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Government of Karnataka, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , PART - I, , he, , d, , SOCIAL SCIENCE, ENGLISH MEDIUM, (Revised), , to, , 7, , No, t, , SEVENTH STANDARD, , KARNATAKA TEXTBOOK SOCIETY (R.), 100 Feet Ring Road, Banashankari 3rd Stage,, Bengaluru - 560 085.

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Preface, , he, , d, , The Textbook Society, Karnataka, has been engaged in producing, new textbooks according to the new syllabi which in turn are designed on, NCF - 2005 since June 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 12 languages; seven, of them serve as the media of instruction. From Standard 1 to 4 there is, the EVS, mathematics and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects, namely,, mathematics, science and social science., NCF - 2005 has a number of special features and they are:, connecting knowledge to life activities., , , , learning to shift from rote methods., , , , enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks., , , , learning experiences for the construction of knowledge., , , , making examinations flexible and integrating them with classroom, experiences., , , , caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country., , , , making education relevant to the present and future needs., , , , softening the subject boundaries-integrated knowledge and the joy of, learning., the child is the constructor of knowledge., , No, t, , , , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , , , The new books are produced based on three fundamental approaches, namely, Constructive approach, Spiral approach and Intergrated approach., The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master skills, and competencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated, with values. The new books are not examination oriented in their nature. On, the other hand they help the learner in the all round development of his/her, personality, thus help him/her become a healthy member of a healthy society, and a productive citizen of this great country, India., , ii

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d, , Mathematics is essential in the study of various subjects and in real life., NCF 2005 proposes moving away from complete calculations, construction, of a framework of concepts, relate mathematics to real life experiences and, cooperative learning. Many students have a maths phobia and in order to help, them overcome this phobia, jokes, puzzles, riddles, stories and games have, been included in textbooks. Each concept is intoduced through an activity, or an interesting story at the primary level. The contributions of great Indian, mathematicians are mentioned at appropriate places., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , We live in an age of Science and Technology. During the past five, decades man has achieved great things and realized his dreams and reached, pinnacle of glory. He has produced everything to make life comfortable., In the same way he has given himself to pleasures and reached the stage, in which he seems to have forgotten basic sciences. We hope that at least, a good number of young learners take to science in higher studies and, become leading scientists and contribute their share to the existing stock, of knowledge in order to make life prosperous. Ample opportunity has been, given to learners to think, read, discuss and learn on their own with very, little help from teachers. Learning is expected to be activity centered with the, learners doing experiments, assignments and projects., , to, , 7th standard Social Science Textbook has been prepared based on the, prescribed syllabus. And all the features of NCF 2005 and KCF 2007 have, been included in the Text Book. This new Text Book has given importance to, enhance the creativity of students by including activities. Many projects are, included to help students to gain knowledge. This Text Book has been written, in such a way that students need not memorise historical dates and other, information., , No, t, , The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the Chairpersons,, Writers, Scrutinisers, Artists, Staff of DIETs and CTEs and the Members of, the Editorial Board and Printers in helping the Textbook Society in producing, these textbooks., Prof. G.S. Mudambadithaya, Co-ordinator, Curriculum Revision and Textbook Preparation, Karnataka Textbook Society, Bengaluru, Karnataka., , iii, , Nagendra Kumar, Managing Director, Karnataka Textbook Society, Bengaluru, Karnataka.

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Chairperson's Note, , No, t, , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , ‘Yesterday, today and tomorrow are inseparable parts of the present’ so says, great Allamaprabhu. History flows like an invisible river. Now and then it shows, itself in its mortal and sometimes in an infinite form. It may appear as individuals,, happening or in the form of certain values. The entire social fabric of the world is, split into factions such as religions, colour, gender, language, the rich, the poor and, raise its ugly heads in different identities. People have begun creating history of their, own through various forms of conflicting details. As a result of this tendency history, is not allowed to grow in all its true realities. Being a part of history, man has been, trying to create new branches of this great tree of history. On the other hand history, is like a chain in which every link represents a generation and these generations go, on adding to the existing ones. As a result of this, we have to recognize that history, has become a complex discipline. Basically history is a continuum. We can master, our competence to understand History only by constant and deep study., History is as vast as Time. In this book we deal with the continents of Asia, Europe and America. We have yet to study the various features of Africa, South America, and Australia. A lot of research works have been going on in different fields of human, endeavor and it is a challenge at least to give a bird’s-eye-view of the results of these, research works in our textbooks. Though we follow the spiral approach, our course, becomes highly scientific and intricate., The VII syllabus deals with Asia and Europe. We have made an earnest effort to, acquaint the learners with the details of special geographical features of these continents. Indian History has been dealt with in greater detail keeping in mind the latest, research findings in various aspects of history. As the syllabus is vast, naturally the, pages have become more. It was a problem for writers to decide the depth and extent, of details of the materials to be presented in the book., We faced another problem while designing the book. It was how to present the, sensitive issues such as religions, castes and gender. Ours is a multifaceted society., The learners at this level are sensitive to such issues. Therefore we have made a sincere and an objective effort to help learners realize the learning objectives to the best, of our ability., We would like to share the following points with classroom teachers, • The VII textbook is a continuation of V and VI standard textbooks. Therefore teachers have to keep in mind the portions covered in classes V and VI, • Portion to be covered is indicated using icons at the beginning and end of each, chapter. Information given in the boxes is not to be tested in the examination. Box, items come under the ‘going beyond the syllabus’, part of the curricular., • At the beginning of each chapter a list of competencies to be master by the students is given. It is for the guidance of teachers. They have to see that learners have, to master the competencies., • Teachers are expected to bring to the notice of the chief coordinator, the good, points and deficiencies well in time so that deficiencies may be set right in the next, edition of the textbook. We welcome such suggestions from parents as well., •, , Our grateful thanks to all those who have helped us in preparing this textbook., Dr. Aswathanarayana, Chairperson, Textbook Preparation Committee, , iv

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About the Revision of Textbooks, , he, , d, , Honourable Chief Minister Sri Siddaramaiah who is also the Finance, Minister of Karnataka, in his response to the public opinion about the, new textbooks from standard I to X, announced, in his 2014-15 budget, speech of constituting an expert-committee, to look into the matter., He also spoke of the basic expectations there in, which the textbook, experts should follow: “The textbooks should aim at inculcating social, equality, moral values, development of personality, scientific temper,, critical acumen, secularism and the sense of national commitment”,, he said., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Later, for the revision of the textbooks from class I to X, the, Department of Education constituted twenty seven committees and, passed an order on 24-11-2014. The committees so constituted were, subject and class-wise and were in accordance with the standards, prescribed. Teachers who are experts in matters of subjects and syllabi, were in the committees., , to, , There were already many complaints, and analyses about the, textbooks. So, a freehand was given in the order dated 24-11-2014, to the responsible committees to examine and review text and even, to prepare new text and revise if necessary. Eventually, a new order, was passed on 19-9-2015 which also gave freedom even to re-write, the textbooks if necessary. In the same order, it was said that the, completely revised textbooks could be put to force from 2017-18, instead of 2016-17., , No, t, , Many self inspired individuals and institutions, listing out the, wrong information and mistakes there in the text, had sent them, to the Education Minister and to the Textbook Society. They were, rectified. Before rectification we had exchanged ideas by arranging, debates. Discussions had taken place with Primary and Secondary, Education Teachers’ Associations. Questionnaires were administered, among teachers to pool up opinions. Separate meetings were held with, teachers, subject inspectors and DIET Principals. Analytical opinions, had been collected. To the subject experts of science, social science,, mathematics and languages, textbooks were sent in advance and later, meetings were held for discussions. Women associations and science, related organisations were also invited for discussions. Thus, on the, basis of inputs received from various sources, the textbooks have been, revised where ever necessary., x

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he, , d, , Another important aspect has to be shared here. We constituted, three expert committees. They were constituted to make suggestions, after making a comparative study of the texts of science, mathematics, and social science subjects of central schools (NCERT), along with, state textbooks. Thus, the state text books have been enriched based, on the comparative analysis and suggestions made by the experts. The, state textbooks have been guarded not to go lower in standards than, the textbooks of central schools. Besides, these textbooks have been, examined along side with the textbooks of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala,, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra states., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Another clarification has to be given here. Whatever we have done, in the committees is only revision, it is not the total preparation of the, textbooks. Therefore, the structure of the already prepared textbooks, have in no way been affected or distorted. They have only been revised, in the background of gender equality, regional representation, national, integrity, equality and social harmony. While doing so, the curriculum, frames of both central and state have not been transgressed. Besides,, the aspirations of the constitution are incorporated carefully. Further,, the reviews of the committees were once given to higher expert, committees for examination and their opinions have been inculcated, into the textbooks., , No, t, , to, , Finally, we express our grateful thanks to those who strived in, all those 27 committees with complete dedication and also to those, who served in higher committees. At the same time, we thank all the, supervising officers of the Textbook Society, who sincerely worked, hard in forming the committees and managed to see the task reach, it’s logical completion. We thank all the members of the staff who cooperated in this venture. Our thanks are also to the subject experts, and to the associations who gave valuable suggestions., , Narasimhaiah, Managing Director, Karnataka Textbook Society (R), Bengaluru., , Prof. Baraguru Ramachandrappa, Chairman-in-Chief, State Textbook Revision Committee (R), Bengaluru., , xi

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CONTENTS, , 2, , Bahamani Adil Shahs, , 5, 6, 7, 8, , 15, 31, , Nayakas, Palegaras and Naada Prabhus, , 43, , Wodeyars of Mysuru, , 54, , The Sultans of Delhi, , 70, , The Mughal Empire, , 79, , Marathas, , 89, 93, , Advent of the Europeans to India, , No, t, , 9, , Bhakthi Cult and Sufi Heritage., , to, , 4, , 01, , d, , Vijayanagara Empire, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , 1, , 3, , Page, No., , HISTORY, , he, , Sl.No., , 10, , Rise of British Political Supremacy in India, , 100, , 11, , Impact of the British Rule, , 110, , 12, , Social and Riligious Reforms, , 121, , 13, , Freedom Struggle, , 134, , xii

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LESSON, 1, , VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE, , Introduction, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , The expedition which started during 13th century, by Delhi Sultan, Allauddin Khilji over South India, continued in 14th century also. As a, result, many south Indian kingdoms like Yadavas of Devgiri, Hoysalas, of Dwarasamudra, Kakatiyas of Warangal, Pandyas of Madhurai and, others were defeated. At this juncture, Vijayanagar succeeded in, creating a strong political power as a solution for South India’s political, issues. It ruled for three centuries., In this lesson, the dynasties which ruled Vijayanaga Empire, are explained. Contributions of these Kings to Political, social,, economical, literary, art and sculpture are also discussed. Battle of, Talikota (Rakkasatangadi) which was the main reason for the decline, of Vijayanagar Empire, and its affects are also discussed here., Competencies, , To understand the achievements of Vijayanagara kings., , 2], , To know administration, social and economic conditions, and literature of the Vijayanagara period., , 3], , To know the art and sculpture of the Vijayanagara period., , 4], , To know the religious equality maintained by the Vijayanagara, kings., , No, t, , to, , 1], , 5], , To mark the borders and to identify the places of Vijayanagara, Empire on the map., , Vijayanagara Empire was founded in 1336 A. D. on the, southern bank of Tungabadra river by the sons of Sangama, called Harihar, Bukka Raya, Kampana, Marappa and, Muddappa. Hampi of Ballari district was their capital and, their national emblem was boar (Varaha)., 1

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d, he, ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, Emblem was boar (Varaha), , During 1336-1646 CE, Vijayanagara Empire was ruled, by the four dynasties called Sangama Dynasty(1336-1485),, Saluva Dynasty(1485-1505 CE), Tuluva Dynasty(1505-1567), and Aravidu Dynasty(1570-1646)., Sangama Dynasty (1336-1485 CE), , No, t, , to, , Harihara and Bukka: Harihara (1336-57 CE) was the, first king of this dynasty. He took control over the regions, of Tungabhadra River. He extended his empire to Konkan, coastal areas of the West, to Nellore and Kadapa of East, to, the Krishna River of the North and Kaveri River of the South., Like this, he laid a strong foundation for his empire., Bukka Raya (1357-1377 CE), brother of Harihara took over, power after his death because Harihara had no son. During, his rule, his son Kampana widened the empire by defeating, the Sultan of Madhurai. This was explained in a book called, ‘Madhura Vijayam’ which was written by Kampana’s queen, Gangadevi. Bukka captured Penukonda by defeating Reddys, 2

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of Kondaveedu and included it to Vijayanagara Empire., Shravanabelagola inscription of 1368 CE explains that he, pacified the conflict between Jains and Vyshnavas and, maintained religious harmony and equality., , d, , After Bukka Raya, Harihara II(1377-1404 CE), Bukka Raya, II, Virupaksha II(1404-1406 CE), Devaraya I (1406-1422 CE),, Vira Vijayaraya (1422-1424 CE) ruled Vijayanagara Empire., , he, , Devaraya II (Prauda Devaraya) (1424-1446 CE), , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , He was the famous king of Sangama Dynasty and his, period was significant in Vijayanagara Dynasty. After he took, over the power, he built a new army including Muslim soldiers, who had archery and horse taming skills. With the help of, this army, he defeated Reddy leaders of Kondaveedu region., He defended famous Mudugal fort, Raichur and Bankapur, by fighting with Ahmed Shah of Bahmani Sultans. His brave, commander called Lakkanna Dandesha defeated the kings, of Kerala and Srilanka and collected treasure and tribute in, cash from them., , No, t, , to, , Prauda Devaraya, who had religious tolerance, built Jain, and Vyshnava temples in the capital and he permitted to build, Mosques also. Telugu poet Srinatha, Sanskrit philosopher, Dindima and Kannada poet and the Minister, Lakkana, Dandesh were sheltered in his kingdom. Veerashaivism got, resurrected in his period., Persian ambassador, Abdul Razak visited Vijayanagara, Kingdom during Prauda Devaraya period and stated, “I have, seen such a rich kingdom like Vijayanagara Kingdom for the, first time. The capital has seven forts and the Raja’s army, has lakhs of soldiers.”, , 3

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he, , Saluva Dynasty (1485-1505 CE), , d, , He had the titles like ‘Gaja Ventegara’,, ‘Chatusamudradiswara’, ‘Arirayavibhada’. After his death, in 1446 CE, his son Mallikarjuna (1446-1465 CE) and then, Virupaksha III (1465-1485 CE) ruled Vijayanagara. These were, weak rulers and because of this a strong commander Saluva, Narasimha captured the capital. With this incident, the rule, of Sangama Dynasty ended in 1485 CE., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , After taking over the power in 1485 CE, Saluva Narasimha, ruled for six years and died in 1491 CE. His children were, minors when he died and because of this Kingdom was in the, protection of a commander called Tuluva Narasanayaka from, 1491 to 1503 CE., Tuluva Dynasty (1505-1567 CE), , In 1505 CE, Vira Narasimha, son of Tuluva Narasanayaka,, started the rule of Tuluva Dynasty. After his death in 1509,, his brother Krishna Deva Raya came to power., Krishna Deva Raya (1509-1529 CE), , to, , He was the famous and greatest king among other, Vijayanagara kings. At the initial years of his rule, he had to, face many revolts., , No, t, , Robert Sewell stated that Krishnadevaraya was an, uncommon brave king, intelligent soldier and diplomatic, expert. He defeated his enemies and extended his empire in, South India., , He seized Sivanasamudra fort from Ummattur chief, Ganga, Raja in 1510 CE. Later he won Raichur fort. He supported, Portuguese to capture Goa from Vijayapura Sultan. In 1513, CE, he won Udayagiri fort, then in 1518 CE, he captured, Cuttack, the capital of Gajapati Prathapa Rudra, a Kalinga, King, by defeating him and married his daughter Jaganmohini., 4

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THE VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE, , No, t, , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , DURING KRISHNADEVARAYA, [16th Century], , Historical Places, , In 1522 CE, he recaptured Raichur from the king of Adil, Shah, Ismail Adil Khan. Later, he captured Kalaburagi, Bidar, forts. He got released the son of king who was imprisoned by, Bahmani Prime Minister and restored him to power in Bidar., For this, he got the title, ‘Yavana Rajya Prathishtapanacharya’., Vijayanagara Kingdom was expanded in all four directions at, 5

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the time of his death in 1529 CE. Domingo Paes, who visited, his kingdom, stated, “Krishnadevaraya was a soft person with, a strong body” in his book., Rakkasa Tangadi Battle, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , After Krishnadevaraya, Achyuta Raya (1530-1542 CE) and, Sadasiva Raya (1543-1565 CE) ruled Vijayanagara. Since, Sadasiva Raya was a minor and unable to rule, Rama Raya of, Aravidu dynasty, son in law of Krishnadevaraya took the whole, responsibility of administration. His diplomacy expanded, Vijayanagara Kingdom and made it rich. The number of, enemies also increased., Deccan Sultanates were attacking Vijayanagara often. To, avenge, Rama Raya captured Vijayapura and Golkonda and, this caused the war. All Sultanates united themselves with, jealousy and hatred on the growth and richness of Vijayanagara, Kingdom. They had political differences in between them, but, to defeat Vijayanagara, they united., , No, t, , to, , On 23rd January of 1565 CE, the Rakkasa Tangadi war, began between the united army of Sultans and the army of, Vijayanagara on the banks of Krishna River and Rama Raya, died in the war. Sultanates looted Vijayanagara. Tirumala and, Venkata, sons of Rama Raya, who escaped from war, ran away, to Penukonda. Later, Aravidu dynasty started their ruling, from 1570 to 1646 CE by making Penukonda, Chandragiri, and later Vellur as their capitals. By this war, feudal chiefs of, Mysuru, Keladi, Chitradurga, Yelahanka and Surapur became, independent rulers in Karnataka., 6

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Cultural Contributions of Vijayanagara Empire, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Administration: Vijayanagara Empire had strong central, administration and it adopted decentralized administrative, system. In the administration, there were many ministers, to assist the king and leaders of local provinces. For the, administration purpose, kingdom was divided into provinces,, provinces into regions, regions into cities and cities into village, groups. King’s representatives were managing the provinces, and hereditary officers were managing village administration., The king was the supreme judiciary. Regional officers, were dispensing justice in Provinces. 1/6 of land revenue was, collected. It was major income and trade tax, profession tax,, road tax, fair tax, export tax and tribute in cash were other, incomes., During the reign of Vijayanagara, infantry, cavalry,, elephant and canon divisions were the prominent divisions in, the army. Arabian horses were very attractive in Vijayanagara., , No, t, , to, , Social Status: During Vijayanagara period, child, marriage, Sati system and Devadasi systems were in practice., Monogamy was in practice but rich people and kings were, following polygamy. Women were respected. Deepavali and, Dasara festivals were celebrated grandly. Dasara festival was, celebrated under King’s patronage., Economic Status: Agriculture was the main occupation., Rice, Maize, sugarcane and cotton crops were the major, crops. Kings of Vijayanagara encouraged agriculture through, building tanks and wells. They had trade links with other, countries and rice, cotton, clothes, iron, diamonds, sugar,, 7

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he, , d, , Religious Harmony: Kings of Vijayanagara Kingdom were, great followers of religious tolerance. They built a mosque in, their capital. Bukka Raya solved the problems between Jains, and Vaishnavas and it is known by the Shravanabelagola, inscription of 1368 CE. Barbosa who visited Vijayanagar, during the reign of Krishnadeavraya, stated that any Christian,, Jew, Muslim, Hindu or person of any religion can live happily, in Vijayanagara Kingdom, because these kings respect all., , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Art and Sculpture: Great historian, Percy Brown on, observing the temples, monuments and sculptural statues,, stated that art and sculpture of Vijayanagara was ‘the, evolutionary form of Dravidian style’., , No, t, , Hajara Ramaswamy Temple, Hampi, , The temples of that period were built with strong granite, rocks. Kalyana Mantapa of Virupaksha temple in Hampi, Hazara, Ramaswamy temple, Vittalaswamy temple, Krishnaswamy, temple, Kamala Mahal, Shringeri’s Vidyashankar temple are, some important temples which were built during their rule., Very spacious enclosures, high tower, very wide marriage, halls, meeting halls, spring pavilions were the feature of, temples of Vijayanagara period., 9

