More from Rahul Gayke

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CONTENTS, , 2., , Stem, , 145, , 3., , Leaf, , 147, , 4., , Inflorescence, , 152, , 5., , Flower, , 156, , 6., , Placentation, , 162, , 7., , Fruit, , 163, , 8., , Families of angiosperms, , -2, , Exercise-I (Conceptual Questions), , 173, , 188, , 19, , 9., , 0, , 143, , N, , Root, , Exercise-II (Previous Years Questions), , 11., , Exercise-III (Analytical Questions), , 201, , 12., , Exercise-IV (Assertion & Reason), , 204, , 193, , ss, io, , n, , 20, , 10., , Se, , A, , Page, , 1., , LL, E, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS, , S.No., , E, NEET SYLLABUS, , Structural Organisation in Plants : Morphology and modifications; functions of different parts of flowering plants:, Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit, seed & families (Cruciferae, Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae,, Liliaceae, Compositae, Poaceae, Cucurbitaceae)

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PROF ESSOR, , VI SHAMBAR, , PURI, , obtained DSc (1940) from Agra University., He was Principal of Meerut College, Meerut, (1965-69). He worked in the areas of floral, morphology. He offered a new interpretation, of crucifer gynoecium and classified, , PROFESSOR V. PURI, , inferior ovary. He also authored the book, , (1909-2002), , LL, E, , member of INSA council and also editor of, the journal of the Indian Botanical Society., , Lecture Award by INSA (1990). The Indian, , ss, io, , Botanical Society has Instituted the Medal in, , n, , Professor Panchanan Maheshwari Memorial, , 20, , Puri won the Birbal Sahni Medal (1964) and, , Se, , A, , his honour, awarded annually since 1981., , 19, , 'History of botany' (Floral anatomy). Puri was, , -2, , families. He discussed the morphology of, , 0, , N, , placentation in cucurbitaceae and other

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ALLEN, , Pre-Medical : Biology, , MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS, ROOT, , Roots are (+) vely geotropic, (+) vely hydrotropic, (–) vely phototropic., TYPES OF ROOTS, l, , Tap roots :– In most of the dicot plants, the direct elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of, primary root. It bears lateral roots of several orders that are referred to as secondary, tertiary roots, etc., The primary roots and its branches constitute the tap root system. Eg. :- mustard plant, , l, , Adventitious roots :– In some plants, like grass, Monstera and the banyan tree, roots develop from, parts of the plant other than the radicle and are known as adventitious roots., Fibrous roots :- In monocot plants, the primary root is short lived and is replaced by a large number of, , N, , l, , Tap root system, , 0, , -2, , 20, , Fibrous root system, , n, , Primary root, , Region of, elongation, , Root cap, (Thimble like), , Region of, meristematic activity, , ss, io, , Secondary roots, , Root hair, , Lateral roots, , Tertiary, roots, , Region of, maturation, , 19, , LL, E, , roots. These roots originate from the base of the stem and constitute the fibrous root system. Eg. :- wheat plant, , The regions of the root, , Functions of the root system :- Absorption of water and minerals, provide a proper anchorage to the plant, , A, , PGR (plant growth regulators)., , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\01-MOD-A.P65, , MODIFIED ROOTS, , E, , 1., , Se, , parts, storage of reserve food material (Carrot, radish, turnip, sweet potato and Asparagus) and synthesis of, , Modified tap root for storage :, (i), , Fusiform roots/Spindle roots - These root are thicker in the middle and tapering on both ends., eg. :- Radish, , (ii), , Conical roots - These roots are thicker at their upper side and tapering at lower side eg. Carrot, , (iii), , Napiform roots - These roots become swollen and spherical at upper end and tapering (like a thread), at their lower end. Eg. Turnip, sugarbeet = beet root (Beta vulgaris), , (iv), , Tuberous roots - These roots do not have regular shape and any portion of roots become swollen &, fleshy. Eg. Mirabilis., , 143

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Pre-Medical : Biology, (v), , ALLEN, , Nodulated roots - Nodules are formed on branches of roots by nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium)., Eg. Plants of Papilionatae sub family of leguminosae family - Pea, gram, bean, Nodules, , Tuberous root, , Napiform root, , Nodulated root, , Tap root modified for respiration, , Pneumathodes, (Breathing pores), , In marshy/swampy areas, scarcity of, oxygen is found. Some branches of tap, root of the plants which grow in this, region, grow vertically upward and comes, on the surface. These roots are called, pneumatophores which have minute, por es called pneumathodes o r, lenticels by which air enters in the plant, and plant gets oxygen for respiration, Pne umat opho res are nega tively, geotropic, , N, , Pneumatophore, , Mangrove plant, , -2, , LL, E, , Pneumatophore, , Normal root, , 19, , Respiratory roots (Pneumatophores) of Rhizophora, , 20, , Eg. Rhizophora, Heritiera, (Mangrove plants), Modification of adventitious roots :, , Fasciculated roots - These are adventitious roots occuring in clusters and all of them are swollen., Eg. Asparagus, dahlia, , (ii), , Beaded or moniliform roots - Root swells up like a bead at different places after a regular interval., Eg. Vitis(grapes), Momordica (bitter gourd), Portulaca., , (iii), , Tuberous adventitious roots : The food is stored in these roots, therefore they become swollen and irregular., These roots have no definite shape Eg. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus), , (iv), , Se, , A, , ss, io, , n, , (i), , Stilt roots or brace roots - These roots arise from lower node and enter in the soil. These roots are, supporting roots. Eg. Maize, sugarcane, Pandanus (screwpine)., , Leaves, Stilt roots, , Fasciculated, roots, , 144, , Beaded or, Moniliform roots, , Tuberous, roots, , Stilt roots, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\01-MOD-A.P65, , 2., , Conical root, , 0, , Fusiform root, , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , Prop roots or pillar roots - These hanging roots arise from branches of plant and grow downward towards, , (v), , the soil. These roots support the tree. Eg. Banyan (Ficus bengalensis), (vi), , Climbing roots - These roots arise from nodes and help in climbing Eg. Money plant (Pothos), Monstera,, betel (Piper betel), black pepper., , (vii), , Foliar roots or Epiphyllous roots :– When roots arise from leaf then they are called foliar roots., Eg. Bryophyllum, Begonia., , (viii), , Sucking roots or Haustorial roots or Parasitic roots :– In parasitic plants, roots enter in the host plant, to absorb nutrition from the host. Eg. Dendrophthoe, Cuscuta, Viscum., , (ix), , Annulated roots : In these roots swelling occurs in a series of rings on the roots. Eg. Ipecac., , N, , Stem, Branches, Petiole, , Climbing roots, , Foliar roots, , LL, E, , Prop roots, , STEM, , Annulated roots, , 20, , Climbing roots, , -2, , Adventitious, leaf buds, , 19, , Prop roots, (growing, downward), , 0, , Support, , n, , Stem develops from the plumule of the embryo of a germinating seed. The stem bears nodes and internodes., The region of the stem where leaves are borne are called nodes while the portions between two nodes are, called internodes. Stem shows negatively geotropic growth., , Caudex/Columnar :– It is unbranched, erect, cylindrical stem and marked with scars of fallen leaves., , A, , (i), , eg :– Palm., , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\01-MOD-A.P65, , (ii), , E, , Se, , Forms of stem :–, , ss, io, , The main function of the stem is spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers and fruits. It conducts, water, minerals and photosynthates (food). Some stems perform the function of storage of food (potato,, ginger, turmeric, zaminkand and Colocasia), support, protection and of vegetative propagation., , Culm :– Jointed stem with solid nodes & hollow internodes. eg :– Bamboo (Gramineae)., , Modification of stems :–, , A - sub-aerial modification of stem - These are creeping stems., (1), , Runner - In these stems roots develop at lower side and leaves at upper side from the nodes eg. Cynodon, dactylon (doob grass), Oxalis, Strawberry., , (2), , Stolon - In it branches develop from the lower part of the main stem and grow for some distance like arch and, finally touch the ground to give rise to new shoot. Eg. Fragaria (Wild strawberry) , jasmine, peppermint, , (3), , Sucker - In it the main stem grows in the soil but branches develop from basal and underground nodes and, comesout from the soil. Eg. Mint, pineapple, Chrysanthemum, banana., , 145

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , Offset - Generally these occur in aquatic plants which have fragile stem. Internodes of offset are small & thicker and, , (4), , each node bears a rosette of leaves and a tuft of roots. It is also known as aquatic runner. Eg. Pistia,, Eichhornia, Offset, Stoton, , Sucker, , Roots, arising, from, nodes, Runner, , Stolon, , Offset, , Sucker, , B – Underground modification of stem, This type of modification occurs generally for food storage and vegetative propagation., , (2), , Rhizome - It is fleshy stem which grows horizontally in the soil. Nodes and small internodes are found which, are covered by scaly leaves. Eg. Ginger, turmeric, canna, water lily, banana., , (3), , Corm - It is condensed structure which grows vertically under the soil surface. Eg. Colocasia, Alocasia,, zaminkand, saffron, Colchicum., , l, , Organ of perennation - Underground stems of potato, ginger, turmeric, Colocasia, zaminkand are, modified to store food in them. They also act as organ of perennation to tide over conditions unfavourable for, growth., , -2, , 19, , 20, , LL, E, Scar of scale leaf, , Inter node, , Bud, , Scar of stem, , Germinating eye bud, , Scale leaf, , Eye, , Tuber, , Node, , Scale leaves, , Internode, Scale leaf, , Corm, , Daughter, corm, Adventitious, roots, , Corm, , 146, , Reduced disc, like stem, , Adventitious root, , Bulb, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\01-MOD-A.P65, , A, , Rhizome, , Se, , Adventitious, Roots, , ss, io, , n, , Node, , 0, , Tuber - The tips of branches become swollen in the soil. Eyes are found on tuber which are axillary, buds and axillary buds are covered with scaly leaves. Eg. Potato., , N, , (1), , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, (4), , Bulb - Stem is highly reduced and disc like and surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves. Many roots arise from, its base. Eg. Onion, garlic. The fleshy leaves of onion and garlic store food., , Note : Type of stem in banana is rhizome and modification is sucker. Banana propagates through rhizome. Aerial, part of banana plant which looks like stem is pseudostem (leaf bases)., C - Aerial modification of stem, (1), , Stem tendril - In this type of modification axillary bud forms tendril in place of branches and helps in climbing, of those plants which have weak stem. Eg. Grapes/Grapevines, Passiflora, gourds (cucumber, pumpkins,, watermelon), , (2), , Stem thorn - Thorn develops from axillary bud of the stem. It may bear leaves, flowers., Eg. Carissa (karonda), Bougainvillea, pomegranate, Citrus, l, , Flower, , 19, Spines, , 20, , LL, E, , Thorn, , -2, , Floral bud, , 0, , Phylloclade - Stem is modified into a fleshy flat (Opuntia) or fleshy cylindrical (Euphorbia) and green leaf, like structure and carries out photosynthesis like leaf. The leaves are modified into spines Eg. Opuntia,, Euphorbia, cactus, Casuarina (cylindrical)., , N, , (3), , Thorn protects plant from browsing animals. It is a woody pointed structure., , Node, , Stem thorn, , ss, io, , Stem tendril, , n, , Internode, , Phylloclade, , Stem modified, into leaf-like, structure, (Phylloclade), , LEAF, , Se, , A, , The leaves develop from the nodes. Their main function is to carry out photosynthesis or food formation,, axillary buds are found in the axil of leaves. The axillary bud may develop into a branch. Leaves originate from, shoot apical meristems and are arranged in an acropetal order., Leaf is a lateral outgrowth of stem developed exogenously at the node., , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\01-MOD-A.P65, , Leaf (Phyllopodium) is divided into 3 main parts :–, , E, , (1), , Leaf base (Hypopodium) - The part of leaf which is attached to stem is known as leaf base. Sheathing leaf, base is found in monocots. In monocots, the leaf base expands into a sheath covering the stem partially or, wholly. Pulvinus leaf bases are found in some legume plants. Swollen leaf base is known as pulvinus, leaf base., , (2), , Petiole (Mesopodium) - The part of leaf connecting the lamina with the branch or stem is known as petiole., Petiole or stalk containing leaves are known as petiolate leaves and when petiole or stalk is absent then, leaves are called sessile. In Eichhornia petiole swells up and in Citrus it is winged. The petiole helps hold the, blade to light. Long thin flexible petioles allow leaf blades to flutter in wind, thereby cooling the leaf and, bringing fresh air to leaf surface., , 147

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Pre-Medical : Biology, (3), , ALLEN, , Lamina (Leaf blade=Epipodium) - It is a broad and green flattened part of leaf. Its main functions are, photosynthesis and transpiration., , Stipules :–, Leaves of some plants have two lateral appendages on either side of leaf base, known as stipules., Leaf with stipule is known as stipulate leaf, eg. Fabaceae Leaf without stipule is called ex-stipulate leaf, eg. Solanaceae, Liliaceae., Stipules are of various types Free lateral- They are independently present on both sides of leaf base. Eg. Hibiscus rosasinensis (China, rose)., , 2., , Foliaceous - These type of stipules are leaf like. Eg. :– Pea, , N, , 1., , Free lateral, , Foliaceous, , -2, , Stipule, , 0, , Stipule, , 4., , Ochreate - When both stipules of a leaf combine together and form a tube like structure, then it is called, ochreate. Eg. Polygonum, , 5., , Tendrillar - Stipules are modified into tendrils like structure. Eg. Smilax, , A, , Spiny, , Types of Leaves -, , Stipule, , Ochreate, , Se, , Stipule, , ss, io, , n, , 20, , 19, , Spiny - Stipules modified into spine like structures. Eg. Zizyphus (ber), , LL, E, , 3., , Stipule, , Tendrillar, , Bracteoles - These are leaf like structures found on pedicel., , VENATION OF LAMINA, The arrangement of veins and veinlets in leaf lamina is known as venation. It is of 2 - types, (1) Reticulate. It is found in dicots. Exception – Calophyllum (It has parallel venation), (2) Parallel. It is found in monocots. Exception – Smilax (It has reticulate venation), 1., , 148, , Reticulate venation - In this type of venation lateral veins are divided into various branches (veinlets) and, vein lets form a net like structure., , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\01-MOD-A.P65, , Bracts - These are leaf like structure which may present at base of pedicel of flower., , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , Reticulate venation is of 2 types -, , (a), , Unicostate or pinnate - This type of venation is having only one principal vein or midrib that gives off, many lateral veins which proceed towards margin and apex of lamina of the leaf and form a network., , (b), , Multicostate or palmate - In this type of venation many principal veins arising from the tip of petiole, and proceed upward, this is again of two types -, , Multicostate, , N, , Unicostate, , -2, , They are of 2 types (a), , 19, , Parallel venation - In this type of venation, all veins run parallel to each other and they donot form network., , LL, E, , 2., , 0, , RETICULATE VENATION, , Unicostate or pinnate : This type of pattern is having only one principal vein, that gives off many, , 20, , lateral veins, which proceed toward the margin of leaf blade in a parallel manner but they donot have, veinlets., , Multicostate or palmate : This type of pattern is having many principal veins arising from the tip of, , n, , (b), , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\01-MOD-A.P65, , A, , Se, , ss, io, , the petiole and proceeding upwards., , E, , Unicostate, , Multicostate, , PARALLEL VENATION, , 149

