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11, W, , Light, Shadows and, Reflections, , e see so many objects around, us, colourful and different., On the way to school we see, things like buses, cars, cycles, trees,, animals and sometimes flowers. How do, you think, we see all these objects?, Think of the same places at night, time if it were completely dark. What will, you see? Suppose you go inside a, completely dark room. Are you able to, see any objects in the room?, But, when you light a candle or a, torch you can see the objects present in, the room, isn’t it? Without light, things, cannot be seen. Light helps us see, objects., The torch bulb is an object that gives, out light of its own. The Sun, is another, familiar object that gives its own light., During the day, its light allows us to, see objects. Objects like the sun that, give out or emit light of their own are, called luminous objects., What about objects like a chair, a, painting or a shoe? We see these when, light from a luminous object (like the, Sun, a torch or an electric light) falls on, these and then travels towards our eye., , all, it is an opaque object. If you are, able to see clearly through an object, it, is allowing light to pass through it and, is transparent. There are some objects, through which we can see, but not very, clearly. Such objects are known as, translucent., , o, n, , d, e, h, s, T, i, l, R, b, E, u, C, p, e, N, r, © e, b, o, t, t, , 11.1 T RANSPARENT , O PAQUE, TRANSLUCENT OBJECTS, , Activity 1, , Look around you and collect as many, objects as you can — an eraser, plastic, scale, pen, pencil, notebook, single sheet, of paper, tracing paper or a piece of, cloth. Try to look at something far away,, through each of these objects (Fig. 11.1)., Is light from a far away object able to, travel to your eye, through any of the, objects?, Record your observations in a table, as shown in Table 11.1., We see that a given object or material, could be transparent, translucent or, , AND, , Recall our grouping objects as opaque,, transparent or translucent, in Chapter, 4. If we cannot see through an object at, , Fig. 11.1 Observing objects that do or do not, allow light to pass through them

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Table 11.1, View through the object, possible (fully/ partially/, not at all), , Object/material, , Object is opaque/, transparent/, translucent, , Pencil, Rubber ball, Sheet of writing paper, , Not very sure?, , d, e, h, s, T, i, l, R, b, E, u, C, p, e, N, r, © e, b, o, t, t, , opaque depending on whether it allows, light to pass through it completely,, partially or not at all., , 11.2 WHAT EXACTLY, Activity 2, , ARE, , SHADOWS?, , Now, one by one hold each of the opaque, objects in the sunlight, slightly above, the ground. What do you see on the, ground? You know that the dark patch, formed by each on the ground is due, to its shadow. Sometimes you can, identify the object by looking at its, shadow (Fig. 11.2)., Spread a sheet of paper on the, ground. Hold a familiar opaque object, at some height, so that its shadow is, formed on the sheet of paper on the, ground. Ask one of your friends to draw, , o, n, , Fig. 11.2 Sometimes shadow of an object gives, an idea about its shape, 108, , the outline of the shadow while you are, holding the object. Draw outlines of the, shadows of other objects in a similar, way., Now, ask some other friends to, identify the objects from these outlines, of shadows. How many objects are they, able to identify correctly?, Do you observe your shadow in a, dark room or at night when there is no, light? Do you observe a shadow when, there is just a source of light and, nothing else, in a room? It seems we, need a source of light and an opaque, object, to see a shadow. Is there anything, else required?, , Activity 3, , This is an activity that you will have to, do in the dark. In the evening, go out in, an open ground with a few friends. Take, a torch and a large sheet of cardboard, with you. Hold the torch close to the, ground and shine it upwards so that its, light falls on your friend's face. You now, have a source of light that is falling on, an opaque object. If there were no trees,, building or any other object behind your, friend, would you see the shadow of, your friend's head? This does not mean, SCIENCE