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II. Answer the following in one sentence, Who is the founder of Vijayanagar Kingdom?, , 2., , Name the dynasties that ruled Vijayanagar., , 3., , Name the famous king from Sangama dynasty., , 4., , Name the famous and greatest king of Vijaynagar, kingdom., , 5., , When did the Rakkasa Thangadi war take place?, , 6., , Name the sources of income for the Vijayanagar, kingdom., , 7., , Name the festivals celebrated in Vijayanagar kingdom., , 8., , Name the main crops grown in Vijayanagar kingdom., , 9., , Name the musical creations of Krishnadevaraya., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , 1., , 10. Name the foreigners who visited Vijaynagar., 11. Name the important temples from Vijayanagar, Kingdom., 1., , Write a note on Krishnadevaraya’s conquests., Make a list of literary works from Vijayanagar period, , No, t, , 2., , to, , III. Discuss and answer, , IV. Match the following, A, , B, , Gangadevi Andhrabhoja, Devaraya II Madura Vijayam, Krishnadevaraya , , Vidyashankar Devalaya, , Shringeri Gajaventegara, 13

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V. Activities, Collect pictures of Vijayanagar monuments and, describe them., , 2., , Collect pictures of Vijayanagar sculptures and, describe them, , 3., , Collect songs written by Kanakadas and Purandaradas, and sing them in a group., , 4., , Visit Hampi on an educational tour, write an essay, about your experience., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , 1., , No, t, , to, ,   , , 14

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LESSON, 2, , BAHMANI ADIL SHAH'S, , Introduction, In the history of Karnataka, Vijayanagara Empire was established, , d, , in 1336 CE. Later on 3rd August of 1347 CE, the first Muslim dynasty, , he, , Bahmani Empire came to exist. Allauddin Hasan Gangu Bahman shah, was the founder of this empire. Battles were taking place continuously, between the Bahmani Sultans and Vijayanagara kings. Inner conflicts, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , rose in the dynasty and by 1527 CE five Shah dynasties came into, existence. Among them, Adil Shahis of Vijayapura were prominent., Main achievements of Sultanates of this dynasty are discussed in this, lesson. They also gave prominence to literature art and sculpture., The achievements of Sultan Firoz Shah and famous prime minister, Mohammed Gavan are discussed in this lesson. With this, Bahmani, state’s significant contributions are also discussed., Competencies, , To know contributions of Firoz Shah and Mohammed Gawan., , 2], , To recognize the contributions in the field of literature, art, , to, , 1], , and sculpture by Bahmani Sultans., , To mark the important places of Bahmani Sultans on map., , 4], , To know the important sultans among Vijayapura Adil Shahs, , 5], , To know art literature and sculpture of this period., , No, t, , 3], , When Vijaynagara Empire was founded, in the northern, part of it Bahmani Empire also founded in 1347 CE. Its founder, was Alla-Ud-Din Hasan Gangu Bahman Shah. Bahman Shah, was working in the army of Delhi Sultan, Muhammad Bin, Tughluq., 15

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2.1 Bahamani Sultans (1347-1527 CE), , No, t, , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Bahmani State had the parts of Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh (Telangana) states under its rule. In the, beginning, Kalaburagi and later Bidar were their capitals., Bahmani Empire was in northern part of the Krishna River, and Vijayanagara Empire was in southern part of Krishna., Tajuddin Firoz Shah was the great Sultan in Bahmani dynasty., , 16

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Tajuddin Firoz Shah (1397-1422 CE), , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , He was liberal, judicious and a believer of god. He made, copies of Quran and edited it for his whole life. He was a writer,, encouraged all languages and he was an expert in Geometry, and Theology. He sheltered many philosophers, poets, artists, and had honoured them. He established observatory in, Daulathabad (Maharashtra). He propagated the beauty of his, capital, Kalaburagi. He built a new city called ‘Firozabada’ on, the bank of Bhima River. He gifted many villages to a Sufi, Saint, Bandenawaz who arrived to the kingdom during his, period. He concentrated on the development of ports and as, a result, foreign tourism was encouraged., Mohammed Gawan (1463-1481 CE), , All credits of making Bahmani dynasty great goes to, Mohammed Gawan. Basically, he was a Persian and worked, honestly as a Prime Minister in the reign of Sultanate,, Mohammed Shah III., Prominent Bahmani Sultans, , to, , Alla-Ud-Din Hasan Gangu Bahman Shah, Firoz Shah,, Ahamud Shah and Mohammed Shah III, Important Factors, , No, t, , Mohammed Gawan captured Hubballi, Belgavi and, Goa from Vijayanagara Empire., Administration was according to the Islamic laws., He encouraged revenue and postal services., He fixed taxes on the basis of land’s fertility and, irrigation facility. Tax was collected in cash only., , 17

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He removed some taxes which were annoying the, people., , he, , d, , As a philosopher himself, Mohammed Gawan founded, Madarasa (University) in Bidar. It encouraged Islamic, religion and law education. Astronomy, Mathematics,, History were being studied here. Free education and, hostel facilities were there. Around 3000 manuscripts, were in the library of Madarasa., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Mohammed contributed a lot in making the Bahmani, kingdom great. Regional leaders were jealous of his, fame and conspired to have him murdered. On the, Gawan’s tomb, it is written that “innocent Gawan, was killed”., , Cultural Contributions:, , to, , Education: Bahmani Sultans encouraged Islamic, education. Chanting of Quran was the part of the education., Kalaburagi, Bidar, Elichapur and Daulathabad and others, were the Islamic educational centres during their reign. Poor, people and orphans were provided free food and shelter and, scholarships was given to students in Madarasas. Quran,, philosophy and principles of Sufism were taught in the, schools., , No, t, , Literature: Literary activities were greatly encouraged by, Bahmani Sultans and they sheltered many philosophers, poets, and writers. Firoz Shah, Mohammed Shah II and Mohammed, Gawan were writers and minister poets. During their reign,, Persian, Arabic and Urdu literatures were developed. Great, Sufi saint and writer Bandenavaz belonged to their period. The, language that they and other foreigners used became famous, as ‘Dakani’. Later it developed as Urdu language., 18

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he, , d, , Sculpture: The history of Bahmani dynasty is famous for, sculpture and architecture. Monuments in Bidar, Kalaburagi, and other places are in Hindu-Islam style. It is familiar as, Dakani style. The first contribution of Bahmanis is Jamia, Mazjid of Kalaburagi and Mohammed Shah built it. The, meeting hall with small domes is the major attraction here., Tombs of Sultans are in Kalaburagi and they are also domed, structures. The tomb of Bandenawaz is another prominent, monument of Kalaburagi., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Bidar’s Solahkhamba Mosque and beautiful palaces in, the fort are famous. These buildings are decorated and have, carved wooden crafts on them. Twelve tombs of Ashtur near, Bidar are also famous., , No, t, , to, , The prominent monument of the Bahmani kingdom, is, Madarasa which was built by Mohammed Gawan. It is 242, feet wide, 222 feet long, 56 feet height and 3 storied building., The building which is more than five centuries old appears to, be declaring its glory., , Fort, Bidar, , 19

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2.2.1 Adil Shahs of Vijayapura (Bijapura) (1489-1686 CE), (1489-1510 CE), , Ismail Adil Khan , , (1510-1534 CE), , Ibrahim Adil Shah , , (1535-1558 CE), , Ali Adil Shah I , , (1558-1580 CE), , Ibrahim Adil Shah II , , (1580-1626 CE), , Mohammed Adil Shah , , (1626-1656 CE), , Ali Adil Shah II , , (1656-1672 CE), , Sikandar Adil Shah , , (1672-1686 CE), , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Yusuf Adil Khan , , Yusuf Adil Khan was the founder of Adil Shahs dynasty of, Vijayapur. He was a good administrator and tolerant towards, other religions. After him, Ibrahim Adil Shah II came to the, power., , Ibrahim Adil Shah II (1580-1626 CE), , No, t, , to, , Ibrahim Adil Shah the Second was the great king among, other Sultans. Kingdom was expanded and became rich in, his period. He had a title called ‘Jagadguru Badshah’. He, was tolerant of other religions. He sheltered many Hindu, philosophers, poets and musicians in his court. He renovated, Dutta temples in his fort and encouraged pooja rituals. He, worked for the cultural harmony of Hindu-Muslim. He wrote a, book called ‘Kitab-e-Navaras’ and tried to make music popular, among Muslims. The book begins with worshipping the Gods, like Ganapati, Saraswati, Bhyrava and others. He himself, was a great musician. ‘Ibrahim Rauza’ which is famous for, its architecture, was built by him., 22

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d, he, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Ibrahim Rauza, Vijayapura, , 2.2.2 Barid Shahs of Bidar (1489-1619 CE), , When Bahmani State was scattered into many provinces,, Barid Shahs ruled Deccan’s Bidar and other regions around, it. Qasim Barid was the founder of this dynasty. After him,, Ibrahim and his brother Qasim who ruled Bidar, were, incompetent kings. And because of their inner conflicts,, this dynasty declined. Then Ibrahim Adil Shah of Vijayapur, captured Bidar. Like this, Barid Shah Kingdom was merged, into Ibrahim’s Vijayapur’s state., 2.2.3 Qutub Shahs of Golkonda (1512-1687 CE), , No, t, , to, , Quli Qutub Shah: He was the founder of independent, Golkonda State. He ruled the state with good administration, and in 1543 CE he was killed by his own son., , Ibrahim: He had compassion for Hindu religion and there, were many Hindu officers in his administration. During, his ruling, he made Golkonda a beautiful city. He changed, his capital from Golkonda to Hyderabad in 1589 CE. After, him Abdul Qutub Shah, Abdul Hasan and others came to, power. But they were incompetent kings and later Golkonda, surrendered to the Mughals., , 23

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2.2.4 Nizam Shahs of Ahmadnagar (1490-1636 CE), , he, , d, , In 1490 CE, Malik Ahmed who was a chief of Junnar, Province founded his own state of Ahmadnagar and established, Nizam Shah Dynasty. He took Daulatabad under his control, and expanded empire. After him, Burhan, Hussain Nizam, Shah, Murtaza were Sultans just for namesake. With death, of Chand Bibi, Ahmadnagar declined. And later in 1637 CE, during the period of Shah Jahan, Mughal king, Ahmadnagar, was merged into the Mughal State., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , 2.2.5 Imad Shahs of Beerar (1490-1580 CE), , After the fall of Bahmani Kingdom, five Sultan states, came to exist. Imad Shah Dynasty of Berar is one among, them. It was situated between, Pen Ganga and Vine Ganga, Rivers at Vardha, Tapati to north of Bidar. In 1490, Fathullah, founded this dynasty. Ellichpur was their capital. Fathullah, had a title called ‘Imad-ul-Mulk’. After his death in 1504 CE,, his son Allauddin Imad Shah came to the power. He was an, incompetent king. After him, his son Darya Imad Shah came, to the power and even during his rule also, Berar Dynasty, continued its battles with neighbouring states., , No, t, , to, , After the death of Darya Imad Shah, his little son, Burhan, Imad Shah took the power. During his rule, power came to, the hands of usurper called Tufail Khan. Later, Berar Dynasty, fell to the hands of Vijayapura Sultans., The Contributions of Adil Shahs:, During the reign of 200 years, Adil Shahs of Vijayapur, contributed a lot to the fields of education, literature, music,, fine arts, art and sculpture., Education: Adil Shahs were great lovers of education and, they encouraged it. Their education policy was to develop, 24

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Islamic culture. Mukhtub (Mosque) and Madarasa (college), were the educational centres. Knowledge, religion, law, poetry, and others were taught. Educational institutions were under, King’s patronage., , : Fersita –‘Thariq-i-Ferista’ and, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Persian Poet, , he, , d, , Literature: The contribution of Adil Shah to the literature, is very prominent. Literature became rich in their period, because Kings were poets themselves. Many books were, written in Persian, Arabic, Urdu and Kannada languages., , ‘Gulshan-ye-Ibrahim’, , Urdu Poets, , : Abdul’s ‘Ibrahim Nama’, , Mulla Nasrati’s : ‘Alinama’, , Kannada Poet : Narahari of Torave – ‘Torave Ramayana’, Music: Yusuf Ali Adil Shah and Ibrahim Adil Shah II were, great musicians. Ibrahim Adil Shah’s work ‘Kitab-e-Navaras’, was the great work in music. He opened a music school., Women of royal and rich families were interested in music., , No, t, , to, , Fine Arts: Ibrahim II was a fine artist. His court had, many Persian artists. Beautiful painting of flowers, plants,, creeper and other nature scenes were painted on their houses,, walls of Mosques and floors. These paintings helped to know, aspirations, interests and traditions of the people., Art and Sculpture: In the history of art and sculpture of, Karnataka, the buildings of Adil Shahs of Vijayapura are the, important ones. They built forts, palaces, mosques and tombs., Their monuments are in Indo-Islamic style., a) Fort: The fort of Vijayapur is a big one and it has ninety, six bastions (the dome which were built on fort) and six main, entrances., 25

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c), , Mosques:, , Jama Masjid: Ali Adil Shah built it. It is famous for, its very wide prayer hall. It is a common building without, any decorations. It has different new style among other art, monuments., , he, , d, , Ibrahim Rauza: Ibrahim Adil Shah II built it in the memory, of his wife, Taj Begum in Vijayapura. It has the tombs of, Ibrahim and his relatives. It is the only Rauza in India. It is, called as ‘Taj Mahal of South India’., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , The Mosque and the Tomb are built on an elevated, platform with a garden around them and compound wall, around it. This is called 'Rauza'., , No, t, , to, , Gol Gumbuz: Mohammed decided to build something that, is even bigger and greater than Rauza. He built Gol Gumbuz,, a domed tomb in 1656 CE at Vijayapura. It has a big dome, with a whispering chamber inside. It is a fine example for, technology of that time. It is the fourth largest dome in the, world and the first largest dome in India., , Gol Gumbaz, Vijayapura, , 27

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LESSON, 3, , BHAKTHI CULT AND SUFI, HERITAGE, , Introduction, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , In South and North India Alwars and Daasas and in north, India Sanths (Saints) and Sufis created social awakening through, Bhakthi Cult. In this lesson, the objectives, meaning and features of, Bhakthi cult are discussed. In southern India Aandal, Akkamahadevi,, Kanakadasa, Purandaradasa and Shishunala Sharif are introduced., Similarly, in North India Kabirdas, Gurunanak, Tulasidas, Meerabai,, Sri Chaithanya and Sufi Saints are introduced. The harmony these, faiths together have achieved, despite their diverse religious faiths,, and their endowment towards enriching the vernacular languages are, discussed here., Competencies, , Understanding the contributions of Bhakthi Cult in forging, religious hormony., , 2], , Understanding the preachings of Dasas and Saints., , 3], , Understanding and appreciating the unique philosophy of, Sufis., , to, , 1], , No, t, , Indian society is inclusive of many cultures. In this, society caste system, superstitions and pseudo rituals were, deeprooted. It was believed that attaining Moksha (salvation), for the common man was impossible. The medieval society, was under the impression that the common people were, not eligible for such a destiny. During this period, saints of, Bhakti cult and Sufi tradition brought in a social and religious, reformation., They stressed the importance of global brotherhood and, taught that Bhakthi is the best way to attain Moksha. This, 31

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path is called Bhakthi Cult. The word Bhakthi is from the, Sanskrit word ‘Bhuj”. Bhuj means the knowledge., Gist of Bhakthi cult:, Bhakthi cult condemned discrimination. It preached, equality., , 2., , The Saints of Bhakthi cult opposed and condemned, superstitious practices., , 3., , They undertook the task of uniting the hearts of, people, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , 1., , 4., , According to Sufi Saints dharma is love and service, to mankind. God is one, not many, they preached., , No, t, , to, , 3.1 Bhakthi Heritage in South India:, Aandal:, Aandal is one among the twleve Alwars,, the Vishnu Devotees, of Tamilnadu. She, was an adopted daughter of Vishnuchitha., Vishnuchitha was an alwar they were, also called Periyalwar. Aandal's original, name was Godadevi. They were devotees, Aandal, of Krishna. Her father was making flower, garlands and offered it to Krishna temple, of Srivilliputhur. Aandal loved Krishna and she claimed that, he was her husband. She wrote ‘Thirupaamai’ and dedicated, to God. In Tamilnadu Tirupaamai Vratha (rite/ a ceremony, / religious observance) is very famous. According to Alwars, all Vishnu devotees are equal and their birth should not be, questioned. Caste discrimination is a criminal offence, they, believed., , 32

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Akkamahadevi:, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Akkamahadevi was an enterprising, woman in the Vachana movement, of twelfth century. She has made, immense contributions to Vachana, literature. She was born in Uduthadi, of Shivamoga District. Her father was, Nirmalashetty and mother Sumathi., Akka immersed in Shivabhakthi, Akkamahadevi, since her childhood. She claimed, Channamallikarjuna himself to be her husband. Her parents, forcibly got her married to king Koushika. She found it a, hindrance to her service to Guru, Linga, Jangama, so she, left the palace. Later, she stayed at Anubhava Mantapa in, Kalyana for sometime. There she wrote many Vachanas under, the pen name Channamallikarjuna. She was respected by, all Shivasharanas. She left Kalyana and went to Srishaila, towards the end of her life. She left her mortal body in the, Kadali forest of Srishaila., Purandara Dasa (1480-1564 CE), , No, t, , to, , He is one of the important persons in, Kannada Dasa literature. Purandaradasa, was born in Purandaragada. His original, name was Srinivasa Nayaka. His father was, Varadappa Nayaka and mother Leelavathi., Wife Lakshmibai was a religious woman., Srinivasa Nayaka was a miser and an, atheist. Later he distributed all his wealth, to the needy people and spent rest of his Purandaradasaru, life in the thought of God. He travelled to, many places, singing Keerthanas and at last, he reached, Krishnadevaraya’s court. Vyasaraya gave him deeksha and, 33

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Kanakadasa (1508-1606 CE), , he, , d, , called him as Purandara. Later he became Purandaradasa., We can see humaneness in all his songs. He condemned caste, system. We also see the combination of philosophy, moral, and musical qualities in his songs. He is known as Karnataka, Sangeetha Pithamaha (Father of Carnatic music). He wrote, Keerthanas with the pen name of Purandara Vittala. He was, praised by his own Guru (teacher) Vysaraya as "Purandara, Dasa is Ultimate as a Dasa”., , No, t, , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Kanakadasa is one of the famous, Keerthanakaras of Daasa Literature., He was born about 1508 CE at Bada, village of Bankapura Taluk in Haveri, District. Thimmappa was his original, name. Beerappa and Bachamma were his, parents. He was a warrior and also a poet., He headed a group of over 78 villages. It, is said that he found a potful of Gold and, Kanakadasa, he came to be known as Kanakanayaka., He renounced wordly things and became, a disciple of Vyasaraya. Later, he came to be known as, Kanakadasa. He has composed many Kirthanas with a pen, name Adhikeshava. Adikeshava was his personal God. He, has criticized the superstitious of the society in his songs and, has preached the simple path of attaining Moksha in them., He has also criticized caste system in his songs., Kanakana Kindi: The priests of Udupi temple stops, Kanaka from entering the temple. It is said that, Lord Krishna, pleased by his devotion turned his face towards west for, Kanaka. This was named as Kanakana Kindi. Kanakadasa, wrote Haribhakthisara, Nalacharithre, Ramadhyana Charithe, (Shatpadi epics), Mohana Tharangini (The Sangeetha Kavya), 34

