, penetrate the soil, called as stilt root., [Pandanus/, Screwpipe/, Kewada], , Climbing root, , Example : Banyan tree, [ Ficus benghalensis], , Example: Maize, ,sugar cane, , Example :, Pan [ piper betal], , III] For Special Functions :, Epiphytic/ Hanging, /Assimilatory root, The aerial ,green ,hanging roots, produced by epiphytic plants, known as epiphytic roots., Epiphytic root contains spongy, tissue c/a velamen. Velamen is, hygroscopic absorb moisture from, atmosphere and also perform, photosynthesis, , Example : Vanda ,Dendrobium, 6, , The Roots arise, from nodes and, attach to support [, bark or stem of, host plant] called, as climbing root, [Kali mirch ,, Money plant, / Pathos], , Suckling /Haustoria/ Parasitic, Root, The highly specialized macroscopic, roots arise from parasites to absorb, nourishment from host plant known, as parasitic roots., Parasitic roots make connection with, vascular bundle and suck food from, phloem and water & minerals from, xylem. Saprophytes make, connection with xylem only., , Example : Amarvel/Cuscuta, Dodder, , Viscus album [Saprophyte], , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, ,  Stem :, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, , The ascending axis of plant body develops from plumule and, grows by means of terminal/apical bud known as stem or the, main ascending axis of shoot system is called as stem, General characters:, Functions :, 1. Shoot develops from plumule of, 1.Production of lateral, embryo., appendages [ branches, leaves,, flowers, fruits], 2. Stem is negatively geotrophic, 2. Provide support to lateral, and hydrotropic, appendages., 3. Stem is positively phototrophic, 3.Conduction of water &, minerals, 4. Cylindrical and erect, 4.Transportation of food, 5. Stem is heterogeneous [ produces 5.Storage of food and water, dissimilar organs like leaves and, flowers], 6. Stem is homogenous also [, 6.Helps in proliferation an, produces similar organs like, propagation, branches], 7. Stem differentiated into nodes, 7.Procuring support for, and internodes, climbing, 8. The region which produces leaves 8.Helps in perennation [, or branches and bears buds, remains dormant during, known as node., unfavourable condition and, produces shoot during, favourable condition, 9. The distance between two, 9. Provide protection from, successive nodes c/a internodes., browsing animals., 10. The compact shoot present at, 10. Young / green stem, nodal region and contains, perform photosynthesis and, meristematic tissue c/a bud., prepare food., Buds: The compact shoot, consisting condensed stem and, overlapped by young, immature, leaves., A] Vegetative / Leaf bud :, The buds which develop, into branches c/a leaf bud., a. Apical/Terminal bud : The bud, located at the apex of stem, b. Axillary/lateral bud: The bud, located at axil of the stem, c. Adventitious bud: The bud, develops from root or leaves, B] Floral/Reproductive bud: The, bud develops into flower c/a floral, bud., 7, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], ,  Stem Modification :, , XI SCIENCE, , A] Underground Stem: Storage of food, Perennation and Vegetative, Rhizome, , Propogation., , The dorso ventral, thick, brownish, and prostate stems which grows, horizontally. It shows distinct, nodes and internodes. The, terminal and axial buds are also, present. Scale leaf present at nodal, region., , Monopodial, Rhizome, The rhizome in, which growth, takes place with, the help of, terminal bud., , Sympoidal, Rhizome, The rhizome in, which growth, takes place, with the help, of, axillary/lateral, buds, , Example : Lotus,, Pteris, , Example :, Ginger ,, Turmic, ,Canna, , Stem Tuber, , The condensed stem with compactly, arranged scale leaf above and fibrous, root below called as bulb., It contains centrally placed apical, bud and lateral axillary bud. Scale, leaves are concentrically arranged, and overlapped over buds. Inner scale, leaves [cataphylls] are thick, swollen, and fleshy. Outer scale leaves are, thin, dry and papery. Lower surface of, stem produced adventitious root., Tuniculated bulb, Scaly bulb, Apical buds, surrounded by, concentric rings of, fleshy scale leaves, , Apical buds, partially, surrounded, by scale, leaves by, their margins, only., , Example : Onion, , Example :, Garlic, , The swollen tips/apex of underground, branches of stem is c/a stem tuber., Tuber shows nodes,, internodes