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , MODIFICATION OF LEAVES, When leaves are modified into different structures then it is called modification of leaves., (1), , Leaf tendril - In some plants whole leaf is modified into a wire like structure which is called leaf tendril. Tendril, helps is climbing. Eg. Lathyrus aphaca (wild pea) ® Peas., , (2), , Leaf spine - Leaves are modified into pointed spines. Eg. Opuntia, Cacti, Argemone., , (3), , Leaf pitcher - Leaves of some plants are modified into pitcher shaped structure. Eg. Nepenthes (pitcher, plant) (Only lamina is modified into pitcher). Water is stored in the pitcher of Dischidia (complete leaf is, modified into pitcher). In Nepenthes insectivorous pitcher while in Dischidia - non insectivorous pitcher is, formed., , (4), , Leaf bladder - In some plants, leaves are modified into bladder like structure, Eg. Utricularia (bladder wort), Phyllode - In some plants petiole becomes flat leaf like green. Synthesises food and functions as normal leaf., , (5), , N, , Eg. : Australian acacia, Parkinsonia., Leaflet tendril - When leaflet is modified into tendril like structure then it is called leaflet tendril., , (6), , LL, E, , Bladder, , 20, , Leaf, tendril, , 19, , Leaflet hook - eg. Cat's nail (Bignonia unguis cati), , (7), , -2, , Note : Dionaea (venus flytrap) is insectivorous plant and it also has modified leaves., , 0, , Eg. : Pisum sativum (garden pea), Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea)., , ss, io, , Lid (Leaf apex ), , n, , Leaf base, , Hairs, , Petiole, , Valve, , Leaf bladder, , Leaf pitcher, , Leaves, modified, into spines, , Phyllode, , Fleshy, leaves, Leaf spines, , 150, , Leaf fleshy leaves, , Phyllode, , Leaflet tendril, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\01-MOD-A.P65, , A, , Leaf tendril, , Se, , Pitcher (lamina), , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, SIMPLE AND COMPOUND LEAF, (1), , Simple Leaf : A leaf is said to be simple, when its lamina is entire or may be incised to any depth,, but not up to the midrib or petiole. Eg. :- Peepal, mango, radish., , (2), , Compound leaf : A leaf in which the leaf blade (lamina) is incised up to the midrib or petiole, thus, dividing it into several small parts, i.e. leaflets., , It has two types :–, (A), , Pinnately compound leaf : In this type of leaf, leaf blade (lamina) is incised upto the mid rib and mid, , 0, , -2, , 19, , Palmately, compound leaf, , LL, E, , Pinnately, compound leaf, , N, , rib is known as rachis. A number of leaflets are present on a common axis, the rachis., Eg. Neem, , Palmately compound leaf : In this type incisions of leaf are directed from leaf margins to apex of the petiole, and all leaflets are attached at a common point i.e. at the tip of the petiole. Rachis is absent in, palmately compound leaf. Eg. Silkcotton (Bombax)., , l, , A bud is present in the axil of petiole in both simple and compound leaves, but not in the axil, of leaflets of the compound leaf., , ss, io, , n, , 20, , (B), , PHYLLOTAXY, , A, , This is usually of three types., , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\01-MOD-A.P65, , (i), , E, , Alternate : In this type a single leaf, arises at each node at alternate, , Se, , Phyllotaxy is the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch., , manner. Eg. Mustard, chinarose,, sunflower., , (ii), , (iii), , Opposite : In this type of phyllotaxy, a pair of leaves arise at each node, and lie opposite to, each other. eg, Guava, Calotropis,, Ocimum, Whorled : If more than two leaves, arise at each node and form a whorl,, then it is called whorled phyllotaxy., , (A), , (B), , (C), , (A) Alternate (B) Opposite (C) Whorled, , Eg. Alstonia (devil tree), Nerium, , 151

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , INFLORESCENCE, The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is, termed as inflorescence., RACEMOSE/INDEFINITE In this type of inflorescence, the main axis continues to grow and does not terminate, in a flower and flowers are borne laterally in an acropetal, order/acropetal succession (Where old flowers are, arranged at lower side and young flowers are at upper side)., This is of following types :, Racemose inflorescence, , Raceme - In this type of inflorescence, peduncle (main, , N, , pedicellate., , 4, , Eg. Radish, mustard, , Floral axis = Peduncle, , 5, , 3, , 2, , 1, , pedicellated flowers like raceme and are arranged in acropetal, , Spike - In this type of inflorescence peduncle is elongated, , ss, io, , but flowers are sessile (without pedicel). Eg. Achyranthes., , Compound Raceme, (Panicle), , 20, , Raceme of racemes or panicle Eg. Gulmohar, Cassia., , Pedicel, , Raceme, , 5, 4, , n, , manner then it is known as compound raceme or, , 19, , LL, E, , l When peduncle is branched and each branch bear, , 2., , 0, , axis or floral axis) is elongated and flowers are, , -2, , 1., , 3, 2, , l When peduncle is branched and each branch bears spike, , 1, , like infloresence then the small branch having flowers is called, , Se, , A, , spikelet and this arrangement is called spike of spikelets., , Spike, , Eg. Grass family (Gramineae = Poaceae)., , Catkin/Amentum - In this type of inflorescence peduncle, , 4, , is thin, long and weak, and flowers are sessile and, , 6, , unisexual unisexual flowers develop on separate catkin., , Eg. Mulberry (Shahtoot)., , 152, , 3, 5, , 8, , 7, , Catkin, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , 3., , 1, 2, , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, 4., , Spadix - In this type of inflorescence peduncle is thick,, long and fleshy and it has small sessile and unisexual, flowers covered with one or more large green or colourful, Peduncle, , bracts (spathe)., , Eg. Colocasia, maize, aroids. (palms - compound spadix), l, l, , Spathe (bract), , Grain of maize is a fruit (caryopsis)., , Male flowers, , Long filamentous threads (Silky hairs) protrud-, , Female flowers, , ing at the end of a young cob of maize are styles., Spathe, , Spadix, , Corymb - In this type of inflorescence peduncle is short, , and all flowers are present at same level because the lower, , -2, , flower has much longer pedicel than the upper ones., , cluster, then this type of inflorescence is called, , 20, , compound corymb or corymb of corymbs., eg Cauliflower, , Umbel - An inflorescence in which the flower stalks, (Pedicels) are of more or less equal in length, arise from, the same point. At the base of flowers stalk, there is, whorl of bracts forming the involucre. eg. Centella (brahmi), l If peduncle is branched and each branch has flower, cluster then this type of inflorescence is called compound, umbel or umbel of umbels eg. Coriandrum, (coriander or dhania), Foeniculum (fennel or saunph),, , n, , Corymb, , Involucre, , Se, , A, , ss, io, , 6., , 19, , LL, E, , eg. Candytuft (Iberis amara) = chandani, Capsella., , l If peduncle is branched and each branch has flower, , 0, , 5., , Mixed spadix is found in banana., , N, , l, , Umbel, , Cuminum (cumin or jeera) (Umbelliferae or Apiaceae, , Compound, Umbel, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , family)., , E, , 7., , Capitulum/Racemose head, (Anthodium) - In this type of, inflorescence tip of peduncle becomes, broad, flattened concave or convex, (receptacle). On it small sessile, flowers are found. These flowers are, called florets., The florets which are present in centre, are small & called disc florets and, florets which are present at periphery, are large & called ray florets, florets, are arranged in centripetal order., , Ray Floret, , Involucre, Disc Floret, , Receptacle, , A, , Ray floret, B, , Disc floret, C, , 153

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , In this type of inflorescence florets may be unisexual, bisexual and sterile. This inflorescence is surrounded, by one or more involucre. It is most advanced type of inflorescence, because a single insect can, easily pollinate innumerable florets within a very short time without having to fly from one flower to another., The ultimate advantage is that this mass pollination helps the setting of seeds in most heads for reproduction,, multiplication in number and continuity of species. Eg. Compositae/Asteraceae family [Sunflower,, zinnia, marigold (Tagetes)]., CYMOSE/DEFINITE, In this type of inflorescence, the main axis/peduncle, terminates in a flower hence is limited in growth. In, it the older flowers are present at upper side and young, flowers are arranged towards the base. This type of, , N, , arrangement is called basipetal succession/basipetal, order., It is of following types -, , Uniparous cyme/Monochasial cyme - The peduncle ending, , -2, , 1., , on the same side on peduncle forming a sort of helix,, then it is called helicoid cyme. Eg. Heliotropium., , (b), , Scorpioid cyme - In this type one lateral branch, , develops on one side and the other branch develops, other. Eg. Begonia, , 2., , Biparous cyme / Dichasial cyme - In this, , Helicoid, , Se, , type of inflorescence peduncle ends in a flower, , Scorpioid, , ss, io, , opposite to first one, i.e. they lie alternate to each, , 20, , Helicoid cyme - When all lateral branches develop, , n, , (a), , 19, , LL, E, , in a flower producing one lateral branch at a time which, also ending in a flower. It is of two types -, , 0, , Cymose inflorescence, , A, , and from the basal part of peduncle two lateral, , branches arise which also end in a flower, now, this same arrangement occurs on these lateral, Eg. Bougainvillea, jasmine, , 3., , Multiparous cyme/Polychasial cyme - In, this type of inflorescence peduncle ends in a, , Biparous cyme, , Multiparous cyme, , flower and from the base of it many lateral, branches arise, which also terminate in flower, this arrangement now also occurs on these lateral branches, eg. Calotropis (madar), , 154, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , branches., , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , SPECIAL TYPE OF INFLORESCENCE, 1., , Cyathium - The bracts or the involucres become fused to form a cup shaped structure, on the margin, of it secretory gland is found. In the central part of cup shaped structure a female flower is found, which, matures earlier. Due to the growth of pedicel this flower comes out from the cup shaped structure. Achlamydeous, female flower is surrounded by small achlamydeous male flowers. The male flowers, which lie towards the, centre mature earlier than the flowers which lie towards the periphery. Male flowers are represented by, stamens, This type of inflorescence is found in Euphorbiaceae family - Euphorbia, Poinsettia., Ratio of female & male flowers ® One : many, , -2, , in this inflorescence. Eg. Ficus species - banyan, fig, peepal, , 0, , 3., , Verticillaster - This type of inflorescence is found in Labiatae/Lamiaceae family. In this type of inflorescence, leaves are arranged in opposite manner on stem. From the axil of each leaf inflorescence develops. From, the main axis, lateral axis arises, on which flowers are found. Now from these branches lateral branches, develop also which bear flowers. In this type of inflorescence each dichasial cyme changes into monochasial, (scorpioid) cyme. Eg. Labiatae/Lamiaceae family-Salvia, Ocimum (tulsi)., Hypanthodium - In this type of inflorescence upper part of peduncle is modified into a pear shaped, structure having cavity with a pore (ostiole). At the base of cavity female flowers develop while towards, the pore male flowers develop. All three types of flowers (male, female, sterile female) are present, , N, , 2., , LL, E, , Note : Cyathium & hypanthodium inflorescence are similar in having unisexual flowers., , 19, , Pore (Ostiole), , Female flower, , Male, flowers, , 20, , Male, flowers, , n, , ss, io, , Pedicel, , Cup of involucre, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , E, , 2., , 3., 4., 5., , Verticillaster, , Fleshy, Receptacle, , Hypanthodium, , Se, , A, , Cyathium, , 1., , Female, flowers, , BEGINNER'S BOX-1, , ROOTS TO INFLORESCENCE, In which of the following type of underground modification of stem, storage of food does not occur in stem, ?, (1) Bulb, (2) Rhizome, (3) Corm, (4) Tuber, , Fasciculated roots are found in :(1) Asparagus, (2) Colocasia, , (3) Ginger, , (4) Turmeric, , Lamina is also known as :(1) Phyllopodium, (2) Epipodium, , (3) Mesopodium, , (4) Hypopodium, , Phyllode & cladode are :(1) Homologous, (2) Analogous, , (3) Vestigial organs, , (4) Homoanalogous organs, , Name the inflorescence in which only unisexual flowers are present., (1) Cyathium, (2) Capitulum, (3) Raceme, , (4) Umbel, , 155