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Shishunala Sharifa:, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Shishunala Sharifa is the first Kannada, Muslim mystic poet. He is known as Kabeera, of Karnataka. He was born in 1819 CE at, Shishunaala. His parents were Imam Saheb,, mother Hajjamma. He studied both Hindu, and Islamic religion in his childhood. Later, he passed his Mulki exams and served as, teacher for sometime. He took Deeksha, from Govindabhatta and wrote many, Shishunala, Thathvapadas. In his poems one can find, Sharifa, Rewayath (Moharam words). Among those, songs Kalagapada, Dharmika Neethipada, Alaavipada, Savaal, Jawab Pada are famous. We can see his grave in Shishunala., He tried to spread humanity beyond the barriers of caste and, religion., 3.2 Bhakthi Heritage of North India:, Kabirdas (1398-1518 CE), , No, t, , to, , Kabirdas is a famous saint of, Bhakthi cult and was a disciple, of Ramananda. He tried to bring, harmony between Hindu and Muslim, religions. He was an adopted son of, weaving Muslim couple Neeru and, Neema of Varanasi. He condemened, caste system, luxurious life, and, discrimination based on religion. Allah, and Rama are the two names of one, God, he said. He described Hindu, Muslims as pots of same clay., , Kabirdas, , Kabir told that he is the son of Rama and Allah. According, to him, it is not possible to see God by fasting, torturing, 35

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the body, sacred pilgrimages. It is only possible by sacred, devotion. He taught his philosophy through Doha (Two lines, poems) which is simple and easy to understand by common, man. His followers are called Kabir Panthis., Gurunanak (1469-1539 CE):, , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Gurunanak is the founder of Sikh, religion. He was born in 1469 CE at, Thalavandi in Punjab, now it is in, Pakistan. Mehtakalu (Kaaluchanda), and Thruptha were his parents. He, stressed on good views of Hindu and, Muslim religions. His songs called as, Japaji are in Grantha Sahib, sacred, book of Sikhs. Sikh cult has given, Gurunanak, importance for Japa and good deeds., He stressed on gender equality. Nanak, had great belief in the existence of the God. God is one and, eternal, he proclaimed. He said, one can gain Guru through, Bhakthi and with Bhakthi one can attain Mukthi. He opposed, social evils like Idol worshiping, casteism, Sathi System etc.,, During one of his travels he visited Karnataka. He stayed in, Bidar, the place called Naanak Jaara (Sweet water spring)., Tulasidas (1532-1623 CE), , No, t, , Tulasidas was the first to support, bhakthi Maarga in North India. He, was born in a Brahmin family. He has, contributed to the Hindi literature. He, wrote Ramacharithamanasa. This is a, great book in Hindi in the North, it is, famous as Tulasiramayana. Ramabhaktha, Tulasidasa. He sowed devotion, pure life,, love, affection, patience, generosity among, the people., 36, , Tulasidas

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Meerabai (1498-1569 CE), , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Meerabai is a renowned saint of India, and is called as Radha of Kaliyuga. She, was born in a Rajput family in Rajasthan., She was Raja Rathansingh's daughter., She married prince of Mewar. She, loved philosophy from her childhood,, so she spent her time in offering Puja,, meditation and singing. Her motherMeerabai, in-law opposed her worshipping lord, Krishna. Meerabai could not tolerate this and she left to, Brindavan, the pilgrimage place of Srikrishna. Her songs are, full of devotion and love. Giridhara Gopala is her favourite God., She has remained eternal due to her thousands of Bhajans., Chaithanya (1485-1533 CE), , No, t, , to, , Chaithanya was born in Nabadwip, Dham (Nadia) in Bengal in 1485 CE., Jagannatha Mishra and Sridevi were his, parents. Vishwambara was his original name., Eshvarpuri was his Guru. Chaithanya left his, family life and took Sanyasa at the age of 25., He rejected casteism. Bhakthi is the only way, to attain Mukthi. Universal love is the first, Chaithanya, step towards the God, he said. He travelled, to pilgrimage places of India and spread the message of love., Love, brotherhood and generosity are the essences of his, teachings. Today’s Hare Krishna cult has been influenced by, him. The Bengalies call him Chaithanya Mahaprabhu and, also treat him as the incarnation of lord Krishna, , 37

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Influences of Bhakthi cult:, Result:, Bhakthi saints created harmony between Hindu and, Muslims., , he, , d, , Bhakthi saints wrote in simple common man’s, language. This enriched the languages of the common, man., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , 3.3 Heritage of Sufi:, , Like Kabir, Kanakadas, Chaitanya and others brought, in new awareness among the Hindus, Sufi saints brought, awareness among the mulsims. They worked for the harmony, among Hindu and Muslim. The Sufi cult originated in Arabia, and entered India later., The word Sufi comes from the word ‘Saaf’ which means, clean and clear. The Sufi saints were Mystics and used to, wear woollen dress., 1., , to, , Essence of Sufi cult:, , God is one. He is powerful. We are all his children., Encouraged good deeds, , 3., , All are equal, , 4., , Opposed caste system., , No, t, , 2., , Later on, Sufis were influenced by Yoga, Vedantha, and, Buddhist thoughts. Dharma means love, service to mankind, is important are some of the philosophical thoughts of Sufis., , 38

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Nizamuddin Auliya:, He is one of the main, Sufi saints. He lived in Delhi, and lived a life of poverty., Masjid with thatched roof, , d, , was his centre of activity., , he, , He refused the village gifted, , by Sultan of Delhi. He preached to the devotees who visited, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , him, to practise good qualities and kindness., Kwaja Bande Nawaz:, , Bande Nawaz is a famous Chisthi Sufi saint. He was, the disciple of Nasiruddhin of Delhi. Bandenawaz means, protector of those who came to his shelter. His original name, was Gesudaraj means long haired. He knew Sanskrit, Arabic, Parasi, Dakani (Urdu) and many more languages. He settled, in Kalaburagi. He was respected by the king Firoz Shah. He, wrote in Dakani language. His literature is still preserved in, , to, , Kalaburagi library. Every year his Uru is held in Kalaburagi., , No, t, , Chisthi Sect:, , In Sufi cult Chisthi sect is important. Moyinuddin Chisthi, , is the founder of this. He came and settled in Ajmera. Devotion, towards God, service to Guru, good life are the main features, of Chisthi followers. He had concern for harmony of Hindu and, Muslims. He wrote in Dakani (urdu) language. Salim Chisthi, from Fathepur Sikri was famous among them., , 39

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EXERCISES, I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:, 1., , _________ is the penname of Akkamahadevi., , 2., , Purandaradasa was in the court of _________, Adikeshava is the pen name of _________, , 4., , Kabir of Karnataka is _________, , 5., , Chaithanya’s first name is _________, , 6., , Sufi saint Kwaja Bande Nawaja’s other name is, _________, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , 3., , II. Answer the following questions in one sentence:, What is the original name of Aandal?, , 2., , Where was Akkamahadevi born?, , 3., , Who is Karnataka Sangeetha Pithamaha?, , 4., , Name Kanakadasa’s parents., , 5., , Which is the sacred book of Sikhs?, , 6., , Who is called as Radha of Kaliyuga?, , 7., , What is the meaning of the word ‘Sufi?, Name Sufi saints of India., , No, t, , 8., , to, , 1., , 9., , Who was the founder of Chisthi cult?, , 10. Who is the first Kannada Muslim poet?, , III. Answer the following in two three sentences each:, 1., , Write the message of Kabirdas, , 2., , List out the teachings of Gurunanak., , 41

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3., , What are influences of Bhakthi cult?, , 4., , Summarise the essence of Sufi cult., Match the following:, A B, , , , Sufi Saint, , Chaithanya , , Sikh religion, , Nijamauddin Aulia , , Radha of Kaliyuga, , d, , Gurunanak, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , IV, , Meerabai Harekrishna cult, , Discuss:, , Discuss the relevance of preachings of Bhakthi cult., Activities:, 1., , Collect the photos of Bhakthi saints with their details., , 2., , Read the Biographies of Sri Chaithanya, Guru Nanak,, , Meerabai, Tulasidas, Kabir, Surdas and Sufisaints., , Collect more information about Sufi cult. Discuss, , their influences on India’s multi religious society and, , No, t, , 4., , Listen to Meera Bhajans, , to, , 3., , their relevance in the present context and make short, note., ,   , , 42

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He encouraged the traders of Goa to settle in his state for, development of trade. The Christians of Goa were experts in, agriculture and he encouraged them to migrate to his state, and provided land and other contributions. He made a strict, rule that the Christian priest should be a local person., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , The Sistu of Shivappa Nayaka : The revenue system, started by Shivappa Nayaka was called as ‘Sistu’. As per, this, the fixation of land revenue was based on the fertility of, the land. About 1/3 of the production was collected as land, revenue. This systematic revenue system was called ‘Sistu of, Shivappa Nayaka’. The sistu system led to the development, of Malenadu., , to, , Queen Chennammaji (1671-1696 CE): Queen, Chennammaji, the daughter-in-law of Shivappa Nayaka, took power after him. She repelled the Mughul army and, gave protection to Chatrapathi Rajaram, the son of Shivaji., Chennama, the symbol of valour and sacrifice of Karnataka,, fought war even with the Mysuru army., , No, t, , The Keladi kings founded temples, agraharas and, veershaiva mutts. The Aghoreshwara temple in Ikkeri is, famous for sculpture. The mutts were the centres of boarding, (food facilities) and education. They contributed generously, for all the religions. Chennammaji gifted land for a Christian, church in Mangaluru., On account of continuous wars with Mysuru and internal, wars, the Keladi kingdom became weak. Later, Hyder Ali, occupied the Keladi kingdom., 45

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Chronology [In CE], - 1499 -1763 CE, , b] Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka , , - 1586 -1629 CE, , c[ Shivappa Nayaka , , - 1645-1660 CE, , d] Queen Chennammaji , , - 1671-1696 CE, , d, , a] The period of Keladi rule , , I], , Fill in the blanks with suitable words:, , The Queen of Ullal who helped to defeat Portuguese, was _____________, , 2], , Rani Chennammaji repelled, protected ______________, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , 1], , the, , Mughals, , and, , Answer the following questions in one sentence:, , 1], , Who is called Padugadalodeya in the Keladi history?, , 2], , How did Shivappa Nayaka encourage the Goa, Christians?, , 3], , What is Sistu?, , 4], , Who is Rani Chennammaji?, , III], , to, , II], , he, , e] Occupation of Keladi by Hyder Ali - 1763 CE, , Answer in 2-3 sentences, What are the achievements of Hiriya Venktappa, Nayaka?, , No, t, , 1], 2], , Write on the achievements of Nayakas of Keladi., 4.2 : The Nayakas of Chitradurga, , The Nayakas of Chitadurga have prominent place in the, Karnataka history. They ruled as Chieftains from 16th to 18th, centuries., , 46

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he, , Raajaveer Madakari Nayaka [1754-1779 CE], , d, , Thirteen Chieftains ruled this province for about 211 years., Matthi Thimmanna Nayaka [1568-1589CE] was the first king, of this Palepattu. Kasturi Rangappa Nayaka-I [1603-1652 CE],, Kasturi Chikkanna Nayaka [1675-1686 CE], Bichchugatthi, Bharamanna Nayaka [1681-1721], Hiremadakari Nayaka, [1721-1749] are the famous kings., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , He is the most powerful and popular among the Nayakas, of Chitradurga. He ascended the throne at the age of twelve, years. He helped Hyder Ali several times during wars. But, Hyder Ali became jealous of the valour of Madakari Nayaka., In order to suppress him, Hyder Ali besieged the seven ringed, fort of Chitradurga. But it was an impossible task to occupy, such an invincible fort. The soldiers of Hyder Ali tried to enter, the fort after knowing the secret entrance, in the absence of, the watchmen. At that time, the wife of a watchman called, Obavva killed the enemies with her wooden pestle (Onake)., That secret passage is present in the fort of Chitradurga and, called ‘Obavvana Kindi’., , No, t, , to, , Hyder Ali who was not prepared to accept defeat, besieged, the fort once again. Madakari Nayaka was defeated in the, fierce war. The dynastic rule of chieftains of Chitradurga, province ended with the rule of Madakari Nayaka., Chitradurga is an attractive hill fort consisting of seven, encircled forts. There are several temples and tanks inside, it. The Nayakas of Chitradurga built several temples. The, Bharamasagara and Bheemasamudra tanks are their, contributions. The Nayakas of Chitradurga are known for, their bravery and valour., , 47

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enlisted Arabs and Rohilas in his army. And he also started, to train the army. On hearing these developments, the British, officer Thornhill wrote a letter to Captain Campbell on 24th, December 1857 and directed him to take immediate action, against Raja Nalvadi Venkatappa Nayaka., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , The British regiment entered Surapura in 1858 and battle, ensued. The enraged army of Surapura broke the bones of, Stuart. Newberry also fell. Meanwhile, Nalvadi Venkatappa, Nayaka travelled to Hyderabad to bring the special forces, of Arab and Rohil. The British forces entered Surapura and, destroyed it. The Prime Minister of Hyderabad Nizam Salar, Jung handed over Nalvadi Venkatappa Nayaka on the pretext, of helping him, with the intention of getting a favour. British, kept Nalvadi Venkatappa Nayaka in a prison at Secunderabad., Later, he was subjected to enquiry and was awarded death, sentence., , to, , On the plea made by a British officer Medose Taylor,, the Governor General of India dropped the death sentence, condemned him for four years deportation. While he was taken, to a fort in Chengalpet near Madras, the British betrayed and, shot the resting Venkatappa dead. Later, they spread the false, news that he committed suicide., , No, t, , Later, the British gifted Surapura to the Nizam of, Hyderabad. The successors of Surapura province spent their, time under the Nizam. Finally, when the province of Nizam, of Hyderabd merged with the Indian Union on September 17,, 1948, Surapura also merged with India., The Surapura Nayakas have contributed to the field of, culture. Their rule still finds resonance in the minds of people, due to their pro people programmes. They built tanks, temples,, 49

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he, , d, , wells, forts and palaces. Many Jahagirs (Land gifts) were, given. They had provided Inam land to sutain the worship, the of their Patron God Venkataramana at Thirupathi and, Gopalaswamy. They had offered patronage to many artists,, sculptors and musicians. Many literary works of good value, were written during their reign. They were known for their, religious tolerance., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , The Surapura rulers always accorded prominent place to, paintings. The design and techiniques of Surapura paintings, are of high quality. The Surapura paintings stand unique, from Viyaynagara, Vijayapura and Mysuru Paintings. These, paintings can be seen the museums of London, Hyderabad’s, Salarjung Museum., Chronology, , 1] The period of rule by Surapura, , - 1636-1858 CE, , Chieftains, , 2] Peethambari Baharipidda Nayaka - 1687-1726 CE, - 1843-1858 CE, , 4] The fall of Surapura , , - February 09, 1858, , 5] Merger of Surapura with Indian, , - September 17, 1948, , No, t, , to, , 3] Nalvadi Venkatappa Nayaka , , Union, , I. Answer the following questions in one sentence, 1], , Who is the founder of the Surapura Province?, , 2], , What is the name of the King who built Surapura, capital?, , 50

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Know this, The watch towers built by Kempegowda-II are present in, the following areas of present Bengaluru: the North tower, -Mekhri circle, the South tower-Lalbagh, the East tower-, , he, , EXERCISES, , d, , Halsoor and the West tower-Gavi Gangadhareshwara., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , I. Answer the following questions in one sentence, 1., , Who is the founder of Yelahanka Naadaprabhu, dynasty?, , 2., , Who is the founder of Bengaluru city?, , 3., , Name the capitals of Yelahanka Naadaprabhus., , 4., , What was the title given to Kempegowda-II?, , II. Answer the following questions in one sentence, What are the achievements of Hiriya Kempegowda?, , 2., , Write a short note on Kempegowda-II., , to, , 1., , No, t, , Activity, , Yelahanka Chieftains constructed several tanks around, , Bengaluru. Many tanks have disappeared now and discuss, on the effect of this disappearance and send prepare a report, to submit to the government., ,   , 53

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LESSON, 5, , WODEYARS OF MYSURU, , Introduction, , he, , d, , The Wodeyars of Mysuru, Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan are, introduced. Important Wodeyar rulers like Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV,, and others are introduced. The important Dewans are introduced., Competencies, , Appreciating pro-people achievements of Chikkadevaraya, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , 1], 2], , To know the reasons and results of battles of Haider Ali and, Tippu Sultan against British., , 3], , To know the contributions of Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan, , 4], , To understand the achievements of Nalvadi Krishnaraja, Wodeyar., , 5], , Mark the historical places of Mysuru Province on a map., , 5.1 Important Wodeyars of Mysuru:, , to, , Yaduraya was the first king of Mysuru Wodeyars (13991423 CE) Gandabherunda was the emblem of the state., Srirangapatna was their first capital., Chikkadevaraya (1673-1704 CE), , No, t, , Chikkadevaraya is the prominent king, of early kings. He implemented many, pro-people measures. He opened ‘Attara, Kacheri’ with eighteen departments. He, built a dam across the western stream, of River Kaveri near Srirangapatna and, provided irrigation facility. He introduced, Chikkadevaraya, thrift in his administration and enriched, the treasury and was conferred with ‘Navakoti Narayana’ title., 54

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©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Mysuru state was prosperous during the reign of, Chikkadevaraya. But the later Kings were weak. The, administration was overseen by Dalawoys, who ruled in the, name of Kings., , Athara Kacheri, Mysuru, , 5.2 Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan, , to, , Hyder Ali (1761-1782 CE), , No, t, , Hydar Ali was an eminent commander, in Dalawoy Nanjarajaiah’s army. He was, brave and adventurous. He won many, battles and accumulated army and wealth., This made him gain respect from the king., When there was a revolt in the capital, city, Hyder Ali suppressed it and restored, the Kingship of Krishnaraja Wodeyar and, removed the Dalawoy and took over the, administration., 55, , Hyder Ali

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Soon after taking over the administration, he engaged in, extending the borders of the state. He defeated the Keladi, ruler and confiscated the wealth of them and improved his, financial status. He also took over the Chitradurga fort with, a lot of difficulty., Battles with British:, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , The British came for business and gradually became, powerful in politics. The British did not tolerate the expansion, of Mysuru kingdom in the south by Hyder Ali. This led to an, inevitable clash between Hyder Ali and British., The four battles waged by Hyder Ali and later by his son, Tippu Sultan against British are called ‘Anglo Mysuru wars’, or ‘Mysuru Wars’., In the First Anglo-Mysuru war, the British suffered, considerable loss. Hence, they had to sign Madras Treaty with, Hyder Ali inevitably. As per the treaty, both the parties rush, to each others rescue if attacked by any enemy. This elevated, the status of Hyder Ali., , No, t, , to, , A few years later, Marathas attacked Mysuru kingdom., Then, the Britishers did not come to the aid of Hyder Ali and, remained neutral. This enraged Hyder Ali and he invaded, British. This is the Second Anglo-Mysuru war. Hyder Ali died, while fighting this war. The battle was continued by Tippu, Sultan., Achievements of Hyder Ali : Hyder Ali was aware of, contemporary politics. Though he was an illiterate, he knew, many languages including Kannada. He extended the kingdom, Mysuru considerably. He was a brave soldier and an efficient, administrator. Hyder Ali has an important place in the anals, of Karnataka history. He established the beautiful Lalbagh, gardern in Bengaluru., 56

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Tippu Sultan (1782-1799 CE), , No, t, , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Tippu Sultan was the son of Hyder Ali. Tippu, participated in his father’s battles actively and, emerged as winner and declared himself as the, Sultan., Tippu led the Second Anglo-Mysuru war, when his father Hyder Ali died in the battle due, to illness., Tippu Sultan, After the death of his father he continued the, Anglo Mysuru wars. Nobody came to help him., He fought against Britishers bravely. At last the British signed the, ‘Treaty of Mangaluru’. This treaty was beneficial for both parties., Both the parties returned their captured areas and exchanged the, prisoners of war. This treaty increased the stature of Tippu., In a very short duration, another two battles took place between, Tippu and Britishers. The mutual hatredness and disbelief was, the main reason for this., In the third Anglo-Mysuru war, the, Map, Britishers lay siege to the capital city of, Mysuru UNDER TIPU (1789), Kingdom of Keladi, Tippu's Srirangapattana. Without any, alternative, Tippu had to sign a Peace, treaty with the British. As per the peace, treaty Tippu had to surrender half his, kingdom to the British and had pay, 330 lakh as compensation. Until the, compensation is cleared, two sons of, Tippu were taken as hostages., This treaty made Tippu feel disgraced., He decided to throw the British out of, India. The fourth Anglo-Mysuru started., Again Srirangapatanam was under, siege. Tippu fought valiantly and died in, the battle field. Tippu Sultan is known, as ‘Tiger of Mysuru’., 57