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a building, or other such surfaces act, as a screen for the shadows you observe, in everyday life., Shadows give us some information, about shapes of objects. Sometimes,, shadows can also mislead us about the, shape of the object. In Fig. 11.4 are a few, shadows that we can create with our, hands and make-believe that they are, shadows of different animals. Have fun!, , d, e, h, s, T, i, l, R, b, E, u, C, p, e, N, r, © e, b, o, t, t, , Fig. 11.3 A shadow is obtained only on a, screen, , that there is no shadow. After all, the, light from the torch is not able to pass, through his body to the other side., Now, ask another friend to hold the, cardboard sheet behind your friend. Is, the shadow now seen on the cardboard, sheet (Fig. 11.3)?, Thus, the shadow can be seen only, on a screen. The ground, walls of a room,, , o, n, , Fig 11.4 Shadows of animals hidden in your hand, LIGHT, SHADOWS AND REFLECTIONS, , Activity 4, , Place a chair in the school ground on a, sunny day. What do you observe from, the shadow of the chair?, Does the shadow give an accurate, picture of the shape of the chair? If the, chair is turned around a little, how does, the shape of the shadow change?, Take a thin notebook and look at its, shadow. Then, take a rectangular box, and look at its shadow. Do the two, shadows seem to have a similar shape?, Take flowers or other objects of, different colours and look at their, shadows. A red rose and a yellow rose,, for instance. Do the shadows look, different in colour, when the colours of, the objects are different?, Take a long box and look at its, shadow on the ground. When you move, the box around, you may see that the, size of the shadow changes. When is the, shadow of the box the shortest, when, the long side of the box is pointed, towards the Sun or when the short side, is pointing towards the Sun?, Let us use this long box, to prepare, a simple camera., , 109

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11.3 A PINHOLE CAMERA, Surely we need a lot of complicated stuff, to make a camera? Not really. If we just, wish to make a simple pin hole camera., , Activity 5, Take two boxes so that one can slide, into another with no gap in between, them. Cut open one side of each box., On the opposite face of the larger box,, make a small hole in the middle, [Fig. 11.5 (a)]. In the smaller box, cut, out from the middle a square with a side, of about 5 to 6 cm. Cover this open, square in the box with tracing paper, (translucent screen) [Fig. 11.5 (b)]. Slide, the smaller box inside the larger one, with the hole, in such a way that the, side with the tracing paper is inside, [Fig. 11.5 (c)]. Your pin hole camera is, ready for use., Holding the pin hole camera look, through the open face of the smaller, box. You should use a piece of black, cloth to cover your head and the pinhole, camera. Now, try to look at some distant, objects like a tree or a building through, the pinhole camera. Make sure that the, objects you wish to look at through your, , pinhole camera are in bright sun shine., Move the smaller box forward or, backward till you get a picture on the, tracing paper pasted at the other end., Are these pin hole images different, from their shadows?, Look through your pin hole camera, at the vehicles and people moving on, the road in bright sun light., Do the pictures seen in the camera, show the colours of the objects on the, other side? Are the images erect or, upside down? Surprise, surprise!, Let us now image the Sun, with our, pin hole camera. We need a slightly, different set up for this. We just need a, large sheet of cardboard with a small, pin hole in the middle. Hold the sheet, up in the Sun and let its shadow fall on, a clear area. Do you see a small circular, image of the Sun in the middle of the, shadow of the cardboard sheet?, Look at these pin hole images of the, Sun when an eclipse is visible from your, location. Adjust your pin hole and, screen to get a clear image before the, eclipse is to occur. Look at the image as, , d, e, h, s, T, i, l, R, b, E, u, C, p, e, N, r, © e, b, o, t, t, , o, n, , (a), , (b), , (c), , Fig. 11.5 A sliding pin hole camera, 110, , SCIENCE