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, GOLDEN KEY POINTS, , l, , Tap roots arise from radicle whereas adventitious roots arise from any other part of plant other than radicle., , l, , Root cap is thimble like structure., , l, , Gladiolus is an example of corm., , l, , Opuntia and Euphorbia are examples of phylloclade., , l, , In Nepenthes, only lamina is modified into pitcher like structure., , l, , In Achlamydeous flower, accessory whorls are absent., , l, , In Portulaca food storing adventitious root is present., , N, , FLOWER, , A flower is a modified shoot where in the shoot apical meristem changes to floral meristem., , -2, , flower, it is always solitary., , 0, , Internodes do not elongate and the axis gets condensed. When a shoot tip transforms into a, , There are 4 types of floral leaves., (1) Sepal, , (4) Carpel, , n, , A typical flower has four different kinds of whorls arranged successively on thalamus. These are calyx,, corolla, androecium and gynoecium., , l, , (3) Stamen, , ss, io, , l, , (2) Petal, , 20, , which is called thalamus. Floral leaves are present on it., , 19, , LL, E, , Generally flower has a short or long stalk which is called pedicel. The upper part of pedicel is swollen,, , Calyx and corolla are accessory organs or accessory whorls while androecium and gynoecium, are reproductive organs or reproductive whorls or essential whorls., , l, , Incomplete flower : Any whorl is absent e.g. Unisexual flower, , l, , Bisexual flower : Perfect flower, , l, , Unisexual flower : Imperfect flower, , l, , A flower may be trimerous, tetramerous or pentamerous when the floral appendages are in multiple of 3,4, , or 5, respectively. In dicots flowers are usually pentamerous while in monocots flowers are trimerous., , 156, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , Se, , Complete flower : All four whorls are present., , A, , l, , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, Androecium, (collection of stamens), Filament, , Anther, , long stalk, , Style, , N, , Ovary, , Calyx, (Collection of sepals), , 20, , Parts of a flower, , SYMMETRY OF FLOWER, 1., , 19, , LL, E, , Pedicel, (stalk of flower), , -2, , Thalamus, (Swollen end of the stalk or pedicel), , 0, , Corolla, (Collection of petals), , Gynoecium [Collection of carpel(s)], , Stigma, , Actinomorphic/Radial/Regular - When a flower can be divided into two equal radial halves by any, , n, , vertical plane or radial plane passing through the centre, then it is said to be actinomorphic flower, eg. Mustard, Datura, chilli., , Zygomorphic/Bilateral - When a flower can be divided into two equal (similar) halves only by one particular, , ss, io, , 2., , vertical plane, then it is said to be zygomorphic flower. eg. Pea, bean, gulmohur, Cassia., 3., , Asymmetrical/Irregular - When a flower cannot be divided into two equal (similar) halves from any, , l, , Se, , vertical plane passing through the centre, then it is said to be asymmetrical flower. eg. Canna., The part of flower which lies near to the mother axis is posterior part while the part which, , A, , is far from the mother axis is anterior part of flower., , The position of the mother axis with respect to the flower is represented by a dot on the top of the, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , floral diagram., , E, , TYPES OF FLOWERS ON THE BASIS OF INSERTION OF FLORAL LEAVES, , The relative position of gynoecium changes with respect to floral parts. Based on the position of calyx,, corolla and androecium in respect of the ovary on thalamus, the flowers are divided into three types., , (1), , Hypogynous flower - When gynoecium occupies the highest position while the other parts like petals,, sepals and stamens are situated below the ovary, then the flower is called hypogynous and in this condition, ovary will be superior. eg. Mustard, china rose, brinjal, mango., , (2), , Perigynous flower - In it thalamus grows upwardly and form a cup shaped structure. On the margin, or rim of thalamus floral parts are attached except gynoecium, which lies at the basal part or in the, centre. So in this condition gynoecium is situated below the other floral parts. But ovary in this condition, is said to be half inferior. Eg. Rose, plum, peach., , 157

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Pre-Medical : Biology, (3), , ALLEN, , Epigynous flower - When the margin of thalamus grows upward enclosing the ovary completely and getting, fused with it and other parts of flower like petals, sepals & stamens are situated above the ovary, then, the ovary is said to be inferior and rest of the floral parts superior. Eg. Guava, apple, cucumber and, the rayflorets of sunflower., , LL, E, , Bracteate flower - The flower with bract is called bracteate flower., , Ebracteate flower - Flower without bract is known as ebracteate flower., Involucre - The whorl of bracts is called involucre., , 19, , Bract is a reduced leaf found at the base of the pedicel of flower., , -2, , N, , BRACT -, , 0, , Epigynous, , Perigynous, , Hypogynous, , 20, , Spathe - When large bract completely encloses whole inflorescence, then it is called spathe., Eg. Banana, maize, , Petaloid bract -, , When the size of bract is greater than the size of flower and it is of various, , n, , coloured like petals, then it is called petaloid bract. Eg. Bougainvillea., , ss, io, , Glumes - Small, dry, scaly bracts are called glumes. Eg. Wheat, grass (Gramineae family)., CALYX -, , l, , Sepals are green leaf like and protect the flower in the bud stage., , l, , In calyx of Mussaenda, one of the sepal enlarges and forms a leaf like structure. It may be brightly, coloured. It attracts the insects and thus acts as advertisement flag/advertising flag., , l, , In Trapa, Calyx is modified into spines and helps in protection of fruits., , l, , In the family of sunflower (compositae) sepals are modified into hairy structure which is known as, pappus. The pappus is modified calyx and helps in dispersal of fruit by parachute mechanism., , l, , If sepals do not fall and remain attached to fruit, then they are called persistent sepals., Eg. Tomato, chilli, brinjal, cotton, Datura, , 158, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , Se, , A, , The outermost whorl of flower is called calyx. Each member of this whorl is called sepal, when all the, sepals are free from each other, then it is called polysepalous condition eg. Mustard, radish. When, the sepals are fused (united) with each other then this condition is called gamosepalous condition. Eg., Cotton, Datura, brinjal., , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, COROLLA -, , The second whorl of flower is called corolla and each member of corolla is called petal. When all the, petals are free, then it is called polypetalous condition and when petals are fused, then it is called, gamopetalous condition., l, , Petals are usually of brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination., , FORMS OF COROLLA (A) Actinomorphic Polypetalous Corolla, Cruciform - In cruciform corolla 4 petals are found. These petals, are arranged crosswise. The lower narrow part of petal is called, claw while the upper broad part is called limb. Eg. Radish, mustard, (Cruciferae), (B) Actinomorphic Gamopetalous Corolla, , Cruciform corolla, , N, , Campanulate/Bell shaped - In this type of corolla 5 fused petals are present. It's shape is similar, to bell. Eg. Tobacco, raspberry, Campanula., , (ii), , Tubular - In this type 5 fused petals form tubular (tube like) or cylindrical structure., , (iv), , -2, , Funnel shaped or infundibuliform - In this type 5 fused petals are found. It's shape is similar, to funnel. Eg. Datura, railway creeper, Petunia, , 20, , (iii), , LL, E, , Eg. Disc florets of sunflower., , 0, , (i), , 19, , (1), , Wheel shaped/Rotate - In this type 5 gamopetalous petals are found and the fused parts form, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , Campanulate, (Bell shaped), , E, , Se, , A, , ss, io, , n, , small tube and the petals are arranged in a whorl above the tube. Eg. Brinjal., , Tubular, (Tube like), , ZYGOMORPHIC POLYPETALOUS COROLLA Papilionaceous (Butter fly shaped corolla), - In this type of corolla five petals are found., Posterior petal is largest and is known as standard, or vexillum. Vexillum covers two lateral petals, which are called wings or alae and the innermost, anterior petals are united to form a keel or carina., Both lateral petals cover the keel. Eg. Pea, bean,, gram, (Papilionatae)., , Infundibuliform, (Funnel shaped), , Rotate, (Wheel shaped), , Vexillum or Standard, Wings, or, Alae, Keel, or, Carina, , COROLLA, , 159

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , ZYGOMORPHIC GAMOPETALOUS COROLLA, (i), , Bilabiate - The petals of gamopetalous corolla, are divided into two lips. The place between two, lips is called corolla mouth Eg. Ocimum (holy basil, = tulsi), Salvia (Labiatae family), , (ii), , Ligulate - The upper part of corolla is long,, flattened tongue like which is attached with short, narrow tube., , Eg. Ray florets of sunflower., Ligulate, , Bilabiate, AESTIVATION, , The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud with respect to the other members, of the same whorl is known as aestivation. It is of following types :Valvate - When the petal of a whorl lie adjacent to other petal and just touch one another at the margin, , N, , (1), , without overlapping then it is known as valvate aestivation. Eg. Calotropis plant, Cruciferae, Solanaceae, & Liliaceae family., , Twisted - In this type one margin of a petal covers adjacent petal and the other margin is covered, , 0, , (2), , 19, , (3), , LL, E, , by the another one. Eg. Cotton, ladyfinger, china rose (Malvaceae family)., , -2, , by another petal. One margin of the petal overlaps that of the next one, and the other margin is overlapped, , Imbricate - When both margins of the one petal are covered by the other two petals and both margin, of another one, covers other. Rest are arranged in twisted manner. OR If the margins of sepals or petals, , 20, , overlap one another but not in any particular direction, then it is known as imbricate aestivation., Eg.: Cassia, gulmohur (Delonix regia)., , Ascending imbricate :- The posterior petal is innermost i.e., its both margins are overlapped. e.g., , n, , l, (4), , ss, io, , Caesalpinoidae sub-family of leguminosae., , Vexillary or Papilionaceous or Descending imbricate - The posterior petal is outermost and, largest and is known as standard or vexillum which overlaps the two lateral petals wings or alae., These two laterals petals overlaps two smallest anterior petals i.e. keel or carina. Vexillary arrangement, Quincuncial :- Out of the five petals, two are completely internal, two are completely external and, , A, , (5), , Se, , is found in pea family. Eg. Pea, bean (Papilionatae sub-family of leguminosae family)., , Quincuncial, , Valvate, , 160, , Twisted, , Imbricate, , Vexillary, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , in the remaining petal, one margin is internal and the other margin is external. e.g. Murraya., , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, ANDROECIUM, , It is composed of stamens. When the stamens of an androecium are free from one another, then it is, called polyandrous condition,, COHESION OF STAMENS :When the floral parts of similar whorl are fused, then it is called cohesion., (1), , When stamens are united by their filaments only, then it is called adelphy. It is of following types-, , (a), , Monoadelphous - In this type of cohesion all the filaments are united into a single bundle or one, bunch but anthers remain free. In this type of cohesion a tube is formed arround the gynoecium which, is called staminal tube Eg. China rose (Malvaceae family)., , (b), , Diadelphous - In this type of cohesion filaments are united into two bundles but the anthers remain, free Eg. Pea (Papilionatae)., In these plants out of 10 stamens, 9 stamens are united into a bundle while 1 stamen remains free., , (2), , Syngenesious - Only anthers are united in bundle, but filaments remain free eg. Compositae family., , (3), , Synandrous - Anthers as well as filaments of stamens are united through their whole length., Eg. Colocasia, Alocasia, Cucurbitaceae family., , Diadelphous, , Polyadelphous, , -2, , 19, , 20, , Monoadelphous, , Filaments, , Syngenesious, , Synandrous, , n, , Staminal, tube, , LL, E, , Anthers, , 0, , Polyadelphous - Filaments are united into more than two bundles. Eg. Citrus., , N, , (c), , ss, io, , ADHESION OF STAMENS -, , When the stamens are attached to other parts of flower, then it is called adhesion of stamens., , (2), , Epiphyllous or Epitepalous - Stamens are attached to the tepals (perianth) . Eg. Lily. (Liliaceae), , (3), , Gynandrous - Complete stamens or only anthers are attached to the gynoecium. Eg. Calotropis, Aristolochia, , LENGTH OF STAMENS -, , Se, , Epipetalous - Stamens are attached to the petals. Eg. Brinjal. (Solanaceae), , A, , (1), , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , There may be a variation in the length of filaments within a flower, as in Salvia and mustard., , E, , (1), , Didynamous - If four stamens are present and out of them, , two are long and two are short, then it is called didynamous, condition. Eg. Lamiaceae/Labiatae family (Salvia), , (2), , Tetradynamous - When there are six stamens and, they are arranged in two whorls. In outer whorl, there, are two short stamens while in inner whorl, there are, four long stamens, this condition is called tetradynamous., Eg. Cruciferae family (Mustard, radish, turnip)., , Didynamous, , Tetradynamous, , 161

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , GYNOECIUM, l, , Gynoecium is female reproductive organ of the flower and is made up of one or more carpels., , l, , If only one carpel is present in gynoecium then this condition is called monocarpellary condition., , l, , If more than one carpel is present in gynoecium then this condition is called polycarpellary., , l, , When all the carpels in polycarpellary/multicarpellary condition are free, then this condition is called, apocarpous. eg. lotus, rose, Michelia., , l, , When all the carpels are fused, then this condition is called syncarpous. eg. Papaver, Hibiscus, mustard, tomato., , PLACENTATION, The ovules are attached on ovary walls on one or more cushion like structure called placenta. The manner in which, , N, , placenta or ovules are arranged on ovary wall is known as placentation or The arrangement of ovules within, the ovary is known as placentation. It is of following types:, (1), , Marginal : This type of placentation is found in monocarpellary gynoecium. In this type of placentation, , 0, , placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary and the ovules are borne on, , Axile : This type of placentation is found in multicarpellary, syncarpous gynoecium. Ovary is multilocular, , LL, E, , (2), , -2, , this ridge forming two rows, as in pea. There is no true placenta. Eg. Pea (Leguminosae family)., , carpels fused., , Eg. china rose, lemon, tomato., , Parietal : This type of placentation is found in unilocular syncarpous ovary. The ovules develop on, , 20, , (3), , 19, , and the ovules are borne on the central axis. Number of chambers are equal to the number of, , the inner wall of the ovary or on peripheral part. Eg. Mustard and Argemone., In some plants, ovary is one chambered but it becomes two chambered due to formation, , n, , l, , (4), , ss, io, , of false septum or replum. Cruciferae family (Eg. Mustard, Capsella) and Argemone., Free central/Central : This type of placentation is found in syncarpous gynoecium. In it, the ovary, is unilocular (septa are absent) and the ovules are borne on the central axis., eg. Primrose, Dianthus, , Basal : The ovary is unilocular and the placenta develops at the base of ovary and a single ovule is attached at, , Se, , (5), , A, , the base of ovary. Eg. marigold, sunflower (Asteraceae / Compositae family), Gramineae / Poaceae, family., , Superficial - This type of placentation is found in multicarpellary, syncarpous, multilocular gynoecium., The ovules are attached on the entire inner surface or walls of loculii Eg. Nymphaea (water lily), Central axis, , Marginal, (L.S.), , 162, , Axile, , Parietal, , Central axis, , Free central, , Basal, (L.S.), , Superficial, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , (6), , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, FRUIT, , The fruit is the characteristic feature of the flowering plants. It is the mature or ripened ovary,, developed after fertilization. If a fruit is formed without fertilization of ovary, it is called a, parthenocarpic fruit. In some fruits like grapes, banana seeds are not found and such type of, fruits are called parthenocarpic or seedless fruits. Parthenocarpy can be induced through the, application of growth hormones., PERICARP (Fruit wall) : After ripening, the ovary wall changes into pericarp. This pericarp may be, thick and fleshy or thick and hard or thin and soft., In fleshy fruits pericarp (fruit wall) is made up of 3 layers :(a) Outermost layer, , = Epicarp, , (b) Middle layer, , = Mesocarp, , (c) Innermost layer, , = Endocarp, , (b), , Mesocarp : It is the middle layer which is thick and fleshy in mango, peach and date palm. In coconut,, this layer is made up of fibres which is also called coir, , (c), , Endocarp : It forms the innermost layer, it may be thin membranous (eg. Orange, Datepalm) or thick, and hard (eg. Mango, Coconut), , 0, , Epicarp - It is the outermost layer, it may be thick or thin and hard or soft. It forms outermost layer, of fruit which is also called rind, , N, , (a), , ss, io, , n, , Epicarp, , Mesocarp, Seed, Endocarp, , -2, , 20, , Eg. Mango, Coconut, Zizyphus, , 19, , LL, E, , TRUE FRUIT OR EUCARP : When the fruit is developed only from the ovary then the fruit is called, true fruit., , Mango, , Coconut, , Se, , FALSE FRUIT OR PSEUDOCARP : In some fruits, in place of ovary, some other parts of flower like, thalamus, calyx and inflorescence are modified into fruit or a part of fruit., , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , A, , Eg. Apple, Strawberry, Pear, Mulberry, Fig, Cashew nut, , E, , Thalamus, Seed, , Thalamus, Achene, , Endocarp, Mesocarp, False fruits of apple and strawberry, , 163