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After the fall of Tippu Sultan, Mysuru came under the rule, of British. They handed over the administration to Krishnaraja, Wodeyar III. But, Mysuru became the dependent state of the, British., Personality and achievements of Tippu:, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , • Tippu was aware of the latest achievements in science, and technology. He had a very good library. He built Bengaluru, palace and summer palace in Srirangapattana (Dariya, Doulath). The walls, pillars and the roof of the summer palace, are painted with paintings depicting historical incidents., , No, t, , to, , Bengaluru palace, , Dariya Doulath, Srirangapattana, 58

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• Tippu put a lot of efforts to enrich his kingdom. He, popularized Sriculture in the state. He modernized his army, with the help of French. He moulded guns in Srirangapattana., Mastering the technique of launching rockets was his, uniqueness., , he, , d, , • Tippu sanctioned grants to many Hindu temples and, he gave gifts to Shringeri Math. He brought many changes in, the field sericulture and helped farmers by giving loans which, could be repayed in easy installments., , No, t, , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , • The tomb of Hyder Ali and the Jumma Masjid were, great constructions finished by Tippu. The Minarets of the, Masjid are known for the beauty. He established royal mints, at Srirangapattana and Mysuru., , Jumma Masjid Srirangapattana, , 59

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Krishnaraja Wodeyar III (1799-1831 CE), , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , The period of wars ended with, the fall of Tippu Sultan. The British, took over the Mysuru state and, divided into four parts among, Marathas, Nizam and themselves., The remaining one part was returned, to Mysuru Wodeyars. Krishnaraja, Wodeyar III was brought to power., Since, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III was, only five year old boy, Poornaiah was Krishnaraja Wodeyar III, appointed as the Diwan of Mysuru., As they felt that Krishnaraja Wodeyar III did not properly, suppress the revolt of Bidanuru of Shivamogga, they dethroned, the King and brought the administration of Mysuru under a, commissioner., Administration of Commissioners (1831-1881 CE), Mark Cubbon (1834-1861 CE), , No, t, , to, , Mark Cubbon implemented many, administrative reforms in the state. He, transferred the capital from Mysuru to, Bengaluru. Mysuru was divided into many, administrative units and kept them under, superintendent’s supervision. Administration, units were divided into Districts and Talukas., Judiciary and police departments were, organized well. Kannada was implemeneted, as the official language., 5.Mark, 10 ªÀCubbon, iÁPïð PÀ§â£ï, New roads were built and as a result all the major places, of the state could get connected directly to Bengaluru. Bridges, were built and telegraph lines were laid. The construction, of railway line between Bengaluru and Jolarpet started., This was the first railway in the state. He resigned from the, commissioner post in 1861. The Cubbon Park was built in, his memory., 60

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Louis Bentham Bowring (1862-1870 CE), , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Louis Bentham Bowring took charge as, the commissioner in 1862. He reorganized, the administration structure of Mysuru, state. The land revenue collection process, was reorganized. Judiciary and Police, department were established properly., Educational reforms were introduced with, Louis Bentham, the establishment of Public Instrcution., Bowring, Bowring resigned from the Commissioner, post in 1870. The commissioner laid the, strong foundation for the development of Mysuru state., Chamaraj Wodeyar X (1881-1894 CE), , In 1881 British handed over the, administration of the state again to, Chamaraja Wodeyar X. This is called, Punardana. C.Rangacharlu and K.Sheshadri, Iyer ruled as Diwans under him. In 1881, People Representative Assembly started, functioning., , No, t, , to, , Chamaraj Wodeyar X, , Naalvadi Krishnaraja, Wodeyar, , Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar (1902 –, 1940 CE), Chamaraja Wodeyar X died in Calcutta, while there on a visit. Naalvadi Krishnaraja, Wodeyar ascended throne as his successor, in 1895 and he was only eleven years old, then. The administration was run by his, mother Nanjammanni. The direct rule of, Naalvadi started from 1902. He was well, 61

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educated and laid a firm foundation for a modern state during, his long reign. He was visionary and had a soft corner for the, welfare of the downtrodden. He formed Miller Commission in, order to ensure the participation of all sections of the society, in the administration., Achievements of Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar:, , he, , d, , He gave 371 acres of land and five lakh rupees grants, to J.N.Tata to start a science institution in Bengaluru., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , In 1907 Legislative Assembly was established. This, enabled people to discuss their problem through, their representatives., He built K.R.S. Dam and developed agriculture in the, State., The present Mysuru Palace was completed in 1910., The Mysuru Economic Conference was started in, 1911, He passed the order that backward class should get, special representation in Government Service., , to, , He gave voting power to women first the time., , No, t, , Naalvadi ushered in development in education, industries,, Banking and other important sectors by the role of a guide and, a motivator. He appointed talented Diwans who could translate, his vision into reality. Among them, Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah, and Sir Mirja Ismail are important., Mahatma Gandhiji called the Mysuru state of Naalavdi as, the ‘Ramarajya’ and called him ‘Rajashri’. There is no mature, ruler like Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar in the early part of, twentieth century., 62

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©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Mysuru Palace was built in the year 1910. The fire had, destroyed the previous wooden palace. Skilled workers had, come from different places for its construction. The main hall, (Darbar Hall) was painted by famous artist Rajaraviverma., Financial difficulties aroused during the constructin of, Krishna Raja Sagar dam across river Kaveri. The royal family, sold its gold ornaments in Bombay and raised money for the, constrcution work., , Mysuru Palace, , No, t, , to, , Sir M.Vishveswaraiah: (1912-1918 CE), , Sir M Vishveshwaraiah considered, as ‘the sculptor and creator of Modern, Mysuru’. He worked as the Chief Engineer, of Mysuru from 1909 to 1912. Naalvadi, Krishnaraja Wodeyar appointed him as, the Diwan of Mysuru in 1912. During this, period, Mysuru state progressed as per the, vision of Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar., , Sir M.Vishveshwaraiah, , 63

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he, , d, , ‘Industrailise or Perish’ was the famous declaration of, Sir M Vishveshwaraiah. He started ‘Sandalwood Factory’ at, Mysuru, a soap factory, Central Industrial Workshop; Leather, Processing and metal factories were started in Bengaluru., In order to provide impetus to trade and commerce, Mysuru, Chambers of Commerce and Industries was started at, Bengaluru. Mysuru Bank was started in 1913 to provide, support to the growth of industries., , No, t, , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Vishveshwaraiah had believed that education is the key to, progress of a country. He made primary education compulsory, and gave importance to technical education. He established, an agricultural school at Hebbal. The University of Mysuru, established in the year 1916 has achieved phenomenal, success. Kannada Sahitya Parishad was established in the, year 1915. The construction of the KRS dama continued and, got completed in the year 1932. The railway lines between, Mysuru and Arasikere ; Bowringpete and Kolar was laid., Vishveshwaraiah was instrumental in implementing many of, the visionary programmes of Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar., Finally, he resigned from the post of Diwan in the year 1918., The British government awarded with Knight Commander., The Government of India awarded Bharatha Ratna in 1955., He was the first Kannadiga to receive it. , , Kannada Sahitya Parishath, Bengaluru, , 64, , State Bank of Mysuru

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d, he, ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, Krishnaraja Sagara Dam, , Sir Mirza Ismail: (1926-1941CE), , No, t, , to, , Diwan Sir Mirza Ismail is also considered, as one of the builders of modern Mysuru., He also established various industries, as per the wish of Naalvadi Krishnaraja, Wodeyar. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited,, Glass industry, Porcelain factory, Fertilizer, Industry at Belagola, Sugar Factory at, Mandya, Matchstick factory at Shivamogga, and Iron and Steel Factory at Bhadravathi., An airport was established at Jakkur., Sir Mirza Ismail Radio stations were started Bengaluru, and Mysuru. He also encouraged rural, industries. A Khadi production centre was established at, Badanavalu near Mysuru. Irrigation facility was given to, Madya district by constructing Irwin Canal. The city of Mysuru, was made the city of gardens. The Brindavan Gardens was, established in front of the Krishnaraja Sagar Dam., , 65

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After the declaration of Indian Independence, a Sathyagraha, started in front of the Palace pressing for the inclusion of Mysuru, state in the Indian Federation under the leadership of K.C.Reddy., as a result, Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar accepted the demand, to become part of India. A responsible government came into, , d, , existence under the leadership of K.C. Reddy on October 24th,, , he, , 1947. Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar later became the first, Governor of Mysuru State., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Chronology:, , Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar , , 1673-1704 CE, , Hyder Ali 1761-1782 CE, 1782-1799 CE, , First Anglo Mysuru War , , 1767-1769 CE, , Second Anglo Mysuru War , , 1780-1784 CE, , Third Anglo Mysuru War , , 1790-1792 CE, , Fourth Anglo Mysuru War , , 1799 CE, , Mark Cubbon , , 1834-1861 CE, , to, , Tippu Sultan , , No, t, , Bowring 1862-1870 CE, Chamaraja Wodeyar X , , 1881-1894 CE, , Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar, , 1902-1940 CE, , Sir M.Vishveshwaraiah , , 1912-1918 CE, , Sir Mirza Ismail , , 1926-1941 CE, , 67

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LESSON, 6, , THE SULTANS OF DELHI, , Introduction, , d, , During the 11-12th centuries the Turks repeatedly invaded Indian, territories. These invasions finally culminated in the establishment, of the rule of the Sultans of Delhi, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , (1206-1526 CE). This Lesson briefly states the policies of the, sultans, their administration, socio-economic conditions of the period, and the contributions made by them to architecture and literature., Competencies, , 1] Understanding how the Turkish invasions during the 11-12th, centuries finally led to the establishment of the rule of the Delhi, Sultans., 2] Understanding the impact of the rule of the sultans on the, political, social and cultural life of the people., 3] Marking the historical places of the Sultanate Period on the, map., , No, t, , to, , Beginning from the 8th century, there were repeated, invasions from across the north-western borders of India., These invasions aimed at looting the wealth, acquiring, territories and spreading Islam., The Arab invasion: The Arabs were the first to invade the, Indian territories. They invaded Sindh in 712 CE. As a result, of their victory, the provinces of Sindh and Multan came under, their control. With this, the Islam started taking roots in the, newly conquered lands. However, the Arab aggression soon, decelerated., The Turkish invasion - Mohammad Ghazni: Three, centuries later, Mohammad Ghazni of Turkish origin invaded, India. Mohammad was the Sultan of Ghazni, a small kingdom, 70

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©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , in Afghanistan. He invaded India seventeen times, looting, and destroying prosperous cities and wealthy temples., Among such temples included Sri Krishna temple at Mathura, (Uttar Pradesh) and the rich and sacred temple of Somanath, (Gujarat)., , Mohammed Ghazni, , Mohammed Ghori, , No, t, , to, , Mohammad Ghori: During the last quarter of the 12th, century Mohammed Ghori, who was ruling a kingdom in, Afghanistan, invaded India and secured the provinces of, Sindh and Punjab. When he made further advances into, Indian territories, Prithviraj Chauhan, the king of Delhi and, Ajmer, routed him in a battle. However, Mohammad was, spared from death penalty. The very next year Mohammad, came to India and fought with Prithviraj and defeated him., Mohammad ordered him to be killed. Delhi came under the, control of Mohammad Ghori. Before returning to Afghanistan, he transferred the conquered territories to his general by name, Qutubuddin Aibak. Aibak started ruling as the sultan of Delhi., The Slave Dynasty, , Qutubuddin was the first sultan of Delhi. He had originally, been a slave and hence the dynasty founded by him is known, as the 'Slave' dynasty. The Slave, the Khilji, the Tuglaq, the, Syyid and the Lodi are the five dynasties, who ruled Delhi., 71

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©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , He strengthened the Turkish rule in India by defeating his, enemies. To mark his victory he started constructing Qutb, Minar at Mehrauli near Delhi. Later it was completed by, Sultan Iltumish., , Qutubuddin Aibak, , Qutub Minar, Delhi, , The only female ruler during the Sultanate period was, Raziya. A daring sultana, she dispensed justice in the royal, court. She dressed herself as a man and led army in the, battlefield.Intolerant of a woman's rule, the nobles rebelled, and killed her., , to, , The Khilji Dynasty, , No, t, , After the Slave dynasty, the Khilji dynasty came to power., Allauddin Khilji was the strongest of all the sultans of Delhi., His rule was based on military power., Policies: Allauddin introduced several reforms in, administrative, military and economic fields. He regulated the, price of goods commonly consumed. He banned consumption, of liquor and gambling in Delhi. The guilty were severely, punished., Military campaigns: Allauddin aspired to conquer entire, India. In the first instance, he conquered North India by, 72

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Allauddin's last days were tragic. There were several revolts, in the palace to overthrow him. Finally, Malik Kafur, out of, greed for power, killed his master and declared himself a, sultan. But he too was killed by his enemies. Within a short, time, the Khilji rule ended and the Tughlaqs came to power., The Tughlaq Dynasty, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Mohammad bin Tughlaq was the most notable sultan of, the Tughlaq dynasty. He was imprudent and ill-tempered who, took hasty decisions. He could be easily enraged. In a word,, he was a strange character., , No, t, , to, , Administrative experiments - Transfer of capital: To, improve the functioning of the administration he undertook, several experiments. One such experiment was the transfer, of capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Maharashtra). He was of the, view that the capital should be centrally located. Devagiri, 700, miles from Delhi, was renamed Daulatabad. He passed strict, orders that all the residents of Delhi should move to the new, place. The residents of Delhi, who were forced to leave their, homes, faced untold misery in the course of their journey to, a far place in the south. A large number of them died on their, way. Anyway, after shifting the capital he realized that he had, committed a grave mistake. So he ordered reshifting of the, capital and the people to Delhi. However, only a few survived, to return to Delhi., , Issue of token coins: Another reform of Mohammad, was that, he issued copper coins in place of silver coins, with the same face value. But he failed to pass order that, only the government had the authority to mint copper coins., Consequently people themselves began to mint copper tokens., This resulted in the devaluation of coins. Finally he abolished, the use of copper coins. He exchanged the silver coins for, 74

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copper coins. The treasury was empty. He was deceived by the, people. This experiment proved a great failure and weakened, the financial condition of the state. The government could not, meet the demand for silver coins in exchange for token coins., Discontented by Mohammad's rule, people revolted. While he, was putting down a revolt in Sindh province, he died of fever., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , After the Tughlaq rule, the Sayyed and the Lodi dynasties, ruled from Delhi for a short period. The last Lodi ruler Ibrahim, was defeated in the battle of Panipat by Babur who laid the, foundation of the Mughal rule., Contributions of Delhi Sultans, , ● Administration: Although the Hindus formed the, majority under the sultanate, the administration functioned, on Islamic lines. The army formed the backbone of the state., The sultans were absolute. Balban, a notable sultan, declared, that he was God's representative and hence accountable to, God alone. The sultans, however, had to face frequent revolts, of the local rulers, and were always fearful of losing power., , No, t, , to, , ● Economy: The burden of land tax heavily fell on the, peasants. Mohammad bin Tughlaq further increased the, land revenue and got it collected mercilessly. Consequently, peasants revolted everywhere., Weaving was a major occupation of the people. The cities, provided employment to a large number of workers on account, of brisk building activities taking place there. The Sultans, were mainly importing horses., , Architecture and literature: The main structures built, by the sultans were the famous Qutub Minar (17 m tall), Alai, , 75

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EXERCISES, I. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word:, __________ was defeated by Prithviraj Chauhan in the, first battle of Tarain., , 2., , ___________ was the capital built by Allauddin Khilji, in Delhi., , 3., , ___________ defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle, of panipat., , he, , d, , 1., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , II. Answer the following questions in a sentence each:, 1., , Whom did Mohammed Ghori defeat in the second, battle of Tarain?, , 2. Who build Qutub Minar?, 3., , Who was the only woman ruler of the Delhi Sultanate?, , 4., , Who was the commander-in-chief sent by Allauddin, Khilji to conquer South India?, , 5., , From where did Mohammad bin Tughlaq shift his, capital to?, , to, , 6. Which Sultan declared himself as, 'The Representative, of God'?, , No, t, , III. Discuss in groups and answer, 1., , What were the results of Mohammad Ghazni's, invasions?, , 2., , Name the dynastics of Delhi Sultanate?, , 3., , State the achievements of Qutubuddin Aibak., , 4., , State the policies of Allauddin Khilji., , 5., , Explain the experiments of Mohammad bin Tughlaq?, , 77

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6., , What were the contributions of the Delhi Sultans to, architecture and literature?, , IV. Match the items in column 'A' with those of column, 'B', Jayasi Alai Darwaza, Daulatabad Sitar, Padmavat, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Allauddin Khilji , , d, , B, , he, , A , , Amir Khusrao , , Devagiri., , Activities:, 1., , Collect the pictures of the monuments of the period, of Delhi Sultans, with brief notes., , 2., , Mark on the map places associated with the Sultans, of Delhi., , No, t, , to, ,   , , 78

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LESSON, 7, , THE MUGHAL EMPIRE, , Introduction, , he, , d, , Babur invaded India in 1526 and after overthrowing the Delhi, Sultanate, established the Mughal rule. In this Lesson, the reign, of Akbar and Aurangzeb are described. Their administration and, contributions to culture are also explained. At the end, the causes, for the decline of the empire are mentioned., Competencies, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , 1] Appreciating Akbar’s liberal policies and achievements., , 2] Understanding how Aurangzeb’s narrow-minded policies led to, riots in the country, and ultimately to the decline of the dynasty., 3] Appreciating how the Mughal emperors enriched the fields of, literature and art., 4] Marking on the map historical places relating to the Mughal, era., , No, t, , to, , There were three empires in the history of India. One is, Maurya Empire, second is Gupta Empire and the third one, is Mughal Empire. The founder of the Mughal dynasty was, Babur. He was ruling a small region in Afghanistan called, Kabul, and was waiting for an opportunity to attack India, which was rich and prosperous., Babur belonged to the Mongol race. The word 'Mughal', comes from 'Mongol'. Rose was introduced to India by Babar., , Taking advantage of the growing weakness of the Delhi, sultans, Babur invaded Delhi and ended their reign. But he, could not stop at that because the Rajputs and the Afghans, resisted him strongly. The brave warrior that he was, Babur,, with his powerful weapons, forced the opposing armies to, retreat., 79

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Soon Babur conquered Delhi, Agra and the surrounding, areas and established his kingdom. But he died soon. His, son, Humayun, ascended the throne., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Humayun: Though Humayun managed to overpower his, enemies in the beginning, he had to face defeat at the hands, of the Afghan chieftain, Sher Shah Suri. Having lost his, kingdom, he fled to Persia and stayed there for fifteen years., When the Afghan rule in India weakened, Humayun invaded, India and conquered Delhi. However, he died within a short, period thereafter., Akbar, , No, t, , to, , Humayun’s son, Akbar, had, always aspired to build a vast empire, in India. With this intention, he tried, to persuade the mighty Rajput kings, to support him. Some among them, joined hands with him. But Rana, Pratap Simha of Mewad opposed, Akbar tooth and nail. He was a proud, and brave warrior. Later, a fierce, battle between the Rana and Akbar, took place at Haldighat (Rajasthan)., Though Rana Pratap Simha was, defeated in the battle, he did not bow, down to Akbar., , Akbar, , Thereafter, Akbar engaged himself actively in military, compaigns for many years. As a result, he conquered Gujarat,, Bengal, Kashmir, Kabul and other areas, and built a vast, empire., , 80