and scale leaves. The scale, leaves present at nodes c/a eyes. The, adventitious roots are absent. Eyes, sprout and produce aerial shoot., , 8, , Bulb, , Corm, , The condensed form of rhizome, which grows vertically called as, corn., Corm is fleshy, stout, upright, and thick. It bears many axillary, buds at axils of scale leaves., Adventitious roots develops from, base or sides of stem, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , Example : Potato [ Solanum, tuberosum ], , Example : Arbi [colocasia], Zamikand [ Amorphophallous], , B] Sub-aerial Stem Modifications :, Runner, Sucker, Stolon, , The spherical, narrow, ,green , horizontal, prostate branch arises, from axillary bud of, erect shoot c/a, runner. The prostate, contains nodes and, internodes. Nodes, bears scale leaves and, axillary buds. Axillary, bud forms, adventitious roots., , The, underground, runner which, grows, horizontally, for some, distance and, comes above, soil obliquely, and produces, green leaves, / young, shoot., , Example : Lawn grass[, Cynodon dactylon], Hydrocotyl [centrella, asiatica] ,Oxalis, , Example :, Mint/Pudina, Chrysanthemum, , 9, , XI SCIENCE, , Offset, , The runner grows, upward and then, bends down to, meet soil c/a, stolon., Stolon contains, only one, internode and, node/ terminal or, apical bud., Terminal bud, forms new shoot, and adventitious, root, Example :, Mentha, , The offset is, shorter and, thicker, runner, having only, one, internode, and terminal, bud. Offset, found in, aquatic, plants., Example :, Jalkumbhi, [Eichhornia], & Pistia, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , C] Aerial Modifications:, Stem Tendrils, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , Stem Thorn, , Thin,long ,green ,leafless,wiry and, highly sensitive structure formed, from axillary or apical buds c/a, tendrils. Tendrils are slender, ,cylindrical, coiled and unbranhed ., Tendrils present in plants with, weak stem. It helps in climbing and, provide support., Example : Passion flower [passiflora], Cucurbita [Axillary buds], Vitis [Apical bud], Antigonon [floral bud], , XI SCIENCE, , The hard,pointed,vascular,straight, structured formed from axillary, buds called as thorn., Thorn are branched or, unbranched . Leaves branches are, flowers developed on thorn., Thorn provide protection from, browsing animals., Examples: Duranta , Citrus, , Phylloclade /Cladophyll, , Cladode, , Bulbils, , The green flattened, structure with distinct, nodes and internodes called, as phylloclade. Stem, modified into leaf and leaf, modified into spine. It is, thick, fleshy and succulent, contains mucilage. It helps, in photosynthesis and, prevents water loss, Example : Opuntia [, Nagphani], , Modified stem forms, green branches and, limited growth c/a, cladode. The leaves, modified into stem, , Axillary buds, modified into, fleshy, swollen, rounded and, irregular structure, c/a bulbils., , Example : Shatavari, , Example :Dioscorea, , 10, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, ,  Leaf :, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, , Dorsoventrally compressed, expanded, green lateral, appendages produced at the nodes of stem c/a leaf. Leaf develops, from leaf primordium so also c/a phyllopodium., , General Characters:, , 1. Leaf develops at the nodes of, stem, 2.Positively phototrophic, 3.Thin,expanded and green, 4.Exogenous in origin, 5.Shows limited growth, 6.Axillary buds present in the axil, of leaf, 7.It does not possess apical buds, 8. Chlorophyll pigment present, 9. Stomata present on lower and, upper epidermis., , Structure:, , 1. Leaf base [ Hypopodium/Phyllopodium]: The part of leaf attached to, stem/branch is known as leaf base., 2. Stipules: A pair of lateral appendages presents at leaf base c/a stipules., It helps in protection of bud., o Stipulate leaf : Leaf with stipule, o Ex-stipulate leaf : Leaf without stipule., 3. Bud : Condensed shoot present at leaf base., 4. Petiole [Mesopodium]: The stalk of leaf which attaches to leaf base is, c/a stipule. Petiole exposed lamina towards sunlight and helps in, conduction of water and minerals., o Petiolate leaf : leaf with petiole, o Non-petiolate leaf : leaf without petiole, 5. Lamina [Epipodium] : The green flattened expanded part of laef is c/a, lamina., o Dorsiventral lamina : Ventral surface structurally different from, dorsal surface [ dicots], o Iso bilateral lamina : Ventral and lateral surface are similar, [monocots], o Centric/Cylindrical lamina : Difficult to identify ventral and dorsal, surface of leaf.