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , In apple, strawberry, cashew, etc. the thalamus also contributes to fruit formation. Such fruits are called, false fruits., CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS :, FRUIT, AGGREGATE FRUIT, • Produced from one flower, • Produced from bicarpellary, to multicarpellary but always, Apocarpous ovary, , • G1 or G(2 – µ), , • G2 – µ, Apocarpous, , • Produced from one entire, inflorescence, , Syconus (Syconium), (From hypanthodium), , 20, , SIMPLE FRUITS, , 19, , Schizocarpic, – Lomentum, – Cremocarp, – Regma, – Carcerulus, – Utricle, , Sorosis, (From spike,, spadix and, catkin), , -2, , N, , Dehiscent, – Legume/Pod, – Siliqua, – Silicula, – Capsule, , Fruits are divided into 3 types :, 1., , (Multiple Fruits), , LL, E, , Fleshy fruits / Pulpy, – Drupe, – Berry, Dry fruits, – Pepo, – Pome, – Hespiridium, Indehiscent, – Balausta, – Cypsela, – Caryopsis, – Achene, – Nut, – Samara, , • They are also called, Etaerio fruits e.g., – Etaerio of achenes, – Etaerio of berries, – Etaerio of drupes, , COMPOSITE FRUIT, , 0, , SIMPLE FRUIT, • Produced from one flower, • Produced from monocarpellary, or multicarpellary and, syncarpous ovary, , These fruits develop from ovary of monocarpellary gynoecium or, , ss, io, , n, , multicarpellary, syncarpous gynoecium and only one fruit is formed by the gynoecium., Simple fruits are of two types :, (a) Fleshy fruits, (b) Dry fruits, (a) FLESHY FRUITS In fleshy fruits, fruit wall (pericarp) is differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp, , Se, , and endocarp, these fruits are indehiscent., (1), , DRUPE FRUITS : These fruits develop from monocarpellary, superior ovaries and are one seeded., In these fruits endocarp is hard and stony, so these fruits are also called stony fruits. Eg. Mango,, coconut, almond, peach, walnut, plum. In mango the outermost cover or thin rind is called epicarp. Middle, edible fleshy part is mesocarp and the inner stony hard endocarp. In plum (Ber), epicarp and mesocarp, both are edible while endocarp is stony., The hard covering of almond and walnut is endocarp and their edible part is seed. In coconut epicarp, is hard and thin while mesocarp is thick and fibrous. The endocarp is hard and seed is proteced in it., The sweet water and edible part of coconut are liquid and solid endosperm respectively., , (2), , 164, , BERRY : These fruits develop from mono or multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary. Ovary may be superior, or inferior. Placentation is axile. Generally epicarp is thin membrane like and seeds are embedded, in fleshy part. Initially seeds are attached with placenta of fruit but after maturation these seeds, are detached from placenta and are spread randomly in fleshy part. eg. Tomato, grapes, brinjal,, guava, banana (date palm and betelnut are single seeded berry), , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , A, , Fleshy fruits are of following types :, , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, (3), , PEPO : These fruits develop from inferior ovaries. They have parietal placentation but looks, like axile due to swelling of placenta. Eg. fruits of cucurbitaceae family like cucumber (khira), water, melon (tarbooz), Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin), bitter gourd (karela), muskmelon (kharbuja)., , (4), , POME : This fruit develops from inferior ovary and having enlarged thalamus Eg. Apple, pear., These are false fruits. Fleshy swollen thalamus of these fruits is edible part., Fleshy thalamus, , Placenta, Mesocarp, +, endocarp, , Seeds, , Mesocarp, + endocarp, , Epicarp, , Placenta, , T.S. of Cucumber, , L.S. of Tomato, , N, , L.S. of Apple, , (5), , Seeds, , Seeds, , True part, , HESPERIDIUM : They have axile placentation. This fruit is specially found in the plants of Rutaceae, family. Eg. Orange, lemon., , 0, , -2, , 19, , (6), , LL, E, , Epicarp of these fruits is made up of thick rind which is having many oil glands. Mesocarp, is the white fibrous structure which is attached with epicarp. Membranous endocarp projects, inward and forms many chambers. Many glandular hairs are present on the inner side of endocarp., These glandular juicy hairs are edible., BALAUSTA : This fruit, develops from inferior ovary. Calyx is persistent which is arranged, , 20, , in the form of crown. Testa of seed is fleshy and juicy. Testa is the edible part. Eg. Pomegranate, (Punica granatum) = anar., , Epicarp, , Endocarp, , Glandular, hairs, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , Hesperidium of orange, , E, , Pericarp, Crown of, Calyx, , Se, , A, , ss, io, , n, , Mesocarp, , Succulent testa, of seeds, , Balausta of pomegranate, , DRY-FRUITS, , Pericarp (fruit wall) of simple dry fruits is not diffrentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp., In some dry fruits, pericarp dehisces/ruptures after ripening and seeds are dispersed, such fruits are called, dehiscent fruits. In some fruits, pericarp breaks/splits into one or more seeded segments, such fruits, are called schizocarpic fruits. In some fruits, pericarp does not dehisce even after maturing/ripening,, such fruits are called indehiscent fruits., Simple dry fruits can be divided into following three groups :, (i) Indehiscent, , (ii) Dehiscent, , (iii) Schizocarpic, , 165

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , i., , INDEHISCENT FRUITS These fruits do not dehisce/rupture. These simple dry fruits are generally, of small sized and single seeded., , (1), , CYPSELA : This is a small, one seeded dry fruit which develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior, ovary. In cypsela fruit pericarp (Fruit wall) and seed coat are free from each other and a bunch, of hair is attached with the fruit which is known as pappus. Pappus helps in fruit dispersal. Pappus, is modification of calyx. Eg. Compositae family (Sunflower, marigold)., , (2), , CARYOPSIS : These are small, one seeded dry fruits, which develop from monocarpellary, superior ovary., In these fruits Pericarp is fused with the seed coat and form a joint surface. These fruits are present, in family Gramineae. Eg. wheat, rice, maize etc., , (3), , ACHENE : In these fruits pericarp is free from the seed coat & pappus are absent. Eg. Clematis,, Mirabilis, Boerhaavia., , (4), , NUT : This is a single seeded fruit, its pericarp is hard., chest-nut), litchi., , Eg. Cashewnut, Trapa (water, , N, , In litchi epicarp and mesocarp is fused and give leathery appearence. Endocarp is membrane like thin., An additional coat arround the seed is formed which is called aril. Actually it is a sort of third integument., In mature fruit, this aril is fleshy and is only edible part., , -2, , Pappus, , 19, , Seed, , 20, , Caryopsis of wheat, , Aril, , n, , Seed, , 0, , SAMARA : These are dry indehiscent one seeded winged/feathery fruit. The main character of these, fruits is that wing like structure develops from pericarp which helps in dispersal of fruits. Eg. Holoptelia, (chil-bil), Dioscorea., , LL, E, , (5), , Nut of Litchi, , Samara of Holoptelia, , ss, io, , Cypsela of sunflower, , Winged, pericarp, , In Shorea robusta wing develops from calyx instead of pericarp and these fruits are called samaroid., , DEHISCENT FRUITS Pericarp of these fruits gets ruptured after ripening and seeds are, , Se, , ii., , A, , dispersed outside. These fruits are mainly of 5 types:, (1), , LEGUME OR POD : These fruits develop from monocarpellary, unilocular, superior ovary with marginal, placentation. They are generally long and multiseeded fruits. Dehiscense of fruit occurs at both sutures i.e. dorsal, , (2), , SILIQUA : This fruit develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary and ovary has parietal placentation., , Dehiscence occurs from both dorsal and ventral suture, Dehiscence starts from lower part and proceeds, upward (from base to the apex). Initially ovary is unilocular but due to formation of false septum/, replum ovary becomes bilocular later on. On false septum seeds are attached. This type of fruit is found, in Cruciferae family. Eg. Brassica (mustard)., , (3), , SILICULA : Small, broad siliqua is known as silicula. It is reduced form of siliqua., Eg. Candytuft (Iberis amara), Capsella, , (4), , CAPSULE - Dehiscence occurs by various methods. Poricidal (Porous), loculicidal, septifragal, septicidal., Eg. Papaver (poppy=opium plant), Gossypium (cotton), Datura, Abelmoschus (lady finger), onion, , 166, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , and ventral suture. Dehiscence starts from apex/tip and reaches to basal part. Eg. Pea, beans, gram., , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, AGGREGATE FRUITS, , These fruits develop from multicarpellary, apocarpous gynoecium. In apocarpous condition each, carpel is free from each other and it forms a fruitlet. Aggregate fruits are made up of a bunch, of fruitlets which is known as etaerio., (1), , Etaerio of achenes : In this type of aggregate fruit, each fruitlet is an achene. Eg. Rananculus, strawberry,, rose, lotus., In lotus, thalamus becomes spongy and some achenes are embedded in it. In strawberry, thalamus, is fleshy and small achenes are found on its surface. In rose, many achenes are present on a saucer, (cup) like inner surface of fleshy thalamus., Etaerio of berries : It is an aggregation of small berries. Eg. Polyalthia, Annona squamosa (custardapple=sitaphal). In etaerio of Anona all the berries are arranged densly on thalamus., , (3), , Etaerio of drupes : In this type of fruit, many small drupes develop from different carpels. Eg. Raspberry,, blackberry., Berries, , Thalamus, , -2, , 19, , Achenes, , Etaerio of Achenes, , 0, , Drupes, , LL, E, , Thalamus, , N, , (2), , Etaerio of Drupes, , 20, , Etaerio of Berries, , COMPOSITE FRUITS = Multiple fruits, , ss, io, , n, , All composite fruits are false fruits., , In composite fruits, generally whole inflorescence is modify into fruit. These are of two types :, (1), , SOROSIS : This fruit develops from spike, spadix or catkin inflorescence., , SYCONUS OR SYCONIUM : This fruit develops from hypanthodium inflorescence. Many achenes, , A, , (2), , Se, , Eg. : Pineapple (annanas) jack fruit (kathal), mulberry (shahtoot)., , develop from the pistillate flowers. Eg. Ficus species like Fig [anjeer (Ficus carica)], peepal (Ficus religiosa), , Perianth and bracts, , Axis, Fleshy receptacle, Seeds, , Sorosis of jack fruit, l, , 168, , Peduncle, , Syconus of fig (Anjeer), , Geocarpic fruits : Underground fruits are called geocarpic fruits. eg. Arachis (groundnut), , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , Peduncle, , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, Dispersal of fruits and seeds, , We know that most of the plants do not move from one place to another. They grow, produce flower and fruits, while remaining fixed at one and the same place. The seeds falling directly under the mother plant have to, germinate and develop under limited food supply and space. To overcome this problem, the fruits and seeds, have developed several special devices for wide dispersal. The natural agents like wind, water and animals and, even mechanism of dehiscence in some fruits, help the seeds and fruits to disperse from one place to another,, and to long distances from the parent plant., Wind –, , 0, , Water –, , -2, , N, , In the species where the seeds are light in weight or have some accessory part to help dissemination, are, dispersed by the air current. The seeds of Drum–stick and Cinchona, and fruits of yam, maple and sal tree, are, provided with one or more appendages in the form of thin, flat and membranous wings, which help them to, float in the air and be carried away to long distances. In the members of Asteraceae, the calyx is modified into, hair–like structures called pappus. They persist in fruit and open out like umbrella, helping the seeds to float in, the air. In poppy and prickly poppy (Argemone), the fruit dehisces and seeds are thrown out to a distances, away from the parent plant. The seeds of Calotropis, Alstonia and cotton are provided with hair and cover, sufficient distances alongwith the wind. The seeds of orchids and some grasses are very small and light in, weight and may be easily carried away by wind to far off places., , 19, , 20, , Animals –, , LL, E, , The fruits and seeds with specialised devices which may be in the form of spongy and fibrous outer walls as in, coconut and spongy thalamus as in lotus, and small seeds with airy aril as in water lily, float very easily in water, and are carried away to long distances with the water current., , Defense mechanism in plants, , Se, , Plants have developed special organs or devices to repulse or avoid the attack of their enemies. Some plants, like lemon, pomegranate and Duranta have thorns ; pineapple, datepalm, Agave and Yucca have sharppointed spines at the leaf ends ; silk cotton tree and rose have prickles ; Opuntia and other cacti have spines, for their protection from animals. The stinging hair with sharp and siliceous apex occur on all parts of the, body in nettles (Laportea spp) and Urtica dioica. Glandular hair with sticky substances are present in Jatropha,, Boerhaavia and tobacco. The dense coating of hair or stiff hair which are always repulsive to animals are, found in cud-weed (Gnaphalium) and in many cucurbits., , A, Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , E, , ss, io, , n, , The fruits and seeds with hooks, spines, bristles, stiff hair, etc., get attached to the body of hairy and woolly, animals and are carried away by them to distant places. For instance fruits of Xanthium and Urena bear curved, hooks, spear grass has a bunch of stiff hair, Tribulus has sharp and rigid spines Boerhaavia has sticky hair,, which help their dispersal by animals. The edible fruits like guava, grape, fig and plum are dispersed by birds, and even human beings, either by feeding on them and passing out undigested seeds with faeces or by carrying, them to other places for later feeding., , There are other defense devices like the presence of poisonous and irritating substances in the plants. These are, in the form of latex in Ficus, Nerium and Euphorbia ; alkaloids in poppy, Datura and tobacco, and irritating, substances in Colocasia and other aroids. The plants of neem and karela have a bitter taste. Production of, tannin, resin, essential oils, etc., in some plants and the geophilous habit in others (e.g. zinger , turmeric,, colocasia and onion) are protective measures. Some plants like guava, mango and litchi have a habit of harbouring, ants (myrmicophily), which save the plant from damage by other animals. Mimicry is a habit of imitating the, general appearance, colour, shape of other plants or animals, generally disliked by attackers. The aroids, (Caladium) and Sansevieria resemble spotted snakes and are thus able to scare away plant-eating animals., , 169