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Akbar’s achievements, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Administration: Akbar was an able administrator and a, broad-minded ruler. He possessed many of the qualities needed, for a great king. He was not a despotic ruler. He realized that, in order to preserve his vast empire, it was necessary to win, the trust of his Hindu subjects who formed the majority. He, appointed Hindus to high posts in his court. He withdrew the, personal tax called jiziya which was imposed by the earlier, Muslim kings on Hindus, and also the tax levied at pilgrimage, centres. Akbar’s land revenue policy was well received by the, people. It was framed by his revenue minister, Raja Todarmal., Religious policy: Akbar was tolerant of other religions. He, constructed a prayer hall (Ibadat Khana) in his new capital,, Fatehpur Sikri, where he discussed religious matters with, leaders of various Islamic sects. He invited Hindu, Jaina,, Buddhist, Parsi and Christian leaders to discuss their views, on religious issues. As a result of such discussions, he evolved, a new sect called the Din-e-Ilahi. It incorporated some of the, best principles of different religions. However, it could attract, only a handful of followers., , No, t, , to, , Patronage to arts: Akbar patronised literature and art., Faizi, Abul Fazl and Birbal were the distinguished poets in, his court. The immortal singer, Tansen, adorned his court., Akbar’s contributions to architecture and painting are also, remarkable., Jahangir and Shah Jahan, who succeeded Akbar to the, throne, continued his policies to a great extent. Shah Jahan, achieved fame by getting the famous Taj Mahal built at Agra,, the mammoth Red Fort at Delhi and other stately palaces., , 81

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Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan’s son, Aurangzeb, is the last, well-known Mughal emperor. He ruled for a, long period of fifty years. During this period,, the empire expanded in all directions, but at, the end it declined rapidly., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Religious policy: Aurangzeb was an, orthodox Muslim. He stayed away from, drinking wine, gambling, entertainment and, music. He lived a simple life., , Aurangzeb, , Aurangzeb gave up the liberal policy of, Akbar. He reimposed the jiziya . This led to many political, rebilions., , No, t, , to, , The Sikh rebellion: The Sikhs were provoked by, Aurangzeb’s religious policiy. The Sikh Guru, Tegh Bahadur,, was publicly executed in Delhi. His son Guru Govindasimha, organised the Sikh community into a militant sect. The, members were designated as Singh (lion). They had to, possess the five k’s at all times. These were: Kesh: long hair;, Kanga: comb; Kirpan: sword; Kachcha: a pair of knickerbockers; and Kara: steel bracelet. This custom is prevalent, among Sikhs even today., Rebellions: The Sikhs and the Rajputs strongly opposed, Aurangzeb in north India. Shivaji rose in revolt in the Deccan., The revolts continued for a long time and as a result Aurangzeb, lost enormous wealth, a large part of his army and worst of, all, his prestige. Many provinces of his empire became free., The Deccan wars sapped Aurangzeb’s economic power as well, as military strength. Being exhausted, he died in the Deccan., With his death, the Mughal Empire was greatly weakened., 82

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The Cultural Contributions, The Mughal Administration, The Emperor possessed all civil and military powers. His, judgement was final in all matters.The empire was divided into, , d, , provinces (subas), districts (sarkars) and taluks (paraganas)., , he, , The kotwal looked after law and order in the cities., , Revenue system: Akbar’s minister, Raja Todarmal, framed, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , the land revenue system. Under the system, the land revenue, was fixed on the basis of the fertility of the soil., , Literature: The Mughals patronized Persian literature in, a special way. There were famous historians like Abul Fazl,, Nizamuddin and Badauni in Akbar’s court. Akbar-nama is, an important literary work of Abul Fazl. Darashukoh, the, Mughal prince, was an extraordinary scholar. He translated, the Bhagavadgita. Though Hindi literature did not receive, royal patronage, it flourished on account of the efforts of the, , to, , Bhakti saints. Ramacharitamanas, the well-known work of, Tulsidas, is of this period., , No, t, , Architecture: Humayun’s tomb in Delhi was constructed, , during the early period of Akbar’s reign. He built a new capital, , near Agra and named it Fatehpur Sikri. The magnificent, palaces, mosques and pavilions of this place attract tourists, from all over the world. The entrance to the Jami Masjid, (Bulund Darwaza) here is the tallest in India. It is 40 m. tall., , 83

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d, he, ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, Humayun’s tomb, Delhi, , No, t, , to, , The Mughal architecture attained its glory during the, reign of Shah Jahan. Moti Mahal, the palace that he built in, Agra fort, is extremely beautiful. The Taj Mahal at Agra shows, Mughal architecture at its best. This wonderful monument, was built in memory of his queen, Mumtaz Mahal (17th, century). There are tombs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz in this, mausoleum. It was Shah Jahan who got the famous Red Fort, built at Delhi., , Fort, Agra, , 84

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d, he, ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, Red fort, Delhi, , No, t, , to, , Painting: A new school of painting emerged during the, period of the Mughals. There were more than a hundred artists, in Akbar’s court. The art of painting reached its peak under, the patronage of Jahangir. Aurangzeb, who was orthodox in, outlook, did not encourage painting., , Tansen, , Music: Music received special, patronage during Akbar's reign. The, large number of musicians in his, court were divided into seven groups., Each day a particular group gave a, music recital. Tansen was the most, remarkable musician of Akbar’s, court. Jahangir and Shah Jahan also, extended patronage to music. But, Aurangzeb banned music. However,, music lingered in the hearts of people., 85

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The Decline of the Mughal Empire, The empire began to decline towards the end of Aurangzeb’s, reign. The reasons for the decline are:, The chieftains became corrupt., , •, , Intense fighting took place among the claimants to, the throne., , •, , The provincial governors took advantage of the, situation and declared their independence., , •, , he, , Aurangzeb’s desire to convert India into an Islamic, state met with opposition everywhere., The prolonged warfare with the Sikhs, the Rajputs, and the Marathas fully exhausted the resources of, the empire., In the meanwhile, Nadir Shah, a Persian invader,, raided Delhi. He looted the wealth amassed by the, Mughals over a period of two centuries. He carried, away the world-famous Kohinoor diamond and the, Peacock throne of Shah Jahan. The treasury of the, Mughals became empty., , to, , •, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , •, , d, , •, , No, t, , Chronology, , Babur , , -, , 1526–1530 CE, , Akbar -, , 1556–1605 CE, , Aurangzeb, , 1659–1707 CE, , -, , New words, jiziya - the tax that the Muslim kings levied on every Hindu., , 86

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EXERCISES, I. Fill in the blanks, ______________Rajput king was defeated by Akbar in, the Haldighat war, , 2., , _____________was Akbar’s minister who framed land, tax system, , 3., , ____________ Mughal king encouraged artwork, , 4., , ____________Mughal king opposed music, , he, , d, , 1., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , II. Answer in one sentence, 1., , Who was the founder of Mughal dynasty?, , 2., , Name the Mewad Rana who opposed Akbar., , 3., , Where is Taj Mahal? Who constructed it?, , 4., , Name the important historians from Mughal dynasty, , III. Discuss in groups and answer, , Write a note on Ibadat Khan., , 2., , Introduce Akbar’s religious policy., , 3., , Make a list of architectural constructions from, Mughal period, What are the causes for the decline of Mughal, dynasty?, , No, t, , 4., , to, , 1., , IV. Match the following, A, , B, , Tulsidas Mayura Simhasana, Abul Fazal Headtax, Shahjahan Ramacharitha Manas, Jiziya Fatehpur sikri, Akbar Akbarnama, 87

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V. Activities, Collect pictures of Mughal architecture and describe, them., , 2., , Mark historical places from Mughal period on a map., , 3., , Discuss the contrasts in Akbar’s and Aurangzeb’s, religious policies, , No, t, , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, ,   , , he, , d, , 1., , 88

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LESSON, 8, , MARATHAS, , Introduction, , d, , In this lesson, the childhood of Shivaji, his ideals, the way he, resisted Mughal and Vijayapur army, establishment of Maratha, kingdom and his administrative measures are explained., , To understand the life, adventures and achievements of, Shivaji., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , 1], , he, , Competencies, , 2], , To recognize on the map the historic places associated with, Shivaji., , Marathas were the ones who revolted against the Mughals, in the Deccan region, when Mughals were at their height of, power in North India. Shivaji was the founder of Maratha, dynasty., , No, t, , to, , Shivaji, , Shivaji, , Shivaji was born in Shivaneri Durga, near Pune. His father was Shahaji, Bhonsle. He held a high post in the office, of the Sultan of Vijayapur. Shivaji was, brought up under the care of his mother, Jijabai. His tutor Dadaji Kondadeva and, Tanaji Malasure taught him the lessons, of warfare. In the beginning Shivaji, assembled the Maratha leaders and, Mavalas, the trible people of Western, Ghats and built a strong brigade., 89

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Footsteps of Shivaji:, , he, , d, , At the age of 19, Shivaji captured Torana Durga, which was, under the control of Adilshah of Vijayapura. After this, he won, Rayagadha, Simhagada, and Pratapagada one by one. Enraged, by this the Sultan of Vijayapura sent his general Afzal Khan to, supress Shivaji. Afzal Khan wanted to kill Shivaji decietfully so, he invited Shivaji under the pretext of reconciliation. Expecting, this, Shivaji killed Afzal Khan with ‘Vyaghra Nakha’ (Tiger’s, claw), a weapon that he had hid with him., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , On learning these advancements of Shivaji, Aurangazeb, sent his general of Deccan province Shahista Khan to curb him, down. But clever Shivaji was able to defeat Shahista Khan., Shahista Khan had stayed at the Palace of Pune to attack, Shivaji. He could not get hold of Shivaji even waiting for, two long years. One night Shivaji, in disguise, along with, his soldiers entered the living qarters of Shahista Khan and, attacked him. Khan some how escaped the attack but lost, his thumb. In panic Shahista Khan fled away from Pune., , No, t, , to, , This maddened Aurarangazeb so he sent a huge army, under the leadership of Raja Jayasimha. Jayashimha, defeated Shivaji and captured few Maratha forts. At the end, Jayasimha invited Shivaji to Delhi to come to have treaty with, Aurangazeb. Aurangazeb arrested Shivaji on his arrival to, Delhi, and kept him in the prison of Agra. But Shivaji played, a trick and escaped from jail and reached his capital., After that, he won all the forts that he had lost to the, Mughals. He attacked Surat and ransacked heavy wealth from, there., , 90

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New words:, Guerilla warfare :, , , a surprise attack of hit and run, tactic by a group of soldiers, , Chatrapati , , Emperor, , :, , EXERCISES, , he, , ________ was the techer of Shivaji., , 2., , Shivaji killed Afzal Khan with _____________., , 3., , _________ was the commander of Aurangazeb, who, defeated Shivaji., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , 1., , Answer the following in a sentence:, , 1., , Where was Shivaji born?, , 2., , Who were the parents of Shivaji?, , 3., , Why did the Sultan of Vijayapur oppose Shivaji?, , 4., , Who was Shahista Khan?, , 5., , Where did the coronation ceremony of Shivaji take, place? What was the title conferred on him?, , 6., , to, , II., , Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:, , d, , I., , Name the important Peshwas who ruled Maratha, kingdom., , No, t, , Activities:, , Recognise in the map, the historical places related to, Shivaji.,   , , 92

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LESSON, 9, , ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS TO, INDIA, , Introduction, , he, , d, , On 17th May, 1498 Vasco-da-Gama reached Calicut in thus,, discovering a new sea route to India. This enabled the Europeans to, come to India. This sea route helped the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British to arrive in India for trade., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Competencies, 1], , Understand early activities of the Europeans in India., , 2] Understand the conflict that emerged between Europeans, and Indians., 3], , Get acquainted with the European companies that came to, India., , 4], , Understand the reasons that enabled the British to, settledown in India., , 5], , To locate European trade settlements on the map of India., , The Portuguese (1498-1961 CE), , No, t, , to, , On 17th May, 1498 Vasco da Gama reached Calicut, in Kerala, thereby discovering a new sea route to India., Through this sea route, the Portuguese were the first among, Europeans to reach India. They gained trade monopoly with, eastern countries. Building colonial empire, propagation of, Christianity were there main aims., Causes for Portuguese Rise, Zamorin, the King of Calicut granted trade permission,, to voyager Vasco da Gama., 93

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In 1509 CE, Albuquerque was appointed as Governor, (Viceroy) of India. In 1510 he captured Goa from, Sultan of Vijayapura (Vijayapur). Until Portuguese left, India, Goa remained as the capital of the Portuguese., , he, , d, , Successive Governors after Albuquerque established, colonies at Diu, Daman, Salsetle, Bassein, Chawl,, Bombay (mumbai) Santhome and Hugli in Bengal, and other places., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Causes for the decline of the Portuguese, , Possession of strong navy by the Dutch and the English, posed as a formidable challenge to the Portuguese., Portuguese Government officials became highly, corrupt, loosing their loyalty. Later reduced their, government a pathetic condition., Religious fanaticism was the reason for their decline., They attempted to convert the locals forcefully., , to, , With the decline of Vijayanagar Empire, their trade, declined., , No, t, , Francisco -de- Almeida was the first Portuguese Viceroy, (Governor) in India. They were the first among the Europeans, to enter India and the Portuguese happened to be the last, among the Europeans to leave India. Goa, Diu and Daman, alone remained as Portuguese possession. Even though, British rule ended in 1947 yet, Portuguese did not leave, our land. For liberation of Goa, the native Indians resorted, to non-violent protest. But the protesters were subjected to, inhuman treatment. Ultimately, in 1961 the Indian Navy, chased away the Portuguese and liberated Goa., 94

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The Dutch (1596-1792 CE), , he, , d, , After the Portuguese, Dutch from the Netherlands, arrived in India . In 1602 CE “Dutch East India Company’, was established. This company obtained monopoly to trade, with countries in the East. It also came equipped with the, manadate to wage battles or enter peace treaties with the local, rulers. ‘Pulicat’ became the capital of the Dutch., Dutch Trading Centres, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Agra, Machalipatnam, Surat, Karaikal, Nagapatnam,, Cochin and such other places were Dutch trading centres in, India., Decline of the Dutch, , Dutch clashed with the English. But, the English, defeated the Dutch. Unable to face the English competition, the Dutch turned their attention towards the islands of Sourth, East Asia., , to, , Islands of South East Asia: Indonesia, Malaya, Thailand,, Philippines, Cambodia., The English (1600-1947 CE), , No, t, , In the beginning, English followed ‘Peaceful Trade’ as their, policy. But, they took advantage of the deteriorated political, situation of India to establish their political supremacy., The Merchants of England who aspired to have trade, with the East Countries, founded ‘The East India Company’, in 1600 CE. They established trade links with India with the, permission of Queen Elizabeth., , 95

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he, , d, , In the beginning East India Company ships were anchored, at Surat ports. Sir Thamus Roe visited the court of the mughal, emperor Jahangir in 1615 CE and obtained permission to, trade in Surat. Later trade centers were established at Agra,, Ahamadabad and Broch. After this, they established trade, centres at Culcutta, Madras and Bombay. Culcutta was their, first capital., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Gradually, the profit of the East India Company increased, notably. They obtained permission (Dastakath) to trade, without any tax in the Bengal Province (the present Bengal,, Bihar and Odisha) and in Agra from the Mughal Emperor, Farroq Siyara. These measures enabled the British to gain, more strength., The licenses issued to the British traders to conduct taxfree trade, were known as ‘Dastak’., , No, t, , to, , In order to improve their strength, the British built, forts around their residential areas and trade centres. They, employed soldiers to portect their establishments and also, stocked arms and ammunitions. In a very short time, the, English had a strong army., French (1664-1954 C.E), French were the last among Europeans to reach India, for trade. They established “French East India Company” in, 1664CE. In India, the French opened their first ware house, at Surat in 1668 C.E. Within a short time they established, their trade centers in different parts of India., 96

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French Trade Centres: They opened their trade centers, at Pondichery, Maslipatnam, Calicut, Maha, Karaikal and, Chandranagar. Pondicherry was the capital of the French., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Causes for the French decline:, , he, , d, , Dupleix, the governor of the French, increased the, influence of French in Hyderabad and Carnatic regions (East, of Tamil Nadu) with his clever diplomacy. Many battles took, place between the French and British and they are called as, Carnatic Wars., French army commanders in India were not given, complete support by the Government of France., Political confusion and revolutions took place in, France. This led to their decline in India., French Navy was not superior to the English Navy., , Chronology (CE), , 1600 CE, , Dutch East India Company :, , 1602 CE, , French East India Company :, , 1664 CE, , No, t, , to, , British East India Company :, , 97

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98, , No, t, to, , d, , he, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is

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EXERCISES, I. Answer the following questions in a sentence., Who were the first Europeans to reach India for trade?, , 2., , Who discovered the sea route to India?, , 3., , Name the Capital of the Dutch?, , 4., , When was the British East India Company established?, , 5., , Name the trade centers of the French., , 6., , Who was the Mughal emperor who granted ‘Dastak’, to the British?, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , 1., , II. Discuss in groups and answer the following., 1., , List out the causes responsible for the decline of the, Portuguese in India., , 2., , What were the causes that led to the decline of the, French?, , III. Match the items from list ‘A’ with the information, given in the list ‘B’., A, , , , to, , Portuguese , , B, , Pondicherry, , Dutch Calcutta, , No, t, , French Pulicat, English Goa, , Activity:, , Draw the map of India and locate the early European, settlements.,   , , 99

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RISE OF BRITISH POLITICAL, SUPREMACY IN INDIA, , LESSON, 10, Introduction, , he, , d, , The capacity of the British and French soldiers and political, ambitions along with the internal rivalries among the local rulers, led to many battles. The British waged many battles in India. By, employing deceit and cleverness, the British could establish their, power in Carnatic and Bengal by 1857 CE., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Competencies, 1], , To understand the factors responsible for the rise of British, Political supremacy in India., , 2], , To learn about the results of Plassey and Buxar battle., , 3], , To know about the causes and results of Carnatic wars., , 4], , To understand the meaning and clauses of Subsidiary, alliance., , 5], , To understand the policy of the Doctrine of Lapse., , Battle of Plassy (1757 CE), , No, t, , to, , Bengal was the prosperous province, of the Mughal Empire. Its provincial, governer Aliwardhi Khan, became, independent when the Mughal empire, started to decline. After him, Siraj-udDaula became the Nawab of Bengal., As Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula was still in, his youth, the British neglected him and, strengthened their Fort William without, his permission. They also misused the, trade exemptions given to them., 100, , Siraj-ud-Daula

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Causes for the Battle of Plassy, Siraj-ud-Daula felt that the English were disobeying his, orders and supporting his enemies. Irked by this, he captured, English warehouses. This became the reason for the battle, of plassy., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , On hearing the news of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula's attack,, the officials of Madras Company sent an army under the, commandership of Robert Clive to Calcutta. Clive who had, the knowledge of Bengal’s situation, entered into a secret pact, with the Military Commander of Siraj, Mir Jaffer, by offering, the post of Nawab., , No, t, , to, , The Commander of the Nawab army Mir Jaffer entered, into a secret pact with the British in his desire to become, the Nawab. He was expected to give 175 lakh rupees to the, British when he became the Nawab. This shady deal was, brokered by a merchant Ameenchand., , Robert clive, , Mir Jaffer, , The British and Siraj-ud-Daula’s armies clashed at Plassey, on Jue 23rd, 1757 CE. Mir Jaffer supported the British in the, war. Finally, Siraj-ud-Daula was defeated in the war. Due to, 101

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the treachery of Mir Jafar, the British won the war. With this, the British Colonialism was established., Results, , d, , In the history of modern India, Plassy battle is one of the, decisive battle. Defeat of Siraj-ud-Daula enabled the English, to play a major role in Bengal politics., , he, , Because of the British favour, Mir Jaffer became the, Nawab of Bengal. But he became a puppet in the, hands of the British., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , British East India company earned huge money and, obtained control of Zamindari system in a district, called 24 Paragana., Plassey battle later became the cause for battle of, Buxar., English who came as traders obtained the power to, administer., Victory in Plassey led to the establishment of the, British Empire in India., , Battle of Buxar (1764 CE), , No, t, , to, , Mir Jaffer failed to fulfill the endless demands of the, British. So they dethroned Mir Jaffer and brought in his, nephew Mir Qasim to power., Causes: Mir Qasim was independent in his out look. After, verifying the misuse of Dastakaths, he made all trade in Bengal, tax free. This made the British to face the competition from the, Indian Merchants. So they dethroned Mir Qasim and brought, back Mir Jaffer to the throne., Undettered by this move, Mir Qasim gained friendship, of the Nawab of Avadh Shuja-ud-Daual and Sha Alam II of, the Mughal Kingdom. With their help he declared war against, 102