[ Onion ,Garlic], 6. Margins: The distal edges of lamina c/a margins., 7. Leaf apex:Two margins converge at a point c/a leaf apex., 8. Midvein/ Mid Rib: It is present at the middle of lamina. It bifurgates, into lateral veins and veinlets., 9. Leaf lets: Lateral veins divides lamina into separate segments c/a, leaflets, 11, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, , 10. Stomata: The minute openings/pores present on ventral and dorsal, surface of leaf known as stomata. Stomata help in photosynthesis,, Transpiration and exchange of gases., , , , Types of leaves: On the basis of incision of lamina., A] Simple leaf: Single leaf blade /lamina present., B] Compound leaf: Lamina is divided into number of leaflets or segments., , a. Pinnately compound : Midrib/rachis contains number o leaflets., 1. Unipinate : Neem, 3. Tripinate : Drumstick, 2. Bipinate : Gulmohar 4. Decompound : Coriander, b. Palmately compound: All leaflets attached to a common point to, tip of petiole, 1. Unifoliate : Citrus, 4. Trifoliate: Wood apple, 2. Bifoliate : Zygophyllum 5. Quardafoliate : Maresilea, 3. Multifoliate : Silk cotton, , 12, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, ,  Leaf modifications:, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, , Leaf spines, , Leaf tendrils, , Entire leaf modified into hard, pointed structure c/a spine., Spines reduce transpiration., Sometimes only stipules or leaf, apex modified into spines, Example : Ziziphus , Agacia,, Agave, , Entire leaf or part of leaf modified, into elongated , thin, cylindrical,, coiled and wiry structure c/a leaf, tendrils. Leaf tendrils help in, climbing and support., Example : Wild pea[ entire leaf ] ,, Sweet pea [terminal leaflet] , Gloriosa, [leaf apex] ,Smilax[stipules], , Leaf hooks, , Phyllode, , Terminal 3 leaflets modified into, curved and pointed structure c/a, leaf hooks. Leaf hooks helps in, climbing and support., , The petiole modified into flat,green, leaf like structure c/a phyllode. It, helps in xerophytic adaptation to, reduce transpiration, , Example : Bignonia, , Example : Acacia auriculiformis, ,  Phyllotaxy :, , The arrangement of leaves on stem /branches in, definite manner is known as phyllotaxy., A] Alternate phylloytaxy : Single leaf arises at each node ., Example : Sunflower ,Mango, B] Opposite phyllotaxy : Two leaves arises at each node in, opposite direction., 13, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, , a. Opposite decusscate/spiral : One pair of leaf placed at right, angle to next pair. Example : Calotropis Ocimum, b. Opposite superposed : All the pairs of leaflets arranged one above, other ., Example : Jamun ,Guava, C] Whorled/Verticullate phyllotaxy: More than two leaves arises from, each node and forms whorl., Example : Nerium, ,  Venation: The arrangement of veins and veinlets in the lamina c/a, venation. Venation forms vascular system ,provide definite shape and, strength to leaf and also forms endoskeleton of lamina, , A. Reticulate venation: Veins and veinlets forms a network., , a. Unicostate /Pinnate venation: In this venation only one, Midrib/costa present. Example: Mango, b. Multicostate /Palmate venation : In this venation, two or more, Mid veins are present, i. Convergent multicostate: Midveins converge at the apex, Example : Zizyphus, ii. Divergent multicostate : Midveins diverge to the margins, Example : Castor, 14, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, , B. Parallel venation : Veins and veinlets runs parallel., , a. Unicostate venation : Lateral veins runs parallel, b. Multicostate venation : Prominent veins arising from petiole, and runs parallel., i. Convergent Multicostate: Prominent veins converge at the apex, Example : Bamboo, ii. Divergent Multicostate : Prominent veins diverge towards margins., Example : Grass, Rice, fan palm, ,  Flower :, , The condensed reproductive shoot modified for sexual, reproduction is c/a flower, , A. Pedicel: The short stalk of flower is c/a pedicel., o Pedicellate /stalked flower : Flower with pedicel, o Non- Pedicellate /Sessile flower : Flower with pedicel, B. Thalamus/Receptacle: The terminal end of flower /pedicel which is, expanded and swollen c/a thalamus. Each thalamus consist of 