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, EXTRA POINTS, , 1., , Cladode : In this modification branches of limited growth become green and flat like a leaf and perform, photosynthesis. Eg. Asparagus (one internode long) Ruscus (2 internode long)., , 2., , Bulbil : It is modified vegetative bud with stored food, meant for vegetative reproduction. Eg. Agave, Oxalis,, Dioscorea (Yam)., , 3., , Cabbage represents the largest bud., , 4., , Pistillode : Sterile pistil is known as pistillode eg. Some ray florets of compositae., , 5., , Staminode : Sterile stamen is called staminode. eg. Salvia, Caesalpinoidae (Cassia, gulmohur, tamarind), , 6., , Isomerous flower : When each whorl has an equal number of parts or its multiple., Just oppsite to isomerous is heteromerous., polygamous. Eg. Polygonum, mango, Position of style :, Terminal : Arising from the tip of the ovary., , (b), , Lateral : Arising from the side of ovary. Eg. Mango,, , (c), , Gynobasic style : Arising from the depressed centre of the four-lobed ovary or directly from the, , 9., , Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) = Unopened floral bud, , 10., , Saffron (Crocus sativus) = Stigmas + Styles., , 11., , Attachment of filament to anther lobe, , The attachment of filament to another lobe is of 4 types :, , Adnate - Filament runs the whole length of the anther, from the base to the apex., , n, , (a), , (c), , ss, io, , Michelia (champa), Magnolia, , (b), , -2, , LL, E, , thalamus. Eg. Tulsi (Ocimum), Salvia., , 0, , (a), , 19, , 8., , N, , Polygamous : A plant bearing bisexual, unisexual and even neutral flower is said to be, , 20, , 7., , Basifixed - Filament is attached to anther at its base. Eg. Datura, radish, mustard, Dorsifixed - The filament is attached at the centre to the back of the anther. Dorsifixed anther, can not swing freely. Eg. Passion flower, Malvaceae family., , Versatile - Long filament is attached to the back of the anther at a point only and anther can, , Se, , (d), , Adnate, , 172, , Basifixed, , Dorsifixed, , Versatile, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\02-MOD-B.P65, , A, , swing freely. Eg. Wheat, grass, maize (Gramineae family)., , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , The ovary and style are enclosed in staminal tube but stigma remains outside., Axile placentation, (vii), , Fruit:- Loculicidal capsule e.g. Lady finger, Cotton., , (viii) Seeds:- Non endospermic, (ix), , Floral formula:Br, , [3], , +, , Epi3-7 K(5) C5 A(¥) G (5- ), ¥, , Economic importance:- The family includes many plants, of great economic importance e.g. food, fibres, oils, medicine and ornamentals:Food:- (i) Ok ra/b hindi(Lady finger) =, , Mother axis, , N, , Abelmoschus esculentus or Hibiscus, esculentus used as vegetable., (b), , K, , Oils:- From Cotton seeds (Gossypium seeds)., , The seeds of Gossypium are used for obtaining, , -2, , oil which is hydrogenated to prepare vegetable, perfumary is obtained from Hibiscus abelmoschus, , 20, , seeds., , Fibres:- Most of the economically important, fibre yielding plants belong to the family, , Bract, , n, , Soft fibres or Bast fibres :-, , ss, io, , Surface fibres:- These fibres are obtained from the surface of the seeds., Cotton = Gossypium., , (ii), , A, , FLORAL DIAGRAM, , malvaceae, (i), , C, , 19, , LL, E, , ghee.Volatile oil known as Musk seed oil used in, , (c), , Epi, , 0, , (a), , Se, , (a) Patua = Hibiscus sabdariffa (Rosella hemp), , (d), , (e), , Timber :, (i), , Ochroma lagopus = Balsa wood, lightest wood, , (ii), , Malva sylvestris = Mallow wood, , Medicine :, , Urena repanda - These roots are useful in hydrophobia., (f), , Ornamental :, (i), , China rose [Shoeflower] = Hibiscus rosasinensis - Red shoes polish is obtained from the, petals of this flower., , (ii), (g), , 176, , Holly hock [Gul- e - khera] = Althaea rosea (Blue colour is obtained from its leaves), , Vitamins:- Gossypium seeds are rich in vitamin A, D, E, and B- complex., , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\03-FAM-A.P65, , A, , (b) Patsan [Deccan hemp] = Hibiscus cannabinus, , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, 4. LEGUMINOSAE, Leguminosae family is devided into 3 - subfamilies, 1. Papilionatae/Papilionoideae/Lotoideae, , 2. Caesalpinoideae, , 3. Mimosoideae, , SUB - FAMILY ® PAPILIONATAE, = Pea family = Pulse family, = FABACEAE FAMILY, IMPORTANT FEATURES, , Trees, shrubs, herbs are found in this family., , Roots :- Roots are branched and tap root system is present. Root nodules are present. In root nodules, , -2, , N–fixing bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum are present., , 0, , [1], , N, , It is distributed all over the world., , [3], , Leaves :- Stipulate, simple or pinnately compound, leaf base pulvinate/pulvinus, venation reticu-, , 19, , Stem – Erect or climber, , LL, E, , [2], , 20, , late, alternate, , Inflorescence :- Typical raceme (racemose)., , [5], , Flower :- Bracteate, bisexual, hypogynous, penta merous and zygomorphic symmetry. The zygomorphic, , n, , [4], , ss, io, , symmetry is due to presence of different (odd) petals (dissimilar petals & androecium)., [6], , Calyx :- Sepals 5, gamosepalous, aestivation imbricate or valvate (mainly valvate), , [7], , Corolla :- This is the first main diagnostic character for the subfamilies of leguminosae. Petals, , Se, , 5, papilionaceous (Butterfly shaped), polypetalous, one petal is odd out of 5–petals, towards the mother, , A, , axis - means posterior in position. It is the largest and outer most petal which is called standard or vexillum., , ®, , Below the vexillum, two small free lateral petals present, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\04-FAM-B.P65, , which are known as wings or alae. (lateral in position), , E, , ®, , Anterior two petals fused together to form a boat, like structure called keel or carina which encloses, the essential organs. i.e. stamens and pistil/carpel., Such type of aestivation is called vexillary or descending imbricate., , Vexillum or Standard, Wings, or, Alae, Keel, or, Carina, , FIG : (COROLLA), , 179

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Pre-Medical : Biology, (B), , ROOT, Usually adventitious/fibrous. Fasciculated roots are found in Asparagus (satawar)., , (C), , STEM, The aerial stem is present in few plants. (Dracaena, Yucca, Smilax etc.), Majority of the plants have underground stem. It is of following types [i], [ii], [iii], , (3), , MODIFICATION, Cladode - eg. Asparagus, Ruscus, LEAVES, Mostly basal, linear, alternate, exstipulate with parallel venation., Exceptionally reticulate venation is found in Smilax, The stipule of Smilax and leaf tip of Gloriosa are modified into tendrils., , (c), , -2, , 19, , n, , (b), , 20, , LL, E, , N, , ®, ®, ®, , BULBS eg. - Onion, Garlic., CORM - eg. - Colchicum., RHIZOME - eg. Aloe., , 0, , *, , ALLEN, , (a), , ss, io, , (d), , INFLORESCENCE :- Solitary / Cymose; Often umbellate clusters., , A, •, , Scapigerous umbel or Cymose umbel or Umbellate clusters - e.g. Onion and Garlic, , In this type of inflorescence, a axis called scape arises from the underground stem and on, its top cluster of flowers develop, this bunch (cluster) of flowers looks like an umbel. But,, truely speaking it is not umbel. The flowers are arranged in compact monochasial scorpioid cyme, order., , (5), , FLOWER, Bracteate, bisexual, complete, actinomorphic, hypogynous and trimerous., , (6), , PERIANTH, Tepals 6, arranged in two whorls 3 + 3, Often united into tube, valvate aestivation, , (7), , ANDROECIUM, 6 stamens, epiphyllous(epitepalous), arranged in two whorls 3 + 3, polyandrous., , 182, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\04-FAM-B.P65, , (4), , Se, , Allium cepa (onion) plant : (a) Plant (b) Inflorescence (c) Flower (d) Floral diagram, , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, BEGINNER'S BOX-2, FLOWER TO FAMILIES, 1., , A flower can be regarded as perfect flower when :(1) Only one essential whorl is present, (2) Both essential whorls are present, (3) Both accessory whorls are present, (4) Both essential whorls are absent, Beauty of Bougainvillea is due to :(1) Sepal, , (4) Stipule, , (3) Sunflower, , (4) Mustard, , (2) Lady finger, , Select the correct statement?, (1) In syncarpous condition one carpel is present, , (3) Free central placentation is found in primrose, (4) Arrangement of ovaries is called placentation, Select incorrect statement ?, , 20, , 5., , 19, , LL, E, , (2) The number of locules are always equal to number of carpels in gynoecium, , 0, , Pappus is characteristic feature of :(1) Cotton, , 4., , (3) Bract, , -2, , 3., , (2) Petal, , N, , 2., , (1) Berry fruits are generally single seeded, , n, , (2) Tetradynamous stamens are found in mustard, , ss, io, , (3) Tricarpellary gynoecium is found in the members of family Liliaceae, (4) In family Cucurbitaceae, plants are generally monoecious, , Half inferior ovary is found in plum, peach, rose., , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\04-FAM-B.P65, , A, , l, , Se, , GOLDEN KEY POINTS, , E, , l, , In apocarpous condition carpels are free., , l, , Generally the fruit consists of pericarp and seeds., , l, , In fabaceae, flowers are zygomorphic., , l, , Solanaceae is commonly called 'potato family', , ANSWER KEY, BEGINNER'S BOX-1, , Que., Ans., , 1, 1, , 2, 1, , 3, 2, , 4, 2, , 5, 1, , BEGINNER'S BOX-2, , Que., Ans., , 1, 2, , 2, 3, , 3, 3, , 4, 3, , 5, 1, , 187