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the British in 1764 CE. And this war is the Buxar war. In this, battle, Hectar Muro of the British defeated the combined forces, of Mir Qasim. The Nawab of Avadh took refuge in Rohilakhand, and Sha Alam took the side of the British. Mir Qasim had to, run away from the battle field., The Results:, , he, , d, , Mir Jaffer again became the Nawaba of Bengal., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Battle of Buxar stabilised the British East India, Company., This war led to the expansion of British influence, from Bengal to Allahabad., They obtained Diwani right (collection of taxes) from, Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, in Bengal province., In 1765 CE after the death of Mir Jaffer, Nizam-udDaula became the Nawab of Bengal., , Carnatic wars (1746-1763 CE), , to, , Carnatic was one of the regions of Mughal Empire. The, Coromandal area (the coastal region of the present Tamil, Nadu and Andhrapradesh) and its hinterland were called as, Carnatic by the British., , No, t, , The competition between the British and the French to, have trade monopoly over the South India led to the Caranatic, wars. Three major battles took place in Carnatic. Hence, these, wars are called as Carnatic wars., First Carnatic war (1746-1748 CE), Reasons:, The competition and jealousy between the British and, the French over trade, and the political ambitions., , 103

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The war between the British and the French in Europe, over the issue of succession in Austria in Europe led, to wars in India too., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Arcot was the capital of Carnatic Province. After the, victory over South Eastern Cost, the English were making, attempts to capture Pondicherry from the French. In retaliation,, Dupleix, the French Governor captured Madras. The English, approached Nawab of Arcot Anwaruddin for help. Nawab sent, his army to recapture Madras. But the Nawab's Army met with, a defeat. Mean while in Europe the war between the English, and the French ended and a peace treaty was signed. This, treaty was applicable to the British and the French in India, too., French achieved upper land in the First Carnatic war., This ended with the treaty of Yekes-la-Chaple., Results, , English captured Madras., , to, , French strengthened their position in Arcot. This, enhanced the prestige of Dupleix., Prisoners of war on both the sides were released., , No, t, , Second Carnatic war (1749-1754 CE), Causes, , In Arcot and Hyderabad, the problem of succession, arose. This was the main cause for the war., The competition for the power arose between, Chandasahib and Anwaruddin in Arcot, and between, Nasir Jung and Musafar Jung in Hyderabad., 104

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Through secret negotiation, Dupleix created a, confederation of chandasahib and Muzaffar Jung., They defeated and killed Anwaruddin. His son, Mohammad Ali escaped to Tiruchanapalli., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Chandasahib in Arcot, Muzaffer Jung in Hyderabad, became Nawabs with the French support. After sometime, Muzaffer Jung was killed. The French brought Salabat Jung in, his place. Manewhile, the English were annoyed on account of, this, they captured Arcot and killed Chandasahib. Mohammed, Ali was made as Nawab of Arcot. After this war Dupleix was, recalled by the Government of France. This war ended with, Pondicherry treaty of 1754 CE., Result:, , The power and influence of the French was reduced, in Arcot., English procured the right to collect taxes and, maintain army units., , to, , By the end of second Carnatic war, English at Arcot and, French at Hyderabad safeguarded their might., Third Carnatic War (1758-1763 CE), Causes, , No, t, , In Europe war of seven years started between the British, and the French in 1756 CE. This resulted in war between the, French and the British in India in the form of Third Carnatic, War., The forces of British under the command of Eyre Coote, and the French forces under the command of Comte de Lally, faced each other at Wandiwash near Pondichery. The French, lost the battle and surrenderd to the British. Meanwhile, the, 105

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Seven Years War in Europe came to an end and the Paris, Treaty was signed. With this, the Third Carnatic War also, came to an end., Results, , d, , The political and military might of the French ended, in India., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Subsidiary Alliance (1798 CE), , he, , The British emerged as the most powerful force among, all the Europeans in India., , to, , English Governor General Lord, Wellesley introduced Subsidiary Alliance, in 1798 C.E. This is an important, legislation that led the expansion of, British Empire in India and control, over the politics in India. Lord Wellesley, encouraged the Kings to avail military aid, from the British to stay safe from their, enemies. In some cases, the Kings were, coerced to take the support., , Lord Wellesley, , No, t, , Conditions (Clauses), Rulers who accepted this policy had to maintain, English army contingent in their kingdom., War expenses should be paid in monetary form to the, British., The King had to have a British resident in the court, and the expenses borne by the ruler himself., , 106

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Results of Subsidiary Alliance:, Huge burden of military expenses made Indian status, economically weak., British took control of vast land., , d, , States which came under this policy lost their, Sovereignty., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , The states that came under the treaty of subsidiary, Alliance: Hyderabad, Mysuru, Travencore, Baroda, Jaipur,, Jodhpur, Bharathpur, Nagpur, Gwalior, Oudh, Tanjore,, Surat and others., Policy of Doctrine of Lapse (1848), , British Governor General Lord, Dalhousie introduced the polciy of, “Doctrine of Lapse” declared that if any, Indian ruler had an adopted son, the, son would have no right to ascend the, throne., , No, t, , to, , The Princely state whose ruler, died without male heir was annexed, by the British. This law was against, the tradition of adoption that was in, practice in India since ancient times., , Lord Dalhousie, , Results, , On account of this treacherous policy, Oudh, Satara,, Nagpur and Jhansi directly came under the British., By the time Lord Dolhousie returned to England, 2/3, of India was under the rule of the British., 107

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Chronology (C.E), :, , 1757 CE, , Battle of Buxar , , :, , 1764 CE, , Carnatic wars , , :, , 1746 to 1763 CE, , Subsidiary Alliance, , :, , 1798 CE, , Doctrine of Lapse, , :, , 1848 CE, , he, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , EXERCISES, , d, , Battle of Plassey , , I. Fill up the blanks with appropriate words., , ______________ became the Nawab of Bengal after the, battle of Plassey., , 2., , ______________ the Mughal Emperor took part in the, battle of Buxar., , 3., , The Second Carnatic War ended with the treaty of, ______________., , 4., , The battle of Wandiwash took place in ______________., , to, , 1., , No, t, , II. Answer the following in the sentence:, 1., , Between whom did the battle of Buxar take place?, , 2., , Who emerged victorious after the end of carnatic, wars?, , 3., , Who introduced Subsidiary Alliance?, , 4., , Who introduced the policy of Doctrine of Lapse?, , 108

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III. Answer the questions, discussion., , given below after group, , What were the results of Battle of Buxar?, , 2., , What were the causes for Battle of Plassey?, , 3., , Describe the results of Subsidiary Alliance., , 4., , Name the Indian states that came under the policy of, Doctrine of Lapse., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , 1., , No, t, , to, ,   , , 109

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LESSON, 11, , IMPACT OF THE BRITISH RULE, , Introduction, , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , British East India Company during 1600 to 1757, was just a, trading Company. British came in with trading interest and gradually, developed political interest. In the beginning they appealed to various, political powers to safeguard their aspirations and increased their, trade. They gradually replaced appealing with policy of Conquest and, hence became politically strong. After having conquered India, they, tried to take it under their possession by forming strategies to achieve, their distant dreams. They made use of administrative reforms as an, instrument. Various legislations were passed in the field of politics,, economic system and social order and termed it as the reforms meant, for the betterment of Indians. But, behind all these their self interest, was of paramount importance. Initially, Indians belived accordingly. It, is only incidental that their enactment of legislations had any positive, impact on the Indians as their aim main was safe guarding their own, interests first. In this chapter, analysis of the reforms related to four, fields has been made : Revenue, English Education, Economic impact, and Constitutional development., Competencies, , Indetifying the merits and demerits of the implementation, of Permanent Zamindari system, Mahalwari system and, Roytwari system., , 2], , Collecting information about the English Education System, that was introduced in India., , 3], , Enlisting economic influecnes., , 4], , To understand Constitutional development., , No, t, , 1], , 110

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1. Land Revenue Policy :, , he, , d, , The British implemented reformation in land tax system to, ensure the flow of regular income to the East India Company’s, treasury. Apart form this, the British needed huge amount, of money to fund their war expenses and salary expenses of, their staff. Particularly the British officers were drawing huge, salaries. Hence, the East India Company started collecting, higher land tax from the farmers., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , The Governor General Warren Hastings introduced bidding, system to authorize tax collecting works during his period., Though the Zamindars were competing to bid for higher rates,, they used to fail to collect tax accordingly. This resulted in, variations in the tax remittance. In order to ensure steady tax, collection, the British enacted other tax collection systems., Permanent Land Revenue System (1793 CE) :, , No, t, , to, , The Governor General Cornwallis, decided to fix the land tax on a, permanent basis in Bengal, Bihar and, Odissa. The agreement he entered with, the zamindars for tax collection is called, Permanent Land Revenue System., Under this system, the Zamindars, worked as government agents. With, this, the company now had access to a, permanent income from the agriculture sector. It also brought, down the expenses on the revenue collection. Often, stronger, Zamindars paid the fixed taxes to the company irrespective of, the agricultural production. The British created classes like, this which could work for them and support them often., , 111

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The Impact on the Peasants :, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , 2. Roytwari System (1820 CE) :, , he, , d, , The Zamindars exploited the farmers by collecting exess, land tax. They never gave attention to improve the agricultural, output. The tenant farmers were forced to pay their share, even though crops had failed. As a result, the agricultural out, put collapased. Apart from this, the company made farmers, further poor by forcing them to grow commercial crops that, were need for their factories. All this resulted in growth of, bonded labour., The system where the farmers could directly remit the, land tax to treasury without any intermediaries is Roytwari, System. The direct relationship between the government and, the farmer is the important feature of Roytwari system. This, system was brought into effect in the South and West India., In its impact, it was not much different from the Permanent, Zamindari System., , No, t, , to, , Under this method, the measurement, fertility and, irrigation facility of the land was taken into consideration and, land tax was fixed. Half of the out put was fixed as the land, tax. The volume of tax fixed periodically. Even though the, farmer lost his crop due to floods or drought the tax payment, was manadatory. This system was brought into effect by Sir, Thomas Munroe in Madras region in 1820 CE., 3. Mahalwari System : (1833 CE) :, Mahal means village or estate. The land tax was fixed for, the entire Mahal. The local Zamindar was responsible for the, tax collection of all the farmers in that Mahal. This system was, implemented in Uttar Pradesh and parts of Madhyapradesh, and Punjab in 1833 CE., , 112

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Total impact of the land revenue system., British Converted land into a marketable commodity., Instances of land auction and sales increased., As land tax was to be paid in cash form, the money, gained prominence., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , To increase the income, Zamindars insisted on, cultivating crops like cotton, jute, peanut, tobacco,, sugar cane, and other commercial crops instead of, food crops. It was profitable for the British as the, commercial crops could get exported. But, this, resulted in food shortage., Within the Zamindari system, new classes of farmers, arised., , English Education:, , to, , Education is an instrument that ensures individual, freedom. With the help of knowledge that gained through, education would lead to better life. The universalization of, English education profited the Indians. All classes of the, society could have access to Education., , No, t, , Under the Charter Act, one lakh rupees was kept aside, for the education of Indians. But, the government had not, spent anything from it till 1823. The Indian thinkers and, the Christain missionaries launched in favour of modern, education to Indians. At the same time, the Company also, had different idea. It needed English educated Indians to work, at the lower cadre of its offices for less salary. So it aimed, at creating an educated class that was dedicated to it. Lord, Macaulay and Charles Wood implemented the new education, system with this aim., 113

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d, he, ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, Lord Macaulay, , Charles Wood, , Dispute over Medium of Instruction :, , to, , Many of the English academecians argued that the, Indians should be educated in their mother tongue. Some, others argued that the modern Science and literature should, be given through English medium. In 1853, the Governor, General William Bentinck finally announced the education, policy which opted for instruction of Western Science and, English Medium of instruction., , No, t, , Some of the western academicians had introduced the, Indian Cultural Wealth to the Western world. Sir William, Jones who was in India as the Judge of Supreme Court had, founded ‘Asiatic Society of Bengal’ in 1784 CE. He propogated, the greatness of Sanskrit language to the world. Sir Charles, Wilks translated Bagvadhgeetha into English in 1785 CE., Max Muller translated Rigveda and other writings., Bentinck’s declaration was based on the minute prepared, by Macaulay who was the member of the executive body., Macaulay was a hardcore pro English thinker., 114

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he, , d, , He argued that Indian knowledge is of low level. He also, made fun of the Sanskrit grammar. He wanted to take, away the Indians from their roots. He had declared “all the, books written in the Sanskrit language is less valuable than, what may be found in the most paltry abridgement used, at preparatory schools in England”. These words clearly, demonstrate his prejudice., , No, t, , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , The British formulated New Education System in 1854., This was based on the report by Charles Wood. In a very short, period, universities were established at Bombay, Culcutta and, Madras (1857). The establishment of primary schools, high, schools and colleges were done stage by stage. Education, departments were formed in regions to monitor and supervise, education. English became the official administrative language, by 1844 CE, , Bombay university of Bombay, , 115

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d, he, ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, Madras University, , Impact of western Education :, , to, , The traditional system slowly declined. The new education, system enabled Indians from different languages to interact, among themselves. This gave impetus to the growth of national, feelings. The European intellectual thoughts affected the Indian, thinkings in a long term prespective. It also influenced the, Indian literature and resulted in various literary movements., Many sections of the society received social awakening., , No, t, , Economic Impact:, The industrial revolution that took place in Europe during, 18th and 19th century impacted seriously on the trade and, commerce of India. The East India Company was only a trade, company till 1757 CE. After this, it used the political power, to establish monopoly over the Indian production and trade, completely. As a result, the weavers had to purchase raw, materials at higher rates. The British Commerce Policy was, 116

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he, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , As the wealth of India flowed, towards England, India became a, poor country. According to Dadabhai, Navoroji, “Wealth Drain resulted in, poverty”. The British citizens invested, money in India and made profit out, of it. This was again the main reason, for this., , d, , aimed at facilitating the growth of industries of England only., They wanted India to be a net importer of factory made goods, of England and a net exporter of raw material to England. By, introducing free trade, it forced the Indian cottage industries, towards extinction., , As a result of drain in the wealth,, there was shortage of investment in, Dadabhai Navroji, India too. This hampered the progress, of Indian industries. Adam Smith,, the father of Economics, has described the British in India, as ‘Plunderers’., Constitutional Development :, , to, , Regulating Act ( 1773 CE), , No, t, , The Constitutional Reforms in India, started during the British rule. The, Regulating Act of 1773, is an important, milestone in the history of Constitution., The Governor General Warren Hastings, implemented this act in 1773. This act, became the base of British Administration, in India. This also gave a constitution to, the East India Company., , 117, , Warren Hastings

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Pitt’s India Act (1784 CE), , Morley – Minto Reforms ( 1909 CE), , he, , d, , The Government of England was not happy with, administrative system of India. It decided to concentrate on, this issue. Hence, the Prime Minister William Pitt brought in, an Act. It included the East India Company as a part of the, government and a considered it as a unit. Many acts followed, this act in subsequent years., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Lord Minto was the Viceroy of India. During this period,, Lord Morley was also the Secretary of the State. Due to, authoritative rule of Lord Curzon and violent protests from, Indian Revolutionaries, the Minto-Morley reforms were, introduced. According to this act, eligible Indians could be, made part of the government programmes. The number at, central legislative assembly increased. Similarly, the regional, assemblies were also expanded., , to, , The Morley-Minto reforms did not bring in any drastic, changes in the constitutional process of India. It did not give, any responsibility to representatives., Montagu –Chelmsford Reforms (1919 CE), , No, t, , Morley-Minto reforms did not satisfy the Indians. The, Secretary of State, Montagu declared that “the British, government wants to provide more representations to Indians, in administration”. Lord Minto, who was the Viceroy of India, during that time brought these acts into effect. The total, members at The India Council of Secretary of State was, increased and the tenure of membership was fixed at five, years. An Indian High Commissioner was posted in London., 118

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1935 Act :, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , EXERCISES, , he, , d, , Morley Minto reforms did not satisfy the Indians. To, pacify the Indians, the Government of India Act 1935 was, implemented. According to it, a federal of India was formed, with federation of states and princely states. Diarchy was, introduced at Central Government. Responsible governments, were established at the regions. This act is considered as a, major milestone in Indian history., , I Answer the following in a sentence each., , Who introduced the ‘Permanent Zamindari System’?, , 2., , What is ‘Roytwari system’?, , 3., , How much fund was reserved for Education in India, as per Charter Act of 1813?, , 4., , Who implemented the Regulating Act? And when?, , 5., , Name the universities that were established in India, in 1857., , to, , 1., , No, t, , II Discuss in group and answer the following., 1., , How did Permanent Zamindari System influence the, farmers?, , 2., , Explain the impact of Western Education in India., , 3., , Mention some of the important Constitutional reforms, in India., , 119

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III Match the following items mentioned in ‘A’ with, information given in ‘B’., –, , Permanent Zamindari System, , Cornwallis , , –, , English Education, , Thomas Munro , , –, , Collection of tax by auction., , Willam Bentinck , , –, , Wealth drain theory., , Dadabhai Navroji, , –, , Roytwari System., , he, , d, , Warren Hasting, , IV Discuss., , The Revenue system of the British and the Present, system., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , 1., , No, t, , to, ,   , , 120

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LESSON, 12, , SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS, REFORMS, , Introduction, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , The implementation of Western Education System created a wave, of awakening among Indians. It also unraveled the weaknesses of, Indian society and its approaching decay. This made Indians realize, the drawbacks of their society and also motivated them to seek, solutions to it. This lesson introduces the efforts of Indian religious, leaders of 19th century who attempted to reform Indian society by, establishing various associations and socities., Competencies, 1], , Understanding the various aspects that led to new awakening, in the Indian society and the efforts by various thinkers in, this direction., , 2], , Remembering the contributions of social organizations and, reformers in bringing social awareness, , 3], , Understanding, movement., , the, , influences, , of, , social, , reformation, , No, t, , to, , Due to influence of Western Thoughts, there was a new, awakening in India. The Western Culture, Dress, Behaviour,, Society, Religious thoughts, Beliefs and Social Ideals of, the English influenced the Indians enormously. The Cause, and Effect theory, Humanism and Rationality of the west, influenced the Indians much. These developments led to the, emergence of Romanticism in India. The quest for Equality, is Romanticism Movement. This is also called as Social and, Religious Reform Movement. This movement laid emphasis, on empowerment of women and dalit sections of the society., The British started enforcing colonialism through Englsih, education by telling that it is for the betterment of Indians., Our country has a rich tradition. But all aspects of this vast, 121

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tradition are not worth following. There are many superstitions, which need weeding out., , he, , Rajarammohan Roy was the first, man to create social awareness in, modern time. Rabindranath Tagore has, called him the ‘Father of Modernism’., , d, , Raja Rammohan Roy (Brahmasamaja- C.E. 1828), , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , In order to inject strength to passive, India, Raja Rammohan Roy started, ‘Athmiya Sabha’. Later, in 1828, he, started Brahma Sabha. In the next year, it was named as ‘Brahma Samaj’. Raja, Rammohan Roy is a representative of, the communion of the western and Raja Rammohan Roy, eastern thoughts. The Brahma Samaj opposed child marriage,, Sati System, Caste System, Idol Worship, Polygamy and many, other superstitions vehemently. Raja Rammohan Roy and his, associates petitioned the British Government to eradicate Sati, System., , No, t, , to, , As a result, Willaim Benticks, abolished Sati System in 1829, CE. Raja Rammohan Roy had, believed that through western, education, such social evils could, be eradicated. He was in favour of, Widow Remarriage and worshiping, ‘One Supreme God’. He published, ‘Samvada Koumudi’ magazine and, continued his reformist movement., Bad conditions of widows, He attempted to cleanise the Hindu, Society through rationality., 122