4, compactly arranged nodes and 3 highly condensed internodes., C. Whorl: The circle of modified leaves present on thalamus c/a whorls., 1. Calyx :The outermost whorl of flower made up of sepals c/a calyx., Sepal is individual unit of calyx which is small,flat,leaf like green and, sessile.,  Functions: Protection of inner whorls and photosynthesis, 15, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, , 2. Corolla: The second whorl of flower made up of petals c/a corolla. Petal, is individual unit of corolla which is large flat, leaf like, colored and, sessile., o Polypetalous flower: Flower with free petals [ Rose], o Gamopetalous flower : Flower with united petals [ Sunflower],  Functions:, 1. Protection of essential whorl in bud condition., 2. Attract birds and insects for pollination, 3. Production of scent and nectar, 4. Provide landing platform for birds and insects, 3. Perianth : The undifferentiated whorl due to no distinction of calyx and, corolla and made up of tepals. Tepal is individual unit of perianth., o Sepaloid Perianth: Green perianth, o Petaloid Perianth :Brightly colored perianth, o Polyphyllous Flower : Flower with free tepals, o Gamophyllous Flower : Flower with united tepals, 4. Androecium : The third whorl of flower which is made up of stamen, c/a androecium. Stamen is individual unit of androecium, o Stamens [Microsporophyll]: The modified male reproductive leaf., o Polyandrous flower : Flower with free stamens, o Epipetalous Flower : Flower with united stamens with petals, a. Filament: The thin and slender stalk of stamen., o Adelphy: The condition in which filaments of stamens are united and, anthers are free., i. Monoadelphous Filament : United filaments forms single bundle, of anther [ Hibiscous], ii. Diadelphous Filament : United filaments forms two bundles of, anthers [ Pea], iii. Polyadelphous Filament : United filaments forms many bundles, of anther [ Lemon], o Syngeny : The condition in which filaments are free and anthers are, united [ Sunflower ], b. Anther :Upper swollen fertile part of stamen which contains one or, two lobes . Each lobe contains two chambers /locules called as, pollen sac or pollen chamber[Microsoprangium]which produces, pollen grains [ micropsore]. Pollen grains male gametes., o Monothecous anther : Single lobed anther, o Dithecous anther : Double lobed anther, c. Connectives: The mid rib like sterile strip which joins two anther, lobes., 5. Gynoecium/Pistal : The innermost whorl of flower is c/a gynoecium., Carpel is individual unit of gynoecium.,  Syncarpous Gynoecium :Fused carpels [Chinaroae],  Apocarpous Gynoecium : Free carpels[ Rose], 16, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, , o Carpel [Megasporophyll]: The modified female reproductive leaf., o Monocarpellary /Single pistal : Pistal with single carpel, o Polycarpellary /Compound pistal : Pistal with two or many carpels., i. Bicarpellary : 2 Carpels [ Datura], ii. Tricarpellary : 3 Carpels [ Cucurbita], iii. Pentacarpellary : 5 Crapels [ Hibiscus], a. Ovary: The basal swollen fertile part of which contains ovule [mega, sporangium]called as overy., o Monocarpellary syncarpous Ovary : Pistal with single fused carpel, o Polycarpellary syncarpous ovary : Pistal with many fused carpel, b. Ovule : The small fertile globular structure present in ovary, o Unilocular ovary : only one carpel, o Bilocular ovary: Two carpels, o Trilocular ovary : Three carpels, o Pentalocular ovary :Five carpels, c. Style: The narrow,elongated, thread like tubular structure connects, ovary to stigma c/a style, d. Stigma: The free,rough, sticky terminal part of carpel is c/a stigma., It provide place for pollen germination., ,  Inflorescence :, , A cluster of flowers produced on peduncle of plant is, c/a inflorescence. Or Reproductive axis bearing a group of similar flowers, in a cluster c/a inflorescence.,  Parts of Inflorescence :, 1. Peduncle : Reproductive/inflorescence axis on which flowers produced, ., 2. Bract : Specialized stalk on the peduncle on which flowers are, produced, o Bracteate Flower : Flower with bract, o Ebractate Flower : Flower without bract, 3. Receptacle : The compressed peduncle .,  Types :, A. Racemose inflorescence :Apical bud never converted into terminal, flower. Peduncle shows indefinite growth, 1. Acropetal sucession : Racemose inflorescence in which older flower, present at base and