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , Build Up Your Understanding, , EXERCISE-I (Conceptual Questions), , Radish is an example of (1) Fusiform root, (2) Napiform root, (3) Conical root, (4) Tuberous root, , A plant with parallel venation is (1) Castor, (2) Grass, (3) Gram, (4) Mustard, , 13., , Roots associated with nitrogen fixing bacteria, are (1) Fusiform roots, (2) Napiform roots, (3) Nodulated roots, (4) Conical roots, , Stem modified into leaf like structure and leaves, are changed into spines in (1) Phyllode, (2) Tuber, (3) Phylloclade, (4) All the above, , 14., , A dicot plant showing parallel venation is (1) Smilax, (2) Calophyllum, (3) Cotton, (4) Mango, , 8., , 19, , -2, , 0, , In cyathium the ratio between female to male, flower is (1) One : One, (2) One : Many, (3) Many : One, (4) Many : Many, , Shoot/Stem develops from (1) Plumule, (2) Radicle, (3) Both 1 & 2, (4) Endosperm, , 17., , Which is an example of offset?, (1) Cynodon dactylon, (2) Eichhornia, (3) Fragaria, (4) Mentha, , The most advanced type of Inflorescence is (1) Corymb, (2) Capitulum, (3) Spadix, (4) Catkin, , 18., , Inflorescence in which many pedicellate flowers, arising to form a umbrella like structure is :(1) Umbel, (2) Cymose head, (3) Capitulum, (4) Verticillaster, , Rhizome of ginger is a modification of stem, because (1) It bears Adventitious roots, (2) It bears nodes and internodes, (3) It is underground, (4) It stores food material, , A, , 7., , 16., , 19., , Prop roots of Banyan tree are meant for, (1) Respiration, (2) Storage, (3) Providing support to big tree, (4) All, , Phylloclade is found in (1) Opuntia, (2) Cactus, (3) Acacia, (4) Both (1) & (2), , 20., , Which is not a stem modification (1) Rhizome of ginger, (2) Corm of Colocasia, (3) Pitcher of Nepenthes, (4) Tuber of potato, , 9., , Nodulated roots occurs in, (1) Liliaceae, (2) Solanaceae, (3) Malvaceae, (4) Fabaceae, , 10., , Thorns and spines are (1) Defensive organs, (2) Respiratory organs, (3) Both 1 & 2, (4) Storage organs, , 21., , A modification of petiole is (1) Phyllode, (2) Phylloclade, (3) Cladode, (4) Corm, , 11., , In onion the swollen underground structure is (1) Root, (2) Rhizome, (3) Bulb, (4) Tuber, , 22., , Cyathium inflorescence is found in (1) Croton, (2) Ficus, (3) Euphorbia, (4) Ricinus, , 188, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\05-FAM-X.P65, , 6., , Verticillaster inflorescence occurs in (1) Solanaceae, (2) Cruciferae, (3) Fabaceae, (4) Labiatae, , 20, , 5., , Which is a modification of root that does not store, food?, (1) Napiform root, (2) Fusiform root, (3) Tuberous root, (4) Stilt root, , 15., , n, , 4., , The edible part of turnip is (1) Modified Adventitious roots, (2) Modified tap root, (3) Stem, (4) Underground stem, , ss, io, , 3., , Se, , 2., , LL, E, , 1., , N, , 12., , ROOTS TO INFLORESCENCE, , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , 24., , The floral organs arise from, (1) Mother axis, (2) Thalamus, (3) Root, (4) Pedicel, , 25., , What is the eye of potato ?, (1) Axillary bud, (2) Accessory bud, (3) Adventitious bud, (4) Apical bud, , 26., , In Ruscus, the modification is :(1) Phyllode, (2) Cladode, (3) Offset, (4) Sucker, , 27., , In turmeric, stem is a :(1) Tuber, (2) Bulb, (3) Rhizome, (4) Corm, , 28., , Catkin inflorescence is found in :(1) Wheat, (2) Oat, (3) Mulberry, , (2) Malvaceae, (4) Solanaceae, , Fruit of brinjal is :(1) Berry, (3) Drupe, , (2) Hesperidium, (4) Pome, , Which of the following is false fruit ?, (1) Pome, (2) Pepo, (3) Hesperidium, (4) Drupe, , A true fruit develops from :(1) Ovary, (2) Thalamus, (3) Petals, (4) Receptacle, , 42., , Fruit of 'Ground nut" is :(1) Nut, (2) Legume, (3) Lomentum, (4) Capsule, , 43., , The first whorl of flower is of, (1) Petals, (2) Stamens, (3) Carpel (s), (4) Sepals, , 44., , Water melon is :(1) Pome fruit, (3) Pepo fruit, , (2) Sorosis fruit, (4) Drupe fruit, , Geocarpic fruit is (1) Carrot, (3) Ground nut, , (2) Radish, (4) Turnip, , Pappus is madification of (1) Bracts, (2) Corolla, (3) Calyx, (4) All, A characteristic of angiosperm is, (1) Flowers, (2) Roots, (3) Seed, (4) Stem, Adhesion in a flower is (1) Union of dissimilar parts, (2) Union of similar parts, (3) Both 1 & 2, (4) Fusion of carpels, Butterfly shaped corolla is called, (1) Campanulate, (2) Rotate, (3) Papilionaceous, (4) All, , 20, , n, , If the filaments are fused in a single group the, condition is, (1) Monoadelphous, (2) Polyadelphous, (3) Both 1 & 2, (4) Diadelphous, , 45., , Se, , 31., , ss, io, , (4) Sunflower, , A, Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\05-FAM-X.P65, , E, , Siliqua is the fruit of:(1) Cruciferae, (3) Liliaceae, , N, , (4) Fig, , Caryopsis fruit is found in (1) Wheat, (2) Pea, (3) Gram, (4) Lentil, , 35., , 38., , 41., , 30., , 34., , The fourth whorl of flower is of, (1) Petals, (2) Stamens, (3) Carpel (s), (4) Sepals, , 40., , FLOWER TO FAMILIES, , 33., , 37., , 39., , Spathe is present in the flowers of :(1) Banana, (2) Rice, (3) Marigold, , 32., , Cross form corolla is found in, (1) Leguminosae, (2) Malvaceae, (3) Cruciferae, (4) Compositae, , LL, E, , 29., , 36., , 0, , Zig–Zag development of flower on inflorescence, axis is, (1) Cyathium, (2) Capitulum, (3) Helicoid cyme, (4) Scorpioid cyme, , -2, , 23., , 19, , ALLEN, , 46., , Tetradyanamous conditions occur in :–, (1) Cruciferae, (2) Malvaceae, (3) Solanaceae, (4) Lilliaceae, , 47., , Edible part in pomegranate is :(1) Testa, (2) Epicarp, (3) Endocarp, (4) Epidermis, , 48., , Juicy hair-like structures observed in the lemon fruit, develop from :(1) Exocarp, (2) Mesocarp, (3) Endocarp, (4) Mesocarp and endocarp, , 189

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , 100. Placentation in pea, bean is :(1) Axile, (2) Parietal, (3) Marginal, (4) Basal, , 107. The inflorescence in Gramineae is :(1) Raceme, (2) Catkin, (3) Spike of spikelets, (4) Thyrsus, , 101. Colchicum autumnale belongs to :(1) Leguminosae, (2) Cruciferae, (3) Liliaceae, (4) Malvaceae, , 108. Tepals of Gramineae is termed:(1) Glume, (2) Ligule, (3) Lodicules, (4) Spur, , 102. Smilax and Gloriosa belong to :(1) Liliaceae, (2) Solanaceae, (3) Leguminosae, (4) Cruciferae, , 109. Tetradynamous stamens and cruciform corolla are, characteristic features of –, (1) Solanum tuberosum (Potato), (2) Abelmoscus esculentus (Lady finger), (3) Ochroma lagopus (Balsa), (4) Brassica campestris (Mustard), , 103. The flower of Compositae is :(1) Epigynous, (2) Perigynous, (3) Hypogynous, (4) Half perigynous, , Å, , -2, , 19, , 112. Br, , P(3+3) A3+3 G(3) floral formula belongs to, , (3) Labiatae, , (2) Liliaceae, , 20, , which family :(1) Leguminosae, , (4) Graminae, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 5, , 6, , 7, , 8, , Se, , Que., , 9, , 10, , 11, , ANSWER KEY, 12, , 13, , 14, , 15, , 1, , 3, , 2, , 4, , 1, , 2, , 2, , 4, , 4, , 1, , 3, , 2, , 3, , 2, , 4, , Que., , 16, , 17, , 18, , 19, , 20, , 21, , 22, , 23, , 24, , 25, , 26, , 27, , 28, , 29, , 30, , Ans., , 2, , 2, , 1, , 3, , 3, , 1, , 3, , 4, , 2, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 3, , 1, , 1, , Que., , 31, , 32, , 33, , 34, , 35, , 36, , 37, , 38, , 39, , 40, , 41, , 42, , 43, , 44, , 45, , Ans., , 1, , 3, , 1, , 1, , 3, , 3, , 3, , 1, , 1, , 1, , 1, , 3, , 4, , 3, , 3, , Que., , 46, , 47, , 48, , 49, , 50, , 51, , 52, , 53, , 54, , 55, , 56, , 57, , 58, , 59, , 60, , A, , Ans., , Ans., , 1, , 1, , 3, , 3, , 4, , 2, , 3, , 2, , 4, , 3, , 3, , 2, , 1, , 1, , 1, , Que., , 61, , 62, , 63, , 64, , 65, , 66, , 67, , 68, , 69, , 70, , 71, , 72, , 73, , 74, , 75, , Ans., , 4, , 1, , 1, , 2, , 2, , 2, , 2, , 3, , 1, , 3, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 2, , 1, , Que., , 76, , 77, , 78, , 79, , 80, , 81, , 82, , 83, , 84, , 85, , 86, , 87, , 88, , 89, , 90, , Ans., , 4, , 1, , 3, , 1, , 3, , 1, , 1, , 1, , 4, , 1, , 4, , 1, , 2, , 2, , 1, , Que., , 91, , 92, , 93, , 94, , 95, , 96, , 97, , 98, , 99, , 100, , 101, , 102, , 103, , 104, , 105, , Ans., , 3, , 2, , 3, , 3, , 3, , 1, , 1, , 4, , 2, , Que. 106, Ans., , 192, , 4, , 2, , 3, , 3, , 1, , 3, , 3, , 107, , 108, , 109, , 110, , 111, , 112, , 3, , 3, , 4, , 3, , 2, , 2, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\05-FAM-X.P65, , EXERCISE-I (Conceptual Questions), , ss, io, , n, , 106. Which of the following families have the largest, geographical distribution :(1) Malvaceae, (2) Leguminosae, (3) Solanaceae, (4) Compositae, , 0, , 111. Grain of Maize is –, (1) Seed, (2) Fruit, (3) Neither seed nor fruit (4) Bud of flower, , LL, E, , 105. Presence of racemose head (Capitulum) and, bicarpellary syncarpus ovary with basal placentation, belongs to, (1) Malvaceae, (2) Compositae, (3) Liliaceae, (4) Solanaceae, , N, , 110. In which of the following family, perianth and, trimerous flowers are found –, (1) Malvaceae, (2) Crucifereae, (3) Liliaceae, (4) Papilionaceae, , 104. Inferior ovary and cypsela fruit are found in :(1) Liliaceae, (2) Cruciferae, (3) Solanaceae, (4) Compositae, , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , AIPMT/NEET & AIIMS (2006-2018), , EXERCISE-II (Previous Year Questions), 9., , Pineapple (ananas) fruit develops from, (1) A unilocular polycarpellary flower, (2) A multipistillate syncarpous flower, , 2., , 10., , Cotyledons and testa respectively are edible parts, in :(1) Cashew nut and litchi, (2) Groundnut and pomegranate, (3) Walnut and tamarind, (4) French bean and coconut, , 11., , A fruit developed from hypanthodium inflorescence, is called :(1) Caryopsis, (2) Hesperidium, (3) Sorosis, (4) Syconus, , 12., , An example of axile placentation is :(1) Marigold, (2) Argemone, (3) Dianthus, (4) Lemon, , In which of the following fruits the edible part is, the aril ?, (1) Custard apple, (3) Orange, (4) Litchi, , (3) Ovaries, , (4) Hairs, , (1) Basal, , (2) Axile, , (3) Free central, , (4) Marginal, , Pentamerous, actinomorphic flowers, bicarpellary, ovary with oblique septa, and fruit a capsule or berry,, are characteristic features of, (1) Asteraceae, , (2) Brassicaceae, , (3) Solanaceae, , (4) Liliaceae, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\05-FAM-X.P65, , E, , (2) Pea, , (3) Lemon, , (4) Mustard, , AIPMT 2008, , 7., , 8., , Vegetative propagation in mint occurs by :(1) Sucker, (2) Runner, (3) Offset, (4) Rhizome, , 14., , The floral formula, (1) Tobacco, (3) Soyabean, , (2) Cucumber, , (3) Pomegranate, , (4) Orange, , +, , K(5) C(5) A5 G(2) is that of :(2) Tulip, (4) Sunnhemp, , 15., , In unilocular ovary with a single ovule the placentation, is :, (1) Axile, (2) Marginal, (3) Basal, (4) Free Central, , 16., , The technical term used for the androecium in a flower, of China rose (Hibiscus rosasinensis) is :, (1) Polyadelphous, (2) Monoadelphous, (3) Diadelphous, (4) Polyandrous, , 17., , Ovary is half-inferior in the flowers of :, (1) Cucumber, (2) Guava, , The fruit is chambered, developed from inferior, ovary and has seeds with succulent testa in :(1) Guava, , +, , AIPMT-Pre 2010, , Replum is present in the ovary of flower of :(1) Sun flower, , 13., , 20, , What type of placentation is seen in sweet pea?, , A, , 6., , (2) Styles, , ss, io, , 5., , (1) Anthers, , Se, , 4., , Long filamentous threads protruding at the end of, a young cob of maize are, , LL, E, , 3., , N, , (2) Pomegranate, , 0, , (4) A multilocular monocarpellary flower, , AIPMT 2009, , -2, , (3) A cluster of compactly borne flowers on a, common axis, , n, , 1., , Dry indehiscent single-seeded fruit formed from, bicarpellary syncarpous inferior ovary is :(1) Berry, (2) Cremocarp, (3) Caryopsis, (4) Cypsela, , 19, , AIPMT 2006, , The fleshy receptacle of syconus of fig encloses a, number of :-, , (3) Plum, 18., , (4) Brinjal, , (1) Berries, , (2) Mericarps, , Keel is characteristic of the flowers of :, (1) Bean, (2) Gulmohur, , (3) Achenes, , (4) Samaras, , (3) Cassia, , (4) Calotropis, , 193