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the eclipse begins. You will notice a part, of the Sun's image gradually becoming, darker as the eclipse starts. Never ever, look directly at the Sun. That could, be extremely harmful for the eyes., There is an interesting pin hole, camera in Nature. Sometimes, when we, pass under a tree covered with large, number of leaves, we notice small, patches of sun light under it (Fig. 11.6)., These circular images are, in fact, pin, hole images of the Sun. The gaps, between the leaves, act as the pin holes., These gaps are all kinds of irregular, shapes, but, we can see circular images, of the Sun. Try to locate images of the, , Paheli has another thought. Surely,, all these results that we are seeing,, formation of shadows and pinhole, images are possible only if light moves, in a straight path?, , Activity 6, Let us use a piece of a pipe or a long, rubber tube. Light a candle and fix it, on a table at one end of the room. Now, standing at the other end of the room, look at the candle through the pipe, , d, e, h, s, T, i, l, R, b, E, u, C, p, e, N, r, © e, b, o, t, t, (a), , (b), , Fig. 11.7 Looking through a pipe pointed, (a) towards and (b) a little away from a candle, , Fig. 11.6 A natural pinhole camera. Pinhole, images of the Sun under a tree!, , o, n, , Sun when an eclipse occurs next. That, could be so much fun!, Boojho has this thought. We saw, upside down images of people on the, road, with our pinhole camera. What, about the images of the Sun? Did we, notice them to be upside down or, anything like that?, LIGHT, SHADOWS AND REFLECTIONS, , [Fig. 11.7 (a)]. Is the candle visible? Bend, the pipe a little while you are looking at, the candle [Fig. 11.7 (b)]. Is the candle, visible now? Turn the pipe a little to your, right or left. Can you see the candle now?, What do you conclude from this?, This suggests that light travels along, a straight line, isn’t it? That is why,, when opaque objects obstruct it, a, shadow forms., , 111

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11.4 MIRRORS, , REFLECTIONS, , We all use mirrors at home. You look into, the mirror and see your own face inside, the mirror. What you see is a reflection, of your face in the mirror. We also see, reflections of other objects that are in, front of the mirror. Sometimes, we see, reflections of trees, buildings and other, objects in the water of a pond or a lake., , adjust the direction of the torch so that, the patch of light falls on another friend, standing in the room., This activity suggests that a mirror, changes the direction of light that falls, on it., Here is an activity that shows light, travelling along straight lines and, getting reflected from a mirror., , Activity 7, , Activity 8, , AND, , d, e, h, s, T, i, l, R, b, E, u, C, p, e, N, r, © e, b, o, t, t, , This activity should be done at night or, in a dark room. Ask one of your friends, to hold a mirror in his/her hand at one, corner of the room. Stand at another, corner with a torch in your hand. Cover, the glass of torch with your fingers and, switch it on. Adjust your fingers with a, small gap between them so that you can, get a beam of light. Direct the beam of, the torch light onto the mirror that your, friend is holding. Do you see a patch of, light on the other side (Fig. 11.8)? Now,, , Fix a comb on one side of a large thermo, Col sheet and fix a mirror on the other, side as shown in Fig. 11.9. Spread a, dark coloured sheet of paper between, the mirror and the comb. Keep this in, sunlight or send a beam of light from a, torch through the comb., What do you observe? Do you get, a pattern similar to that shown, in Fig. 11.9?, This activity gives us an idea of the, manner in which light travels and gets, reflected from a mirror., , o, n, , Fig. 11.8 A mirror reflects a beam of light, 112, , Fig. 11.9 Light travelling in a straight line and, getting reflected from a mirror, SCIENCE

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Luminous, Mirror, Opaque, Pinhole camera, , d, e, h, s, T, i, l, R, b, E, u, C, p, e, N, r, © e, b, o, t, t, , Reflection, Shadow, , T ranslucent, , T ra n s p a r e n t, , n, , Opaque objects do not allow light to pass through them., , n, , Transparent objects allow light to pass through them and we can see, through these objects clearly., , n, , Translucent objects allow light to pass through them partially., , n, , Shadows are formed when an opaque object comes in the path of light., , n, , Pinhole camera can be made with simple materials and can be used to, image the Sun and brightly lit objects., , n, , Mirror reflection gives us clear images., , n, , Images are very different from shadows., , n, , Light travels in straight line., , o, n, 1., , Rearrange the boxes given below to make a sentence that helps us understand, opaque objects., OWS, , AKE, , OPAQ, , UE O, , BJEC, , T SM, , SHAD, , LIGHT, SHADOWS AND REFLECTIONS, , 113