younger flowers present at apex., Example : Caesalpinia, 2. Centripetal Sucession: Racemose inflorescence in which older flower, present at periphery and younger flowers present at centre., Example : Gulmohar, Sunflower, B. Cymose inflorescence : Apical bud converted into terminal flower., Peduncle shows definite growth, 17, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, , 1. Basipetal sucession : Cymose inflorescence in which older flowers, present at apex and younger flower at base., Example : Jasmine, hibiscous, 2. Centrifugal sucession : Cymose inflorescence in which older flower, present at centre and younger flower present at periphery., Example : Nerium, ,  Placentation : The mode of arrangement of ovules on the, placenta with in the ovary called as placentation, , Marginal, The ovules, produced at, fused margins, of unilocular, ovary, , Basal, Single ovule, produced at, the base of, unilocular, ovary, , Axile, The ovules, produced on, central axis of, multilocular, ovary, , Example : Pea, ,Bean, , Example :, Sunflower, , Example : China, rose, , Parietal, The ovules, produced on inner, wall of unilocular, ovary of, multicarpellary, syncarpous, gynoecium, ,  Classification of plants according to presence of flower, :, , 1. Monoecious plant : The plants on which both male and female flowers, are present Example : Maize, Cucurbita, 2. Dioecious plant : The plant which contains male or female flowers only, called as dioecious plant, Example : Papaya, mulberry, Date palm, 3. Polygamous plant : The plants with male, female and neuter flowers, Example: Mango., , 18, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, ,  Symmetry of Flower :, , Types, Synonyms, Definition, , Example, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , Actinomorphic, Regular / Radial, symmetry, The flowers, which divided into, two equal halves, along any plane, Mustard, China, rose, , Zygomorphic, Mono, symmetrical, The flowers, divided into only, one plane, Pea, Ocimum, , XI SCIENCE, , Asymmetrical, Irregular, Flowers can not, divided into two, equal halves, along any plane, Canna, ,  Aestivation : The mode of arrangement of sepals and petals in a, floral bud is known as aestivation., Valvate, Twisted/, Imbricate, Aestivation, Contorted, Aestivation, The margins of, The one, Only one sepal, sepals lies close margin, overlapped by, to each other, overlapped by both margins, but do not, adjacent one, and remaining, overlap., amd other, overlapped at, margin, one margin, overlapped to, adjacent one, Ex: Datura,, Calotropis, , 19, , Ex: Cotton, China Rose, , Ex: Crassia, Bauhinia, , Vexillary, Aestivation, Butter fly shaped, aestivation. The, outermost and, largest petal is c/a, standard /vexillum., Two lateral petals are, wings and two small, petals fused and, boat shaped c/a, keel/carcina, Ex: Pea, Bean, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, ,  Insertion of floral whorls :, , The arrangement of rest of floral, whorls with respect to gynoecium on the, thalamus c/a insertion of floral whorls., Figure, , Types, Thalamus, Ovary, Rest of, whorls, , Hypogyny, Convex / Conical, distinct &, elongated, Occupies superior, position, Inserted below, ovary, , Position of, Superior, ovary, Other whorls Inferior, Example, Bringal , Mustard, , China Rose ,, Hibiscus &, Michelia, , Perigyny, Cup/Saucer, shaped, , Epigyny, Grow upward, encloses ovary, , Present in, cavity of, thalamus, Arises from rim, /cup of, thalamus, Inferior, , Present, completely on, thalamus, Arises from top, of thalamus, , Superior, Rose , Bean ,, Pea, , Superior, Sunflower ,, Gauva ,, Pomergranate., , Inferior, ,  Fruit : The mature/ripened ovary developed after fertilization with or, without seed c/a fruit., , Structure of Fruit :, , 1. Pericarp /Fruit wall:, Pericarp is a wall of fruit, developed from ovary. In, some plants Pericarp, differentiated into 3 parts., a. Epicarp :, b. Mesocarp :, c. Endocarp :, 2. Seed : Seed is fertilized, ovule, , 20, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, , Types of Fruit :, , 1. True Fruit: Fruit developed from ovary after fertilization., Example: Mango, 2. False/Pesudocarpus Fruit: Fruit developed from ovary after, fertilization and contains floral parts like receptacle develops as a part, of fruit. Example: Apple, Pear, 3. Parthenocarpous Fruit: Fruit which developed from ovary without, fertilization Example: Banana, Grapes, Cashew nut., , Types of Fruits :, , A. Simple Fruit: Fruit which developed from only single flower, having monocarpellary or pentacarpelllary ovary., a. Dry fruit: Pericarp becomes dry and thin at maturity., i., Dehiscent: The dry fruit which breaks naturally to liberate seed, called as dehiscent fruit., a. Legume : The dry fruit dehisces along with both sutures.