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Pre-Medical : Biology, 23., , AIPMT-Mains 2010, 19., , ALLEN, Aestivation of petals in the flower of cotton is correctly, shown in :, , Vegetative propagation in Pistia occurs by :, (1) Offset, (2) Runner, , (1), , (2), , (3), , (4), , (3) Sucker, (4) Stolon, Which one of the following is a xerophytic plant in, which the stem is modified into a flat, green and, , AIPMT-Pre 2011, , succulent structure ?, 24., , (1) Casuarina, , (1) Root buds, , (3) Acacia, , (2) Flower buds, , N, , (2) Hydrilla, , (3) Shoot buds, , (4) Opuntia, Consider the following four statements A, B, C and, D and select the right option for two correct, , Flowers are Zygomorphic in :(1) Mustard, , (2) Gulmohur, , (3) Tomato, , (4) Datura, , LL, E, , statements :, , 25., , (A) In vexillary aestivation, the large posterior petal, , The ovary is half inferior in flowers of :-, , is called - standard, two lateral ones are wings, , (1) Peach, , and two small anterior petals are termed keel., , (3) Cotton, , (B) The floral formula for Liliaceae is, P(3+3) A3+3G(3), , (C) In pea flower the stamens are monoadelphous, (D) The floral formula for Solanaceae is, , A, (1) (A) and (B), (2) (B) and (C), , (2) Wheat, , (3) Pea, , (4) Tomato, , Which one of the following statements is correct?, (1) In tomato, fruit is a capsule, , K(3)C(3)A(4)A(2), , The correct statements are :-, , (1) Mango, , (2) Seeds of orchids have oil-rich endosperm, , (3) (C) and (D), (4) (A) and (C), , (3) Placentation in Primrose is basal, (4) Flower of tulip is a modified shoot, , 29., , The correct floral formula of chilli is :-, , The correct floral formula of soyabean is :-, , (1) Å K(5)C5A5G(2), +, , (1) % + K5C1+(2)+2 A(9)+1 G1, , (2) Å K(5) C(5) A5 G(2), +, , (2) % + K(5)C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1, , (3) Å K(5) C(5) A(5) G2, +, , (3) % + K(5)C1+2+(2) A1+(9) G1, (4) % + K(5)C1+(2)+2 A(9)+1 G1, , 194, , (4) Å K5 C5 A(5) G2, +, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\05-FAM-X.P65, , +, , (4) Guava, , Se, , Å, , 28., , (2) Cucumber, , A drupe develops in :-, , n, , +, , 27., , ss, io, , Å, , 22., , 26., , 20, , Statements :, , 0, , (4) Axillary buds, , -2, , 21., , The "Eyes" of the potato tuber are :-, , 19, , 20., , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, AIPMT-Mains 2011, Which one of the following diagrams represents the, placentation in Dianthus ?, , (2), , 33., , Marginal Parietal, , (3), , Marginal Axile, , (4), , Marginal Axile, , Parietal, , (1) Alstonia, , (2) Calotropis, , (3) Mustard, , (4) China Rose, , 36., , 37., , (4) Free central, , Vexillary aestivation is characteristic of the family:(4) Asteraceae, , (2) Opuntia, (4) Euphorbia, , How many plants in the list given below have, composi te f ruit s th at d evelop from an, inflorescence? Walnut, poppy, radish, fig,, pineapple, apple, tomato, mulberry, , Se, , In given diagram identify the A, B, C, D, E, , (2) Brassicaceae, , Phyllode is present in :-, , n, , AIIMS 2011, , A, , Free, central, , ss, io, 38., , (4) Bryophyllum - Leaf buds, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\05-FAM-X.P65, , (3) Parietal, , (3) Asparagus, , (3) Water hyacinth - Runner, , E, , Basal, , (2) Axile, , (1) Australian Acacia, , 39., , 40., , 41., , (D), , Free, central, Basal, , (1) Marginal, , (3) Fabaceae, , (2) Grass - Runner, , (C), , Basal, , Placentation in tomato and lemon is :-, , (1) Solanaceae, , Which one of the following pairs is wrongly matched, while the remaining three are correct ?, , (B), , Axile, , 0, , 35., , Whorled, simple leaves with reticulate venation are, present in :, , (A), , (E), Basal, , AIPMT-Pre 2012, , (1) Agave - Bulbils, , 34., , (D), Parietal, , -2, , 32., , Sweet potato is homologous to :(1) Turnip, (2) Potato, (3) Colocasia, (4) Ginger, , (2), , (C), Free, central, Free, central, Parietal, , LL, E, , 31., , (4), , (1), , (A), (B), Marginal Axile, , 19, , (3), , (E), , N, , (1), , 20, , 30., , (1) Two, , (2) Three, , (3) Four, , (4) Five, , Cymose inflorescence is present in :(1) Trifolium, , (2) Brassica, , (3) Solanum, , (4) Sesbania, , The coconut water and the edible part of coconut, are equivalent to :(1) Mesocarp, , (2) Embryo, , (3) Endosperm, , (4) Endocarp, , The gynoecium consists of many free pistils in flowers, of :(1) Papaver, , (2) Michelia, , (3) Aloe, , (4) Tomato, , 195

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, AIIMS 2014, , 1 . M arg in a l, , Diagram, a., , 58., , Among china rose, mustard, brinjal, potato, guava,, cucumber, onion and tulip, how many plants have, superior ovary?, (1) Four, (2) Five, (3) Six, (4) Three, , 59., , Which one of the following fruits is parthenocarpic?, (1) Banana, (2) Brinjal, (3) Apple, (4) Jackfruit, , Plant, i. L em o n, , b., , ii. S u n flo w er, , 3 . P arie ta l, , c., , iii. M ustard, , d., , N, , 2 . A x ile, , 4 . B asal, , Axile placentation is present in :, (1) Argemone, (2) Dianthus, (3) Lemon, (4) Pea, , iv . P e a, , 60., , Roots play insignificant role in absorption of water, in :, (1) Wheat, (2) Sunflower, (3) Pistia, (4) Pea, , LL, E, , Option:-, , (1) 2-a-iii, 1-c-iv, 3-b-i, 4-d-ii, , (2) 1-c-iv, 2-d-iii, 3-b-i, 4-a-ii, , 20, , (3) 1-d-iv, 2-a-i, 3-b-iii, 4-c-ii, , (4) 2-a-i, 1-d-iv, 3-c-ii, 4-b-iii, , AIIMS 2015, , Perigynous flowers are found in :(1) Cucumber, (2) China rose, (3) Rose, (4) Guava, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\05-FAM-X.P65, , E, , 55., , In ginger vegetative propagation occurs through:, (1) Offsets, (2) Bulbils, (3) Runners, (4) Rhizome, , Å, , K(5) C(5) A5 G(2) is the floral formula of :-, , (1) Sesbania, (3) Brassica, 56., , (2) Petunia, (4) Allium, , Keel is the characteristic feature of flower of :(1) Indigofera, , (2) Aloe, , (3) Tomato, , (4) Tulip, , Choose the correct floral formula with the help of, given floral diagram :-, , ss, io, , 53., , 61., , Se, , Leaves become modified into spines in :(1) Pea, (2) Onion, (3) Silk Cotton, (4) Opuntia, , A, , 52., , n, , AIPMT 2015, , 54., , -2, , Placentation, , 57., , 0, , Match the following., , 19, , 51., , Re-AIPMT 2015, , (1) Å, (2) %, , (3) Å, , +, +, +, , (4) Br Å, , K 2+2 C 4 A 2+4 G(2), K (5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1, K(5) C(5) A5 G(2), , +, , P(3+3) A3+3 G(3), , 197

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Pre-Medical : Biology, 62., , ALLEN, , Match the column-I to column-II :-, , 66., , Which of the following is not a stem modification?, (1) Pitcher of Nepenthes, , Column-II, , (2) Thorns of citrus, (3) Tendrils of cucumber, , Cotyledons, & peduncle, , (B), , Strawberry, , (ii), , Mesocarp, , (C), , Cashew nut, , (iii), , Endosperm, , (D), , Coconut, , (iv), , Thalamus, , (4) Flattened structures of Opuntia, 67., , 68., , (1) A - ii, B - iv, C - i, D - iii, (2) A - ii, B - i, C - iii, D - iv, (3) A - i, B - ii, C - iii, D - iv, , (1) plumule, , (2) coleorhiza, , (3) coleoptile, , (4) scutellum, , Stems modified into flat green organs performing, the functions of leaves are known as :-, , (4) A - iv, B - iii, C - ii, D - i, 63., , Cotyledon of maize grain is called :-, , Choose the correct floral formula with the help of, given floral diagram ?, , (1) Cladodes, , (2) Phyllodes, , (3) Phylloclades, , (4) Scales, , NEET-II 2016, , The term 'polyadelphous' is related to :-, , LL, E, , 69., , (1) Corolla, , (2) Calyx, , (4) Androecium, , 20, , (3) Gynoecium, , How many plants among Indigofera, Sesbania,, Salvia, Allium, Aloe, mustard, groundnut, radish,, gram and turnip have stamens with different lengths, in their flowers ?, , K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1, , (3) Å, , (4) Br Å, , 64., , 65., , 198, , K(5) C(5) A5 G(2), , (2) Six, , (3) Three, , (4) Four, , Radial symmetry is found in the flowers of :-, , 72., , (2) Cassia, , (3) Brassica, , (4) Trifolium, , Free-central placentation is found in :(1) Brassica, , P(3+3) A3+3 G(3), , NEET-I 2016, The standard petal of a papilionaceous corolla is also, called :, (1) Carina, (2) Pappus, (3) Vexillum, (4) Corona, Tricarpellary syncarpous gynoecium is found in, flowers of :, (1) Liliaceae, (2) Solanaceae, (3) Fabaceae, (4) Poaceae, , (1) Pisum, , (3) Dianthus, 73., , 74., , (2) Citrus, (4) Argemone, AIIMS 2016, , Botanical name of pea plant is :(1) Pisum sativum, , (2) Pinus sativus, , (3) Pyrus sativus, , (4) Pisum sativus, , Biological name of wheat is :(1) Triticum aestivum, , (2) Triticum triticale, , (3) Triticum sativum, , (4) Triticum tuberosum, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\05-FAM-X.P65, , (2) %, , 71., , (1) Five, , Se, , K2+2 C4 A2+4 G(2), , A, , (1) Å, , ss, io, , n, , 70., , 0, , (i), , -2, , Mango, , 19, , (A), , N, , Column-I, , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , Match the columns and choose the correct option:Column-I, (Fruit), , 82., , Column-II, (Edible part), , (1) Halophytes, (3) Carnivorous plants, , (2) Free-floating hydrophytes, , a, , Walnut, , I, , Cotyledon, , b, , Cashewnut, , II, , Peduncle, , c, , Orange, , III, , Juicy hair, , (1) Stem, , (2) Adventitious root, , d, , Strawberry, , IV, , Thalamus, , (3) Tap root, , (4) Rhizome, , (4) Submerged hydrophytes, 83., , 84., , (2) Coconut, Apple, Cashewnut, , N, (2) %, , (3) %, (4) %, , 86., , Column-II, , Monoadelphous stamen i, , Chinarose, , b, , Diadelphous stamen, , ii, , Citrus, , c, , Polyadelphous stamen, , iii, , Onion, , d, , Epitepalous stamen, , iv, , Pea, , 0, , -2, , 19, , K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1, , K5 C1+2+2 A(9)+1 G1, , K(5) C1+2+2 A(9)+1 G1, , K5 C1+2+2 A9+1 G1, , False fruits includes :-, , (1) Apple, Guava, Banana, (2) Strawberry, Apple, Cashewnut, , Se, , Column-I, , A, Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\05-FAM-X.P65, , E, , 81., , (1) %, , (4) Perisperm, , AIIMS 2017, Match the column-I with column-II :-, , a, , (4) Datepalm, Banana, Cashewnut, Floral formula related to given diagram is :-, , n, , (3) Pericarp, 80., , 85., , ss, io, , 79., , (3) Banana, Apple, Cashewnut, , LL, E, , Coconut fruit is a :, (1) Berry, (2) Nut, (3) Capsule, (4) Drupe, In Bougainvillea thorns are the modifications of :, (1) Adventitious root, (2) Stem, (3) Leaf, (4) Stipules, Root hairs develop from the region of :, (1) Elongation, (2) root cap, (3) Meristematic activity (4) Maturation, The morphological nature of the edible part of, coconut is:, (1) Cotyledon, (2) Endosperm, , 78., , All the fruits of which set are not derived from, monocot ?, (1) Apricot, Guava, Mango, , NEET(UG) 2017, , 77., , Sweet potato is a modified, , AIIMS 2018, , (1) a-II, b-I, c-III, d-IV, (2) a-II, b-III, c-I, d-IV, (3) a-I, b-II, c-IV, d-III, (4) a-I, b-II, c-III, d-IV, , 76., , Pneumatophores occur in, , 20, , 75., , Options :(1) a-i, b-iv, c-ii, d-iii, (2) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv, (3) a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-iv, (4) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i, NEET(UG) 2018, Offsets are produced by, (1) Meiotic divisions, (2) Mitotic divisions, (3) Parthenocarpy, (4) Parthenogenesis, , (3) Strawberry, Pineapple, Tomato, (4) Fig, Tomato, Guava, , 87., , Select the correct examples of the following figures, of placentation respectively :-, , (1) Mustard, Tomato, Sunflower, Dianthus, (2) Tomato, Sunflower, Mustard, Dianthus, (3) Sunflower, Dianthus, Argemone, Tomato, (4) Tomato, Argemone, Dianthus, Sunflower, , 199