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2., , Classify the objects or materials given below as opaque, transparent or, translucent and luminous or non-luminous:, Air, water, a piece of rock, a sheet of aluminium, a mirror, a wooden board, a, sheet of polythene, a CD, smoke, a sheet of plane glass, fog, a piece of red hot, iron, an umbrella, a lighted fluorescent tube, a wall, a sheet of carbon paper,, the flame of a gas burner, a sheet of cardboard, a lighted torch, a sheet of, cellophane, a wire mesh, kerosene stove, sun, firefly, moon., , 3., , Can you think of creating a shape that would give a circular shadow if held in, one way and a rectangular shadow if held in another way?, , 4., , In a completely dark room, if you hold up a mirror in front of you, will you see a, reflection of yourself in the mirror?, , d, e, h, s, T, i, l, R, b, E, u, C, p, e, N, r, © e, b, o, t, t, , SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES, 1., , Make a row of your friends — A, B, C and D, standing in a line. Let one friend, stand in front facing them and holding out a mirror towards them (Fig. 11.10)., Now, each person can tell who they are able to see in the Mirror. A,B, C, or D., , If, A is able to see B in the mirror then, can B also see A in the mirror? Similarly,, for any two pairs amongst A,B,C, or D?, If A is not able to see B in the mirror, then, is B able to see A in the mirror?, Similarly, for any two pairs amongst A,B,C, or D?, , o, n, , Fig. 11.10, , This activity tells us something about the way light travels and gets reflected, from mirrors. You will learn more about this in higher classes., , 2., , Daayan-Baayan—Take a comb in your right hand and bring it up to your hair, and look at yourself in the mirror. There is your familiar face, grinning at you ☺, Wait, try and find out which is the hand holding the comb, in your mirror, reflection. Is it the right hand or the left? You were holding it in your right hand,, isn't it?, While a pin hole camera seems to be giving us upside down images, a mirror, seems to be turning right hand into left hand and the left into right hand. We, will learn more about this in the higher classes., , 114, , SCIENCE

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3., , Magic Device—In the chapter on, symmetry in your Mathematics, textbook, you might have made an, interesting device Kaleidoscope, that, uses reflections. Now, let us make, another device, a periscope, that uses, reflections to see around corners! Ask, one of your freinds to stand in the, corridor just out side the entrance to, the classroom with a mirror in hand., Ask another friend also holding a mirror,, to stand in the middle of classroom in, front of the entrance. Now ask your, Fig. 11.11 Seeing around corners!, friends to ajust their mirrors in such a, way that the image of object on the other side of the corridor becomes visible to, you while you are standing inside the class (Fig. 11.11)., , d, e, h, s, T, i, l, R, b, E, u, C, p, e, N, r, © e, b, o, t, t, , You can make a simple periscope by placing two mirrors in a ‘Z’ shaped box as, shown in Fig. 11.12., Mirror 1, , Fig. 11.12 A periscope, , Mirror 2, , THINGS TO THINK ABOUT, 1., , Opaque objects cast shadows, isn't it? Now, if we hold a transparent object in, the Sun, do we see anything on the ground that gives us a hint that we are, holding something in our hand?, , 2., , We saw that changing colour of opaque objects does not change the colour of, their shadows. What happens if we place an opaque object in coloured light?, You can cover the face of a torch with a coloured transparent paper to do this., (Did you ever noticed the colours of evening shadows just as the Sun is setting?), , o, n, , THINGS TO READ, , Rudyard Kipling's "Just So Stories" and in particular, the story of "How the Leopard, got its spots" where he mentions stripy, speckly, patchy-blatchy shadows. Here, are a few lines from this story, that has a lot of shadows., , ...after ever so many days, they saw a great, high, tall forest full of tree trunks, all 'sclusively speckled and sprottled and spottled, dotted and splashed and, slashed and hatched and cross-hatched with shadows. (Say that quickly aloud,, and you will see how very shadowy the forest must have been.), 'What is this,' said the Leopard, 'that is so 'sclusively dark, and yet so full of, little pieces of light?', , LIGHT, SHADOWS AND REFLECTIONS, , 115