[Pea], b. Capsule : The dry fruit dehisces with dorsal or ventral sutures [, Lady’s finger], ii. Indehiscent: The dry fruit which does not break naturally c/a, as indehiscent dry fruit.[ sunflower, Maize, Rice, Jawar], b. Fleshy fruit: Pericarp becomes fleshy and thick at maturity., i. Indehiscent: The fleshy fruit which does not break naturally., a. Drupe: Single seed fruit with 3 differentiated Pericarp, wall.[mango], b. Berry: Many seeded fruit with protective epicarp and fleshy, edible mesocarp and endocarp.[ Brinjal, Gauva, Tomato]., c. Hesperdium : Seeded fruit in which epicarp and mesoarp fused, [rind] and endocarp juicy.[Lemon], B. Aggregate fruit : The fruit developed from pentacarpelllary, apocarpous gynoecium of a single flower. Ovary of each carpel develops, into small simple fruitlet.The collection of many fruitlets on a common, elongated thalamus forms bunch called as aggregate fruit. [ Custard, apple, strawberry, Raspberry, Grapes], C. Multiple/ Composite fruit : The simple fruit compactly arranged on, a peduncle and appears single large massive fruit., a. Sorosis : Pineapple, Jack fruit, b. Syncosus: Fig, , 21, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, ,  Seed: Fertilized and metamorphosed ovule containing embryo enclosed, in resistant protective coats., , A.Dicotyledonous seed :, , 1. Seed Coat: The double walled protective covering of seed is known as, seed coat., a. Testa: Outer thick and resistant layer of seed coat is testa., b. Tegmen: Inner thin and membranous layer of seed coat., 2. Funicle : The small stalk of seed attached to inner wall of fruit., 3. Hilum : The elevated point from which funicle arises and visible scar, formation appears, , 4. Micropyle: A small pore present close to the hilum on testa known, as micropyle. From micropyle, radicle emerges out., 5. Raphe: A ridge on testa known as raphe., 6. Kernel: The contents present in seed coat known as kernel., 7.Embryo: Embryo consists of embryo axis and cotyledons., 8. Embryo axis [ Tigellum] : It contains radicle and plumule., a. Hypocotyl: The part of embryo axis between radicle and first node, is hypocotyls., b. Epicotyl : The part of embryo axis between cotyledons and, plumule., 9.Cotyledons : Cotyledons are two in numbers., 10., Hypocotyl: The part of embryo axis between radicle and first, node is hypocotyls., 11., Epicotyl : The part of embryo axis between cotyledons and, plumule., , 22, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE

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SURYA CLASSES, , LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY [PAPER-I], , XI SCIENCE, ,  Types of dicotyledonous seeds on the basis of, endosperm :, , 1. Non-aluminous/ Non endospermic seed: The seed without, endosperm is known as non endospermic seed., The entire endosperm used during development of embryo and, it lacks in mature seed., 2. Aluminous/ Endospermic seed: The seed with endosperm known as, endospermic seed., The entire endosperm not used during development of embryo, and it present in mature seed. The cotyledons are thin and papery., , B.Monocotyledonous seed :, , 1. Hull: The thin layer formed by fusion of seed coat and forms, covering called as hull., 2. Epithelium: The definite layer which forms two unequal parts of, seed known as epithelium. The bigger upper portion is endosperm, and smaller lower portion is embryo., 3. Endosperm: The bigger upper yellowish portion of epithelium, known as endosperm. Endosperm is nutritive tissue and a product, of second fertilization, 4. Embryo: The smaller lower whitish opaque portion of epithelium., 5. Scutellum : The single shield shaped cotyledon called as scutellum., The upper portion of embryo axis is plumule and lower portion is, radicle., 6. Coteoptile : The protective sheath which covers plumule c/a, coteoptile., 7. Coleorhizae: The protective sheath which covers radicle c/a, coleorhize., , 23, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS| SIGN OUT BY DR. VIRESH SHELKE