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , Given figure represents position of floral parts on, thalamus :-, , (D), , Se, , ANSWER KEY, , EXERCISE-II (Previous Year Questions), , Que., , Ans., , Que., Ans., , Que., Ans., Que., Ans., Que., Ans., Que., Ans., , 200, , 1, 3, , 2, 4, , 3, 2, , 4, 4, , 5, 3, , 6, 4, , 7, 3, , 8, 3, , 9, 4, , 10, 2, , 11, 4, , 12, 4, , 13, 1, , 14, 1, , 15, 3, , 16, 2, , 17, 3, , 18, 1, , 19, 1, , 20, 4, , 21, 1, , 22, 2, , 23, 3, , 24, 4, , 25, 2, , 26, 1, , 27, 1, , 28, 4, , 29, 2, , 30, 3, , 31, 1, , 32, 1, , 33, 3, , 34, 3, , 35, 2, , 36, 3, , 37, 1, , 38, 2, , 39, 3, , 40, 3, , 41, 2, , 42, 1, , 43, 2, , 44, 2, , 45, 4, , 46, 1, , 47, 3, , 48, 2, , 49, 4, , 50, 2, , 51, 3, , 52, 4, , 53, 3, , 54, 4, , 55, 2, , 56, 1, , 57, 3, , 58, 3, , 59, 1, , 60, 3, , 61, 1, , 62, 1, , 63, 2, , 64, 3, , 65, 1, , 66, 1, , 67, 4, , 68, 3, , 69, 4, , 70, 4, , 71, 3, , 72, 3, , 73, 1, , 74, 1, , 75, 4, , 76, 4, , 77, 2, , 78, 4, , 79, 2, , 80, 1, , 81, 2, , 82, 1, , 83, 2, , 84, 1, , 85, 1, , 86, 2, , 87, 4, , 88, 1, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\05-FAM-X.P65, , A, , ss, io, , n, , 20, , LL, E, , -2, , (C), , Select correct examples for A, B, C and D :(1) A-Mustard, B-Plum, C-Rose, D-Cucumber, (2) A-Plum, B-Brinjal, C-Cucumber, D-Rose, (3) A-Brinjal, B-Cucumber, C-Plum, D-Guava, (4) A-Mustard, B-Plum, C-Cucumber, D-Rose, , 0, , (B), , 19, , (A), , N, , 88., , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , Check Your Understanding, , EXERCISE-III (Analytical Questions), , 13., , Syncarpous gynoecium has two or more :(1) Free carpels, (2) Fused carpels, (3) Free Ovaries, (4) All, , Prop roots are :(1) Tap roots, (3) Secondary roots, , 14., , A typical flower with superior ovary and other floral, parts inferior is called :(1) Polygamous, (2) Hypogynous, (3) Perigynous, (4) Epigynous, , 15., , Arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as, :(1) Aestivation, (2) Placentation, (3) Both (1) & (2), (4) Cohesion, , In Racemose, flowers are arranged in :(1) Acropetal order, (2) Centrifugal order, (3) Both (1) & (2), (4) Basipetal order, Axis of inflorescence is :(1) Pedicel, (2) Peduncle, (3) Petiole, (4) All, , 6., , Stilt roots occur in :(1) Groundnut, (3) Sugarcane, , 17., , (2) Rice, (4) Wheat, , 8., , Arrangement of leaves on a stem or branch is :(1) Venation, (2) Vernation, (3) Inflorescence, (4) Phyllotaxy, , 10., , 11., , Drupe contains :(1) Stony endocarp, (3) Edible epicarp, , (2) Stony mesocarp, (4) Edible endocarp, , Monoadelphous character is found in :(1) Brassicaceae (Mustard), (2) Malvaceae (Chinarose), (3) Poaceae (Grass), (4) Solanaceae (Potato), , n, , Function of stem is to :(1) Bear leaves and branches, (2) Conduction of water and minerals, (3) Conduction and storage of food, (4) All, , 19., , Plants which yield pulses belong to family :(1) Fabaceae, (2) Liliaceae, (3) Malvaceae, (4) Solanaceae, , Se, , A, Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\05-FAM-X.P65, , E, , 18., , 7., , 9., , When gynoecium is present in the topmost position, of thalamus, the ovary is known as :(1) Inferior, (2) Half inferior, (3) Half superior, (4) Superior, , LL, E, , 5., , 16., , -2, , 4., , A monocot can be distinguished from a dicot by:(1) Aestivation, (2) Venation, (3) Both (1) & (2), (4) Placentation, , 19, , 3., , (2) Adventitious roots, (4) All, , 20, , 2., , ss, io, , 1., , 0, , Roots developing from plant parts other than radicle, are :(1) Tap roots, (2) Adventitious roots, (3) Both (1) & (2), (4) Conical roots, , Androecium is the whorl of :(1) Anthers, (2) Stamens, (3) Filaments, (4) Tepals, , N, , 12., , EXERCISE-III(A) [NCERT BASED QUESTIONS], , Arrangement of sepals and petals in floral bud with, respect of other members of same whorl is known, as :(1) Venation, (2) Aestivation, (3) Cohesion, (4) Adhesion, Didynamous condition is related to :(1) Androecium, (2) Inflorescence, (3) Gynoecium, (4) All, Stamens attached to petals are :(1) Epipetalous, (2) Epiphyllous, (3) Episepalous, (4) All, , 20., , Edible portion of Mango is :(1) Epicarp, (2) Endocarp, (3) Mesocarp, (4) Placenta, , 21., , Fibrous coir is obtained from which part of the, Coconut ?, (1) Epicarp, (2) Mesocarp, (3) Endocarp, (4) Seed coat, , 22., , A characteristic feature of Ovary of Mustard is :, (1) Presence of false septum, (2) Axile placentation, (3) Epigynous, (4) All of the above, , 201

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , 'Rat-ki-Rani', brinjal and tomato belong to family :(1) Mimosoideae, (2) Liliaceae, (3) Solanaceae, (4) Malvaceae, Plants with inferior ovary belongs to :(1) Malvaceae, (2) Poaceae, (3) Solanaceae, (4) Compositae, In scapigerous umbel, flowers are arranged in, which manner :(1) Corymb, (2) Catkin, (3) Panicle, (4) Monochasial cyme, , 48., , The leguminous plants are important in agriculture, because :(1) They are disease resistant, (2) They require very little irrigation, (3) They help in nitrogen fixation, (4) Crops of legumes can be produced in a year, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\05-FAM-X.P65, , E, , 52., , Which of the following stands for Congress grass :(1) Cynodon (Gramineae), (2) Parthenium (Compositae), (3) Aspidiastra (Liliaceae), (4) Candytuft (Cruciferae), , 53., , Parachute mechanism of fruit and seed dispersal is, common in compositae is due to the structure, called :(1) Bracts, (2) Thorns, (3) Corolla, (4) Pappus, , In which family pentamerous flowers having, monoadelphous stamens and dry dehiscent fruit are, present :(1) Leguminosae, (2) Malvaceae, , 20, , 54., , 55., , (4) Solanaceae, , n, , (3) Cruciferae, , Brinjal, tobacco, potato and tomato are same due, to :-, , (1) All these plants belong to Solanaceae, (2) All these plants belong to Malvaceae, , Se, , In family papilionaceae(fabaceae), 5 petals form a, unique association, In which 3 different elements, participate, these are standard (vexillum),, Wings (alae) & Keel (carina). What is the number of, these elements:(1) 1, 2, 2 respectively, (2) 2, 1, 2 respectively, (3) 1,1,3 respectively, (4) 2,2,1 respectively, , (3) All are vegetables, (4) Fruit of all has economic importance, , A, , 49., , Syngenesious anthers, pappus and epipetalous stamens are found in :(1) Liliaceae, (2) Solanaceae, (3) Compositae, (4) Malvaceae, , LL, E, , 47., , 51., , ss, io, , 46., , Character common between Liliaceae, Malvaceae,, Solanaceae is, (1) Axile plancentation, (2) Cohesion of stamens, (3) Both of these, (4) Monoadelphous, , EXERCISE-III (Analytical Questions), , Que., , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 0, , 45., , 50., , -2, , Colchicine is obtained from :(1) Atropa belladona, (2) Colchicum autumnale, (3) Withania somnifera, (4) Nicotiana tabacum, , 19, , 44., , N, , ALLEN, , 5, , 6, , ANSWER KEY, 7, , 8, , 9, , 10, , 11, , 12, , 13, , 14, , 15, , Ans., , 2, , 2, , 2, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 4, , 2, , 1, , 1, , 2, , 2, , 2, , 2, , Que., , 16, , 17, , 18, , 19, , 20, , 21, , 22, , 23, , 24, , 25, , 26, , 27, , 28, , 29, , 30, , Ans., , 4, , 1, , 2, , 1, , 3, , 2, , 1, , 1, , 3, , 1, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 2, , 1, , Que., , 31, , 32, , 33, , 34, , 35, , 36, , 37, , 38, , 39, , 40, , 41, , 42, , 43, , 44, , 45, , Ans., , 1, , 2, , 3, , 2, , 4, , 3, , 4, , 3, , 3, , 4, , 1, , 3, , 2, , 2, , 3, , Que., , 46, , 47, , 48, , 49, , 50, , 51, , 52, , 53, , 54, , 55, , Ans., , 4, , 4, , 3, , 1, , 1, , 3, , 2, , 4, , 2, , 1, , 203

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, Target AIIMS, , EXERCISE-IV (Assertion & Reason), Directions for Assertion & Reason questions, , These questions consist of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering, these Questions you are required to choose any one of the following four responses., (A), , If both Assertion & Reason are True & the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion., , (B), , If both Assertion & Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion., , (C), , If Assertion is True but the Reason is False., , (D), , If both Assertion & Reason are false., Assertion :- Plants show various kind of root, Reason :- Root modification helps in support, food, , of compound leaf., , storage and respiration., , Reason :- Compound leaf is present in Neem., , Assertion :- Main function of stem is spreading out, Reason :- Usually monocot stem is differentiated, (2) B, , (3) C, , leaflets are attached on common point i.e. at the, tip of petiole., (1) A, , 9., , Assertion :- In Calotropis and guava opposite, , minimize transpiration., , arise on each node., , (2) B, , (3) C, , (4) D, , Assertion :- Underground stem helps in, , n, , Reason :- In Calotropis and guava a pair of leaves, , (1) A, , 10., , (3) C, , (4) D, , 11., , (3) C, , in leaves., Reason :- In monocot leaves veins and veinlets do, not form any kind of reticulation., (2) B, , (3) C, , (4) D, , (4) D, , Assertion :- In Australian Acacia the leaflets are, , off and petiole expands and becomes leaf like., (1) A, , (4) D, , Assertion :- In monocots parallel venation found, , (3) C, , Reason :- To minimize transpiration leaflets shade, , Reason :- Leaves arise from root apical meristem., (2) B, , (2) B, , short lived., , on plant., , (1) A, , (4) D, , 12., , (2) B, , (3) C, , (4) D, , Assertion :- Flower is a modified shoot., Reason :- In flower vegetative shoot apical, meristem changes to reproductive shoot apex/floral, meristem in which internodes do not elongate and, the axis gets condensed., (1) A, , (2) B, , (3) C, , (4) D, , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\05-FAM-X.P65, , (2) B, , (1) A, , Assertion :- Leaves show acropetal arrangement, , (1) A, , (3) C, , Assertion :- Alstonia show whorled phyllotaxy,, , Se, , A, (1) A, , (2) B, , Reason :- In Alstonia one leaf arises on each node., , adverse environmental conditions., , 204, , (4) D, , is high, so plants develop various adaptations to, , Reason :- Underground stem can overcome, , 6., , (3) C, , phyllotaxy is found., , perennation., , 5., , (2) B, , Reason :- In xerophytic areas rate of transpiration, , (1) A, 4., , Reason :- In palmately compound leaf all the, , Assertion :- In some xerophytic plants stem, modified into spines., , (4) D, , Assertion :- In palmately compound leaves rachis, is absent., , (4) D, , becomes green, flat, leaf like and leaves are, , (3) C, , 20, , (1) A, , 8., , (2) B, , LL, E, , into nodes and internodes., , (1) A, , 0, , (4) D, , -2, , (3) C, , 19, , (2) B, , N, , simple and compound leaf, but not in axil of leaflets, , branches bearing leaves, flowers and fruits., , 3., , Assertion :- Bud is present in axil of petiole in both, , modification., , (1) A, 2., , 7., , ss, io, , 1., , E

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Pre-Medical : Biology, , ALLEN, , Assertion :- Calyx and corolla are accessory whorls, , Reason :- Veinlets are absent in reticulate venation., , Reason :- They do not have direct role in sexual, , (1) A, , (1) A, , (2) B, , (3) C, , 21., , (4) D, , due to formation of a false septum, , halves by any radial plane passing through the, , (1) A, , (2) B, , (3) C, , 22., , (4) D, , (2) B, , (3) C, , (4) D, , Assertion :- Inflorescence in Compositae is, capitulum., , Assertion :- Canna flowers are asymmetric., , Reason :- Compositae is a dicot family., , Reason :- Canna flowers cannot be cut into two equal, , (1) A, , (4) D, , (1) A, , 24., , (4) D, , (2) B, , (3) C, , 0, , Reason :- Stilt root is modified tap root., (4) D, , Assertion :- In basal placentation ovary is, , LL, E, , (3) C, , Assertion :- Stilt root is a example of supporting, , -2, , present above the level of ovary., (2) B, , (4) D, , root., , Assertion :- In mustard flowers are hypogynous., , (1) A, , 23., , (3) C, , unilocular., , 19, , (3) C, , (2) B, , N, , (2) B, , Reason :- In mustard flower, other floral whorls are, , Assertion :- In Lily flowers epiphyllous stamens are, , Reason :- Basal placentation is found in sunflower., , present., , (1) A, , petals., , (2) B, , (3) C, , Reason :- Phyllode does not perform photosynthesis., , Assertion :- Flowers are arranged in acropetal, manner in cymose inflorescence., , Reason :- All flowers are at same level is cymose, inflorescence., , (2) B, , (3) C, , (1) A, , (2) B, , 26., , (3) C, , (4) D, , Assertion :- Mangroove trees growing in marshy, place have pneumatophores., Reason :- Pneumatophores help in anchorage., , (4) D, , Se, , (1) A, , (4) D, , Assertion :- Petiole modifies into leaf like structure, in phyllode., , (4) D, , (3) C, , n, , (1) A, , 25., , (2) B, , 20, , Reason :- In Lily flowers stamens are attached to, , (1) A, , (2) B, , (3) C, , (4) D, , Assertion :- Fruit is caryopsis in Poaceae., , A, , 19., , Assertion :- Ovary of Brassicaceae is unilocular in, , Reason :- Pea flowers can be cut in two equal, , (1) A, , 18., , (4) D, , Reason :- Ovary of Brassicaceae becomes bilocular, , halves by any vertical plane passing through the centre., , 17., , (3) C, , Assertion :- Pea flowers are zygomorphic., , (1) A, , 16., , (2) B, , the begining but becomes bilocular at a later stage., , centre., , 15., , Assertion :- Reticulate venation is found in dicots., , of the flower., reproduction., , 14., , 20., , ss, io, , 13., , Reason :- Placentation is parietal in Poaceae., , Z:\NODE02\B0AI-B0\TARGET\BIO\ENG\MODULE_4\02-MORPHOLOGY\05-FAM-X.P65, , (1) A, , E, , (2) B, , (3) C, , (4) D, , ANSWER KEY, , EXERCISE-IV (Assertion & Reason), Que., Ans., , 1, 1, , 2, 2, , 3, 1, , 4, 1, , 5, 3, , 6, 1, , 7, 2, , 8, 1, , 9, 1, , 10, 3, , 11, 1, , Que., , 16, , 17, , 18, , 19, , 20, , 21, , 22, , 23, , 24, , 25, , 26, , Ans., , 3, , 3, , 4, , 3, , 3, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 2, , 3, , 3, , 12, 1, , 13, 1, , 14, 3, , 15, 1, , 205