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d, , Raj Rammohan Roy was the first to support English, Education in India. He ran an English School by spending, from his pocket. He also started a Vedanta College. He is one of, pioneer of journalism in India. He published many periodicals., He spent his entire life fighting against the social evils. His, works were later continued by Devendranatha Tagore and, Keshava Chandra Sen., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , Let us know- Mughal Badshah gave the title ‘Raja’ to, Rammohan Roy in 1829., Athmarama Panduranga (Prarthana Samaja 1867 CE), , to, , Prarthana Samaja was established, by Athmaram Panduranga. It is a major, reformation society to start in Bombay after, Brahma Samaj. Balwagle, N.G.Chandrawkar, and M.G.Ranade were its important leaders., They concentrated on issues of widow, remarriage, intercaste marriage and improving, M.G. Ranade, the status of women and development of, exploited classes. They established homes for orphans and, destitutes. They also opened schools for widow emancipation., , No, t, , Mahatma Jyothiba Pule (Sathyashodhaka Samaja 1873, CE), Non Brahmin Movement was started, in Maharastra by Mahatma Jyothiba Pule., He established Satyshodak Samaj to create, awareness among downtrodden classes of, Maharastra. He opened schools for orphans,, destitute and widows. He published a book titled, ‘Gulamgiri’ (Slavery) in order to criticize the, Mahatma, Bhraminical supremacy and initiate a dialogue Jyothiba Pule, 123

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on it. He opened a school for girls with his wife Savithribai, Pule. By opening a rehabilitation home for Child widows, he, tried to prevent infanticide cases. He also encouraged widow, remarriage. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar had considered him as his, philosophical guide., “Young Bengali Movement” :, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , The work of Raja Rammahon Roy for the reformation of, Indian society motivated many youth of Bengal. This initiated, the ‘Tarun Bengal Movement’. An Anglo-Indian youth named, Henry Vivian led this movement. He gave a call to the youth, to have individuality and rationality. Then Indian society did, not respond much to this call., Swamy Dayananda Saraswathi (Arya Samaja 1875 CE), , No, t, , to, , Swami Dayananda Saraswathi, established Arya Samaj. His first name was, Moolashankara. He aimed at establishing, an ideal society inspired by the society, during Vedic period. In this background,, Dayananda Sarswathi gave call ‘Go back, to Vedas’. He criticized idol worship,, untouchability and Child Marriage. He, also encouraged intercaste marriages and Swamy Dayananda, widow remarriages. He advocated worship, Saraswathi, of ‘One Supreme God’., Dayananada Saraswathi published his thoughts in, ‘Sathyartha Prakash’. Arya Samaj apart from working towards, educating the Indians, also motivated the freedom struggle., Lala Hansraj, a leader of Arya Samaj, established ‘Dayananada, AngloVedic School’ in Lahore. Nationalist leaders like Tilak,, Lala Lajapath Rai and others were deeply influenced by the, philosophy and thinkings of Arya Samaj. In order to bring back, 124

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the converted people back into Hindu Dharma, Shradananda,, a disciple of Dayananada started ‘Shuddi Movement’., , d, , Dayananda Sarswathi opposed authority to Brahimins, based on their birth. He had declared that all, including, women, have the right to learn Veda. He advocated the worship, of Cow. He wanted to motivate Swadeshi awareness in Indians., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , Centers of Social and, Religious Movements, Lahore, , Arya Samaj, Pakistan, , Ne, , pa, , Aligarh, , l, , Aligarh movement, India, , Mumbai Prarthana samaj, , Bhutan, , Bangladesh, Brahma samaj, Ramakrishna, mission, Kolkatta, , Pune Satyashodhak samaj, , No, t, , to, , Arabian sea, , Bay of Bengal, , Theosophical, society Chennai Adyar, , Indian ocean, , 125

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Swamy Vivekananda :, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , ‘Arise, awake, stop not till you reach the goal’ was the message, given to Indian youth by Vivekananda. Narendranatha Datha, was his first name. He was born in Calcutta in 1863 January, 12. He was the disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. He later, took Sanyasa. After the death of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, he had the responsibility of guiding his disciples. His talk at, First World Religious Convention, Chicago, in 1893 brought, him fame and recognition. He appreciated many of the, achievements of the west and equality of women., , No, t, , to, , Vivekananda traversed across India on foot and was deeply, moved by the plight of Indians. “As long as people of India are, in clutches of poverty and hunger, I will take birth again and, again in India to eradicate them”, he declared., , Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, , Swamy Vivekananda, , Pandith Keshavachandra Vidyasagar started a Sanskrit, college for non Brahmins in 1856. Widow re-marriage was, held at Calcutta under the leadership of Vidyasagara.., , He established Ramakrishna Mission to continue the, service to humanity. He had a lot concern for women and, 126

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said “Welfare of Women is the welfare of our Country”. He, gave a call for the service to the poor. He dreamed of Indian, upliftment., Balagangadhar Tilak has called Swami Vivekananda as, “the father of Indian Nationalism”. Many people including, Subhas Chandra Bose were influenced by his writings., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Before going to Chicago, Swami Vivekananda had visited, Mysuru princely state. Chamaraja Wodeyer X invited him to, his palace and lent financial support for his visit to Chicago., Mysuru Wodeyer opened three separate schools for Dalits, on Swami Vivekananda’s advise., Activity: Collect Information about Swami Vivekananda’s, talk at World Religion Conference at Chicago., , No, t, , to, , Madam H.P. Blavatsky and Colonel H.S. OLCOTT, (Theosophical Society 1875 C.E.), , Dr. Annie Besant, , H.P. Blavatsky, , Theosophical Society was established by H.P. Blavatsky and, Colonel H.S. Olcott in Newyork in 1875 CE. The international, centre of the society was started at Adyar near Madras. Later, Dr Annie Besant became its president. H.P.Blavatsky was, 127

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a good writer and has expressed her ideas on Humanism,, Human Brotherhood, Philosophy, comparative religion and, Truth of Nature eloquently., , To inculcate universal brotherhood, by eliminating, discrimination., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , 1., , he, , Objectives of theosophical society:, , d, , Dr Annie Besant was influenced by the Indian culture, and translated Bagavadhgeetha to English. She published, ‘New India’ newpaper. She led the Theosophical Movement, strongly in India., , 2., , To Study Dharma, philosophy and science through, comparative approach., , 3., , To investigate the hidden aspects of nature and, hidden power in human beings., , Anni Besant started Central Hindu College in Banaras., Later it became Banaras Hindu University. She established an, organization ‘torch bearers’ to eradicate Child Marriage and, Superstitions. She later started Home Rule Movement too. She, was the first women president of Indian National Congress., , to, , Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (Alighar Movement), , No, t, , Most of Muslims were suspicious of, the Western Education and also believed, that it is against the interest of their, religion. In 1863 CE, Nawab Abdul Lateef, had started ‘Mohammedan Literary, Society’. He tried to expand English, education among muslims through it., And also tried bring in harmony among, Hindus and Muslims. Sir Syed Ahmed, Khan provided this attempt a movement, 128, , Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

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structure. He was born in Delhi in 1817 CE and was a judiciary, officer in the East India Company. He wanted mulsim youth, to have proper employment in the company government by, getting good education. He always believed that the muslim, community is missing an opportunity by missing English, education., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , As a social reformer, he opposed Purdha System, Polygamy, and divorce systems. In order to translate English literature, into Urdu, he established ‘Translation Society’. Later, it, became ‘Scientific Society’. In order to promote rationality, among Muslims he began publishing a newspaper ‘Aligrah, Institute Gezzette’. It was published in English and Urdu, languages. He started Muhammedan Anglo Oriental College, in 1875 CE. It became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920., Sri Narayanaguru:, , No, t, , to, , His influence is considerable in, Karnataka. Sri Narayana Guru is an, important saint and a social reformer., He was born in a Ezhava family in, Trivancore in 1854. He established ‘Sri, Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam’, in 1903. Through this institution,, he tried for the social, economical,, cultural, educational development of, communities like Ezhava and other, Sri Narayanaguru, downtrodden communities. He opposed, caste system and animal sacrifice. He, opened Sanskrit colleges and provided Sanskrit education, irrespective of caste. He built around thirty temples in Kerala, which were open to all including untouchables. He established, a good library in all the temples. He declared ‘One God, One, Religion., 129

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Activity: Collect more information about Narayanaguru, and Periyar, who started Self Respect Movement 1920s., WOMAN SOCIAL REFORMERS :, , he, , d, , Madam H.P.Blavatsky, Annie Besant, Savithribai Pule,, Tharabai Shinde, Pandith Ramabai are the main Indian social, women reformers, Savithri Bai Pule :, , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Savithri Bhai Pule was the most social, and education reformer and a poetess. She, started a school for Girls at Pune along with, her husband Jyothiba Pule and also worked, as a teacher in that school. She tried to, stop infanticide by opening a rehabilitation, centre for child widows. She fought against, the gender discrimination and caste system., For this, she had to face resistance from the Savithri Bai pule, society., She shouldered the responsibility of social struggle waged, by her husband Jyothibha Pule. She led ‘Sathya Shodak, Samaj’ after the death of her husband Jyothiba Pule. While, treating the patients of plague along with her son, she died, of it., , No, t, , Tharabai Shinde :, Tharabai Shinde is the first women, fighter of Maharastra. She was the member, of Sathyashodak Samaj of Jyothiba Pule and, participated actively in the social struggles, of the samaj. She supported protection child, widows and widow remarriages. She has, opposed the exploitation of women in her, book ‘Stri Purusha Tulana’., 130, , Tharabai Shinde

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Pandith Ramabai :, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Pandith Ramabai was the famous, Christain Reformer of India. She was, born in Gangamoola of Western Ghats as, the daughter of Ananthashastri Dongri, and Lakshmibai. She received education, which was against the practice. She, accepted Christianity while studying, in England. She dedicated her life for, the betterment of women of India and, established ‘Mukti Mission’ in 1889., Pandith Ramabai, This institution is active till today and, provides rehabilitation to widows, orphans and alcoholic, addicts., EXERCISES, , Fill in the blanks with suitable words., , 1., , ____________ started Samvada Koumudi,, , 2., , ____________ wrote the book Gulamagiri, , 3., , Dayananda AngloVedic College in Lahore was started, by ___________, ____________ started Mukti Mission for the upliftment, of women., , No, t, , 4., , to, , I., , II, , Answer the following in one sentence:, , 1., , Who was called as ‘Father of Indian Modernism’?, , 2., , Who was Mahadeva Govinda Ranade?, , 3., , Who was the founder of Sathyashodhaka Samaja?, , 4., , ‘Awake arise, stop not till you reach the goal’ -who, gave this message?, 131

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5., , Who was Dr.Annie Besant?, , 6., , Who was the leader for Aligarh Movement?, , 7., , Name the institution started by Sri Narayana Guru?, , 8., , Who was the author of Stree purusha Thulana?, , 9., , Who was a well known Christian social reformer?, , he, , d, , III. Discuss in groups and answer the following questions:, , 2., , What is the role of Savithribai Pule in social, reformation?, , 3., , What are the objectives of Theosophical society?, , 4., , What is the role of Syed Ahmed Khan in reforming, Muslim community?, , 5., , What were the measures taken by Narayanaguru in, reforming backward communities?, , 6., , What was the role of Ramabai in the reformation of, women?, , Match the following:, , to, , IV, , Write a note on social and religious reformation efforts, of Raja Rammohan Roy., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , 1., , , , A B, -, , No, t, , Swamy Vivekananda , , Aligarh Movement, , Swamy Dayanada Saraswati -, , Sathyashodhaka Society, , Syed Ahmed Khan , , -, , Theosophical society, , Jyothi Ba Pule , , -, , Arya Samaja, , Annie Besant , , -, , Ramakrishna Samaja, , 132

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LESSON, 13, , FREEDOM STRUGGLE, , Introduction, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Indians fought many battles for their freedom. This is an important, milestone in the history of modern India. Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British colonialists established their trade centres in India. They, exploited Indians continuously. Indians raised their voice against the, aggressive policy, injustice, economic exploitation of the colonialists., They determined to drive away the British from India. Thus they set, themselves for the fight. Different phases of the freedom struggle are, explained here., , Competencies, , To know about the early protests of Indians against the, British., , 2], , To understand the reasons that caused India’s first war of, Independence., , 3], , To commemorate the struggle of the important leaders in, India’s first war of Independence., , 4], , To understand important reasons that lead to the, development of Nationalism during the 19th century., , 5], , To understand ideological stances and policies of moderates,, radicals and revolutionaries., , 6], , To feel the pride in the principles of Non-Violence and, Satyagraha, which Gandhiji implemented against the, British., , 7], , To appreciate leadership qualities, courage, truthfulness,, simplicity, humanity and humbleness of Gandhiji., , No, t, , to, , 1], , 134

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1. Early Protests against the British:, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Indians protested against the British dominance. As, Mir Jaffer failed to fulfill the demands of the British he was, dismissed from the power. His nephew, Mir Qasim, was also, cheated by the British. Anglo-Mysuru wars took place between, 1767-1799 CE. The Anglo-Maratha war took place between, 1775 and 1818 CE. The British attacked Sikh, Afghan,, Nepal and Burmese and established supremacy over the sub, continent. Such struggles happened in Karntaka also., In 1800 CE, Dondiwagh revolted against the British. But, Aurther Wellsly arrested Wagh with the help of Marthas, and Nizam and killed him. In 1819 CE, a Zamindar named, Veerappa of Koppala revolted against the Nizam and was, suppressed by the British., , No, t, , to, , Diwakara Deekshit and Balajai Deshpande of Sindagi in, Raichur revolted against the British and collected the land, taxes on their own and they were arrested and imprisoned, by the British. From 1824 to 1830 CE Rani Chennamma of, Kittur of Belagavi district waged war with the British and died, a warrior’s death. Her committed follower Sangolli Rayanna, also did the same thing., Revolts happened in Badami, Bidanoor town and Kodagu., The British could easily contain these revolts and strengthened, their power. All these revolts were armed revolts. Many such, incidents were happened before the First War of Independence., 2. First War of Indian Independence (1857-58), The year 1857 is an important milestone in the history, of modern India. While the British considered this historical, 135

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event as a mere ‘Sepoy Mutiny’, Indian nationalists proclaimed, it as the ‘first war of Indian independence’. It was a great war, against the British imperialism. Soldiers and citizens remove, the British imperialism completely from India., Reasons:, , 1., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , The economic system of India had been weakened by the, long-term rule of the British. People were in utter distress., Farmers were crushed under the burden of heavy taxes. Cottage, industries got destroyed gradually, various occupations which, were dependent since generations, lost strength and people, became resourceless. Thus they set themselves to fight, against the British. The factors that inspired the people to, fight can be divided into political, economical, social, religious,, administrative and military reasons., Political reasons:, , No, t, , to, , Many kings and Nawabs were brought under the terms, of Lord Wellesley’s ‘Subsidiary Alliance’ and Lord Dalhousie’s, ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ policies and were dethroned. Satara,, Jaipur, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Jhansi, Aawad are the states, were victimised under the policy of Doctorine of Lapse. In, addition, pension of some kings was withheld. The titles of, kings were revoked. Naturally, these things disturbed the, feelings of rulers as well as common people of India., 2., , Administrative reasons:, , A new administrative system was created where the British, officers occupied all the major civil and military posts. The role, of mediators (brokers) was too much in the administration., 136

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The rule of the law resulted in the collapse of social hierarchy., The people did not like English which became the language, of administration in the place of Persian., 3. Economic reasons:, , No, t, , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , British utilized their political power, to loot the economic wealth of India for, their profit. Business interest of the, British destroyed cottage and other, local industries of India. Land revenue, policy was exploitative. The status and, source of income of Talukadars and, Zamindars were snatched away. There, was a huge outward movement of wealth., Commercialization of agriculture made, Bahadhur Shah, the farmers feeble. Terrible draughts of, those days took away the lives of millions of people. These, factors drove India into the pit of poverty., , Traditional Loom, , 4. Social and Religious reasons:, Social and religious factors led to the explosion of revolt., British criticised Indians as ‘primitives who have no culture, and civilization.’ They used to call Indians as ‘pig’ and ‘black, 137

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he, , d, , people’. Indians were not allowed in hotels and clubs that, were under the supervision of the British. At the entrance of, these institutions, there used to be boards declaring “Entry, of dogs and Indians prohibited”. The attempts by the British, to abolish Sati system and child marriage and support of, widow remarriage made the Indians feel that are unnecessarily, interfering in their social life. The arrival of railways irked, the high caste Indians. The issue of all traveling in one bogie, enraged the upper caste Indians., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , 5. Military reasons:, , The Indian soldiers in the British army were unhappy., They were not allowed to wear their traditional and religious, symbols and headgears. They were paid a meagre salary and, had no promotion options. But the wages were high for the, British officers and were provided good facilities. The Indian, soldiers were assigned to distant places without any additional, pay. As per the Lord Canning’s ‘Common Civil Rules Act’, the, Soldiers were expected to work in distant places as per the, orders. This created created resentment in the Indian soldiers., , to, , 6. Immediate reasons:, , No, t, , The time was getting ripe for the people to revolt. A single, spark was needed to raise huge flames. Introduction of a new, gun (Enfield rifle) in the year 1857 in the army became an, immediate reason for the revolt. Before loading the cartridges, it was necessary to rip the paper cover with the teeth. The, rumour was spread all over like a wildfire that the paper, covers were coated either with pig’s fat or cow’s fat. This hurt, the religious sentiments of Hindu and Muslims. Soldiers who, refused to use it were punished., 138

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Momentum of the revolt:, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , The revolt began on 10th May,, 1857 in Meerut. Afterwards it spread, intensely throughout the provinces, of North India. Before the explosion, of the revolt, MangalPande an Indian, soldier of Barakpur (Bengal), refusing, to use the gun smeared with fat,, openly shot dead a British officer., Later, he was also killed. Same time, in Meerut, Indian soldiers killed, Europeans at sight. These furious, MangalPande, soldiers rushed to Delhi shouting, ‘Maro parangiko’ which meant kill Europeans. In Delhi these, enraged soldiers crowned old and weak Mughal King Bahadur, Shah II as the Emperor of India., Parangi: Parangi is a word of Persian origin. It is used, in Urdu and Hindi to despise the Europeans., , No, t, , to, , Within a short time the revolt spread wildly. Important, centres of revolution were Delhi, Lucknow, Bareilly, Jhansi, and Ara of Bihar., The revolts took place under the, leadership of colonel Bhukth Khan in Delhi,, Nana Saheb and Tantya Tope in Kanpur,, Begam Hazrat Mahal in Lucknow, Lakshmi, Bai in Jhansi and Kunwar Singh in Bihar., The British suppressed these revolts one, by one. These revolts were not restricted, to North India only; they even entered into, 139, , Lakshmi Bai

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No, t, , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , South India. In Karnataka Bhimrao of Mundaragi, tribal, Bedas of Halagali, Venkatappa Nayaka IV of Surapura and, Babasaheb of Naragund were the prominent ones to raise their, voice. Though the revolts had spread all over India, they were, suppressed in a very short duration by the British., , 140

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©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Activity: Collect the information about the queen of, Jhansi, Lakxmibai’s war against the British., , Kunwar Sing, , Nana Saheb, , Consequences:, , to, , Though the struggle failed, it created a long lasting effect., As a consequence of these revolts the rule of East India, Company ended and the Queen of Britain took over the reign of, India. In 1858 queen Victoria of Britain made a proclamation, that there would be no more interference into the religious, freedom of Indians., , No, t, , The struggles of 1857-58 further lead to the rise of Modern, National Movement. It proved to be an eternal inspiration for, the future wars of independence., The Nature of the Great Revolt of 1857:, British historians have considered the 1857 struggle, of Indians as a mere ‘Sepoy Mutiny’. But Indian national, historians declared it as a great revolt of the people and called, it ‘The First War of Indian Independence’., 141

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Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was the first among those who, called it the first war of Indian independence. Even Pattabhi, Sitaramaiah stated it as the first war of Indian independence., It was a combined effort of almost all the communities of the, nation., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , The struggle of 1857 created a new political consciousness, in the history of India. As a result, anti imperialistic movements, took birth and developed in different forms. Those who lost, their lives in these fights became the house hold names. One, should remember the sacrifices of these great people., I. Answer the following in a sentence:, , What were the immediate reasons for the outbreak of, first war of independence?, , 2., , Who was Mangal Pandey?, , 3., , State any one effect of the first war of independence., , 4., , Who was the first nationalist to call the struggle of, 1857 as the first war of independence?, , 5., , Which Mughal king participated in the first war of, independence?, Name the women leader who fought in the first war of, independence?, , No, t, , 6., , to, , 1., , II. Discuss in groups and answer:, 1., , List out the reasons for the outbreak of first war of, Indian independence., , 2., , Name the leaders of Karnataka who participated in, the first war of Indian independence., 142

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Activity: Read the biographies of the revolutionaries, like Mangal Pandey, Jhansi Laxmibai, Tantya Tope, Nana, Saheb, Begaum Hazrat Mahal, Kunwar Singh, Mundaragi, Bheemarao etc., , d, , 3. The Freedom Movement: (1885-1919), , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , Policies of exploitation implemented by the British, in the second half of 19th century paved way for the, budding of nationalism. Newly educated class, who got, English education, understood the real motives of British, administration. Farmers, tribals and other classes, who were, ill treated by the British, were waiting for a stern uprising, against the British., 1. Growth of Nationalism :, , India is a land of diverse cultures. It has a long cultural, and historical heritage. These laid an ideological foundation for, the growth of nationalism in the second half of 19th century., Nationalism is the germination of the feeling ‘we are one’ in, the minds of the people of a distinct geographical area., , No, t, , to, , The lack of proper coordination among the Indians in, 1857’s first war of independence resulted in a failure. This, enabled the conscious Indians to get organised. Gradually it, turned into a national movement. Various factors inspired, the growth of nationalism. They are as follows:, 1. Introduction of Western Education And Modern Science:, By reading thought provoking works of Europe, Indians,, who were educated in English, understood the national, political tendencies. The concepts like liberty, equality and, 143

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fraternity which took birth in Europe politically motivated, them and instilled a desire of freedom in them. The educated, people disproved the British calculation ‘Indians who have, learnt English will stay in support’., 2. Uniform Administrative System:, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , The British brought India under Uniform Administrative, System. As a result, Indians who were confined to uniform, rules felt that they were equal. Likewise, in one united voice, all Indians opposed various acts and laws implemented by the, British which were annoying people. This led to the growth of, nationalistic consciousness among the Indians., 3. Economic Exploitation :, , Through their economic policies, the British remained, responsible for the decline of trade, agriculture and industries, in India. They converted land into a commodity. Dadabhai, Navaroji exposed the way British were looting the wealth of, India through his ‘Drain of Wealth’ theory., , to, , 4. Realization of Heritage :, , No, t, , Foreign scholors like Sir William Jones, H. T. Cole Brook,, Max Mulller, Cunningham etc. through their study enabled, Indians to know about the historical, cultural heritage of India., There by it was confirmed to the Indians that the heritage of, India was in no way inferior to that of Greek or Rome. Thus, the roots of nationalism in the form of knowledge entered into, the deeper layers., 5. Social-Religious Movements :, Social reformers of the 19th century such as Rajaram, 144

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he, , d, , Mohan Roy, Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar, Swami Dayananda, Saraswathi, Swami Vivekananda and others advocated, the importance of education to the deprived and exploited, communities of India. While Dayananda Saraswati sowed, the idealogy of swarajya and swadeshi, Vivekananda awoke, the stagnant society. This brought a new perspective for the, growth of nationalism. This made the learned people more, creative., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , 6. Inspiration of the First War of Independence:, , This event enabled the Indians to be politically better, organised. In addition, fearless crusaders like Mangal Pandey,, Laxmibai, Hazrat Mahal and others, who became martyres, of the war, set themselves as everlasting inspirations for the, next generation of leaders., 7. Racial Discrimination :, , No, t, , to, , British believed that they were supreme and considered, Indians the most uncivilized. All the higher posts in, administration were reserved only for the British. This, naturally created unanimity among the Indians, who were, exploited by these rules and policies alike. All Indians in, one voice opposed the cruel laws and doctrines, which were, inhumane. Thus, these factors led to the growth of national, consciousness called unity., 2., , Indian National Congress: (1885), , Indian national congress was the dream child of retired, British civil servant Allen Octavian Hume. It was established, in the year 1885 in Mumbai. Umesh Chandra Banerji was, the first president of the congress. There were 72 members, 145

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©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , in the first convention of the congress. Most of them were, lawyers, journalists and upper class people. Infact, it was the, first political platform that boosted the national movement., , Allen Octavian Hume, British civil servant, , Umesh Chandra Banerji, First President, Congress, , No, t, , to, , A Few Presidents of India National Congress, , Firodhshah Mehtha, , Syed Badrudhin Tyabji, , Objectives of the Indian National Congress :, To bring together and build a strong bonding between, the political activists of different parts of the nation., To establish national unity., 146

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To formulate public opinion by placing the demands, of the people before the government., To generate nationalism in place of provincialism., 3., , Age of Moderates :, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , The leaders who led Indian national congress in the, beginning are called as moderates. The period between 1885, and 1905 is often considered as the age of moderates. They, had faith in the constitution. Being loyal to the British rule,, they followed the method of praying, pleading and agitating., Along with this they tried to persuade the British for social,, political and economic reformations. The prominent moderate, leaders were Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerji,, Gopalkrishna Gokhale, Mahadev Govind Ranade and others., , No, t, , to, , Because of the struggle of these moderates, Indians, were able to enter legislative assembly. It was due to their, efforts, the truth that the British were the main reason for, the pathetic condition of India came to light. At this stage, by, getting trained in political aptitude, Indians created a national, perspective for anti British protest., , Dadabhai, Navoroji, , Surendranath, Bannerji, 147, , Gopalkrishna, Gokhale

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Important Moderate Leaders:, Demands of the Moderates:, , Age of Radicals: (1905-1919), , No, t, , to, , 4., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Freedom of speech and publication, seperation of, the judiciary from executive, reduction in military, expenses, installation of primary, secondary and technical, education, cancellation of ‘ban on weapons’ act, provision of, banking, irrigation, medical and health facilities, complete, cancellation of tax on salt, conducting of I.C.S. examinations, simultaneously in England and India, creating representations, for Indians in central and provincial legislative assembly,, appointing Indians to higher posts etc., , Lala Lajapath Roy, (Lal), , Balgangadhar Tilak, , (Bal), , Bipin Chandra Pal, (Pal), , The moderates were unable to reach the common people., The methods of praying and pleading of the moderates were, ridiculed by the radicals as the policy of mendicancy. Youths, could not get attracted towards them. A new group emerged, in the congress which questioned the ‘wait and see’ policy of, 148

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these moderates. They were the radicals. Lala Lajapath Roy,, Balgangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal were the leaders, of this group and were popularly known as Lal-Bal-Pal. The, period between 1905 and 1919 is considered as the age of, radicals., , d, , Reason that led to the growth of radicals:, , he, , Ignoring Indians for higher posts in administration., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Lord Curzans indulgence in communal politics by, dividing Bengal in 1905, The defeat of Russia in the hands of a small nation, Japan in 1905 created confidence that Asians could, defeat Europeans, Indians were inspired by the revolutionary, movements which were active in Ireland, Russia,, China, Turkey, Egypt and others., , No, t, , to, , Balagangadhar Tilak was a great patriot. His intensity of, desire for freedom could be sensed in his proclamation ‘Swaraj, is my birth right and I shall have it’. He brought people close, and intact by intoducing Ganesh and Shivaji festivals. He, published newspapers like ‘Maratha’ and ‘Kesari’ and inspired, the people politically. Bipin Chandra Pal started the daily, ‘New India’ while Aurobindo started ‘Vande Mataram’. Lala, Lajapat Roy was popular as ‘the Lion of Punjab’. He roared,, ‘We get Swaraj as a right and not as alms’. Bipin Chandra, Pal organised ‘mass protest’ in Bengal. Another important, radical leader was Aurobindo Ghosh. He adopted the radical, methods like boycotting foreign goods, using only swadeshi, goods and opening national schools., 149

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5., , Partition of Bengal: (1905), , No, t, , to, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , An important event that inspired the national struggle of, the radicals was the partition of Bengal in 1905. The British, were anxious as the wave of nationalism in Bengal was getting, a strong impetus. Hence, in order to bring down the rigour, of nationalism, Lord Curzon attempted to divide Bengal, by separating Hindu and Muslim on the basis of religious, differences. In opposition to this division 16th October 1905, was observed as National Mourning Day throughout Bengal., Rabindranath Tagore sang the song ‘Amar Sonar Bangla’, as the national song. Bankim Chandra’s ‘Vande Mataram’, became the song of the patriots. To signify the unity of Bengal,, Hindus and Muslims exchanged rakhis. Unable to withstand, the strong protest, the British had to cancel the partition in, 1911., , Lord Curzon, , Bankim Chandra Chatarji, , 6., , Establishment of Muslim League (1906), , The British always tried to keep the Muslims away from, the national movement by using divide and rule policy. Right, from the day of establishment of Indian National Congress,, British were encouraging Muslims to establish a separate, 150

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organisation to protect the interests of their community. In, 1906, a Muslim Committee met the then viceroy of India, Lord, Minto. Inspired by the meeting, Sir Aga khan, Nawab Salimulla, of Dhaka and others established the Indian Muslim League, in Dhaka (capital of present Bangladesh) in 1906., Surat Crisis (1907), , d, , 7., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , On the ground of controversy over Bengal partition, the, radicals held agitations on swadeshi and prohibition of, foreign goods. The moderates wanted to confine the protest, only to Bengal. Moreover, they were not ready for the direct, confrontation with the government. This led to the outburst of, differences between the moderates and the radicals giving way, to political confusions in the congress. In the 1907 congress, session held at Surat, congress was split into two between, moderates and radicals., , to, , After the split of the congress the government took severe, punitive measures against the radicals. Several of the radicals, were sent to jail, few were sent on exile. Tilak was given black, water punishment and was sent to Mandalay jail (Burma)., , No, t, , To make the radicals politically inactive, the British tried, to win the favour of the moderates and Muslims by giving, greater representation in the legislature. To carry out this, intention Morley-Minto reformations were implemented in, 1909. In this act they created a separate election constituency, for the Muslims. Meanwhile First World War broke out (1914)., This gave a new force to the national movement. In 1916, Lokamanya Tilak and Annie Besant organised Home Rule, movement., 151

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Home Rule:, This movement was inspired by Irish Home Rule, movement. Its main objective was to bring self-government in, India. Tilak and Annie Besant started Home Rule movements, separately in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra in the year 1916., , d, , Rowlett Act (1919), , he, , 8., , 9., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , In December 1917 a committee was formed under the, guidance of justice Rowlett. Its purpose was to suppress the, revolutionary activities in India. Ultimately, the Rowlett Act, was implemented in February 1919. According to this act, on, account of suspicion, government could arrest any person, without giving any reason. Without prior notice the government, could search any person or his house. The arrested person, couldn’t even appoint a lawyer. Hence Indians opposed this, act very strongly., Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919), , No, t, , to, , No sooner did Gandhiji start Satyagraha against the, Rowlett act, agitations began in various parts of Punjab. On, 13th April 1919, a meeting was called in Jallianwalah Bagh, garden, a little distance away from Golden Temple in Amritsar., The intention was to demonstrate against the arrest of their, leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kichloo and Dr. Satyapal in the meeting., The security officer of Amritsar General Dyer, in order to, teach a lesson to the protesting people, ordered to open fire, at the unarmed innocent people after closing the only exit of, the park. Taken by surprise, the crowd fell in panic. As per, the government report only 379 people had been killed. In, reality the deaths were higher than what the report told., 152

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d, he, ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Scene, , 10. Revolutionary Nationalism, , No, t, , to, , Some of the radicals set themselves for armed revolution., They were called as ‘Revolutionary Nationalists’. Their aim was, to fetch, at the earliest, complete freedom for India. Intense, patriotism and a tendency to sacrifice was the base concept, of revolutionary nationalism., Vasudev Balavant Phadke was the first among the, revolutionaries who formed secret organization. Damodar and, Balakrishna Chapekar brothers were the intimate associates, of this secret organization. Both of them were arrested and, hanged till death., , 153

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d, , and sent him to Andaman jail. After independence Indian, government erected his statue in Andaman jail where he, endured brutal physical tortures. Chandrashekhar Azad, joined ‘Hindustan Socialist Republican Association’ and, was an associate in some cases like the Kakori conspiracy,, bombing the legislative assembly hall and firing at British, officer Sanderson in Lahore. , , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , In order to escape the British soldiers Azad fought all, alone with a small pistol. On finding the last bullet in his pistol, he shot himself to keep his vow of not getting arrested by, the British till death. Many martyres such as: Bhagat Singh,, Rajguru, Sukhdev, Bhagavati Charan, and Gayaprasad,, sacrified themselves to release India from the clutches of, British., , to, , Bhagat singh joined the Hindustan Socialist Republican, Association and became its principal secretary. In 1929 Bhagat, Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev bombed central legislative, assembly, Delhi. These three were caught, trialled and hanged, in Lahore Central Jail. Bhagat Singh was the first Indian to, give the call Inquilab Zindabad (long live the revolution)., Important dates:, , No, t, , Establishment of Indian National Congress 1885, Age of Moderates 1885-1905, Age of Radicals , , 1905-1919, , Partition of Bengal , , 1905, , Establishment of Muslim League , , 1906, , Surat Crisis 1907, Jallianwallah Bagh Massacre , 155, , 1919

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I., , Answer the following in a sentence:, What is Nationalism?, , 2., , By whom and when was the Indian National Congress, established?, , 3., , When did the partition of Bengal take place?, , 4., , What was the famous proclamation made by, Balagangadhar Tilak?, , 5., , When was the Indian Muslim League established?, , 6., , Who were the national leaders popularly known as, ‘Lal, Bal, Pal’?, , 7., , Who started Home Rule movement?, , 8., , When did Jallianwallah Bagh messacre take place?, Who was the British Police Officer responsible for, this tragedy?, , 9., , Name any one secret revolutionary organisation., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , 1., , 10. Who gave the call ‘Inquilab Zindabad’?, Discuss in groups and answer:, , Name the factors responsible for the rise of Indian, Nationalism., , No, t, , 1., , to, , II., , 2., , List out the objectives of Indian National Congress., , 3., , What was the role of revolutionaries in the war of, Indian Independence?, , Activities:, 1., , Read the biography of Dadabhai Navroji and, Balagangadhar Tilak., 156

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2., , Collect pictures and information of the revolutionaries, and prepare an album., , 3., , Read the biographies of the following revolutionaries;, write an article and display it on the bulletin board of, your school., , he, , d, , Vasudev Balavanth Phadke, Khudiram Bose,, Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Madam Kama, 3. The Gandhian Age (1919-1947 CE), , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , We remember Mahatma Gandhiji with love as ‘Bapu’. He, was the great leader in India’s National struggle. He dedicated, himself to eradicate untouchability and achieve harmony of, Hindu Muslims. This period of political struggle under his, leadership was called ‘Gandhian Age’ (19191-1947 CE), 1. Mahatma Gandhi, , Non violence and Sathygraha were the weapons of, Gandhiji’s struggle. He converted the freedom struggle into a, Mass Movement. Simplicity, Truthfulness and Pious Behaviour, were his main success traits., , to, , Beginning life, , No, t, , Gandhiji was born on 2nd October 1869 at Porabandar in, Gujarat state. His father was Karama Chanda Gandhi, mother, was Puthalibai., The prominent books which influenced Gandhi’s life:, Bhagavadgita John Ruskin’s Unto this Last, Leo Tolstoy’s, The Kingdom of God is within you and Satya Harischandra's, Drama., , 157

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Gandhiji in South Africa, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Gandhi had his primary education in Porabandar. He, went to England for higher education. He got law degree in, Britain. In 1891 he returned to India and involved in his, lawyer profession in Rajkot and Mumbai. Later on as per, the invitation of Dada Abdullah Company he went to South, Africa as legal adviser. While in South Africa Gandhiji was, shocked to see Indians as they were living in lower level. ‘White’, government racial policy was condemned by him. Through, the routes of sathygraha and non-violence he succeeded in, changing government’s racial prejudice., The theory of sathygraha has been joined by two Sanskrit, words: ‘Satya’ means real fact. ‘Agraha’ means compulsion., This means “stand firmly by the side of truth”., , to, , Activity: Collect more information about sathygraha, and non-violent movements which were done by Gandhi in, South Africa., , No, t, , Initial Political Life : In 1915 CE, after Gandhi returned, to India he established Sabaramathi Ashram in 1916 CE. As, per the guidance of his political guru Gopalkrishna Gokhale, he toured through out India and and got to see the sorrowful, condition of people. He fought for the farmers in champaran, and Kheda., Champaran: The grouse of farmers against the planters, of Champaranya has a long history. The planters were, putting pressure on the farmers to Indigo. Gandhiji started, 158

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Sathyagraha against the planters in 1917 CE. Finally, the, problems of the farmers got solved. Babu Rajendraprasad, emerged as a leader through this movement., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Kheda farmers struggle: Kheda was the main district of, Gujarat State. In 1918 CE farmers were economically ruined, due to the failure of crops. Hence, they appealed for the, exemption of land tax for that year. The government rejected, their appeal and insisted on collecting the tax. As a result,, the farmers agitated against this move. Gandhiji extended, his support to this movement and asked the farmers not pay, the land tax. Finally, the government announced only who, could afford to pay the tax can pay. Gandhiji accepted this, and agreed to take back Sathyagraha. Sardar Vallabhabai, Patel emerged as a leader out of this movement., Gandhi in freedom fighting, , No, t, , to, , The year 1919 is an important milestone in the history, of freedom fighting. This year Gandhiji entered the Indian, political filed. He had realized that pushing out the British, by physical strength alone is impossible. In 1919, he led, movements against Rowlet Act and the massacre at Jalin, Walabagh. He also provided leadership to Kilafath Movement., His goal was to establish harmony among Hindu and Muslims., What is Khilafath Movement?, Turkey empire was under the hands of Khalif. Khalif, was the supreme religious leader to all Muslims of the World., Turkey stood aginst Britan in First World War and was, defeated. Arabia, Jordan, Iraq which were part of Turkey, became independent states., 159

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d, , In 1919 leader Kamal Pasha pushed out Khalifs and, came to the power. The Muslims of India reacted to this and, launched a Movement against the British and in favour of, Khalif. This is called Khilafath Movement. Gandhiji led the, movement. Muhammad Ali and Shaukath Ali (Ali brothers), were the main leaders of this movement., , he, , 2. Non Co-operation Movement (1920-1922), , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Non Cooperation movement was started in 1920 CE under, the leadership of Gandhiji. He a gave call to people not to cooperate with the administration and also press for Swaraj. As, a part of this movement, people boycotted courts, educational, institutions, legislative assemblies and the British products., The government programs were also boycotted and titles given, by the government were returned., , No, t, , to, , The prominent leaders like Chittarajan Das, Mothilal, Nehru, Vallabhabai Patel, Subhas Chandra Bose joined, this movement. The people from all walks of life who were, attracted by the non-violence and Sathyagraha joined the, movement. Students, farmers and women participated in, this movement. This was a novel experience for Indians., Ravindranath Tagore returned his Knighthood and Gandhiji, returned his ‘Kaiser e Hind’ award. In order to suppress this, movement, the government adopted violent methods. Enraged, people indulged in violence and burnt twenty two policemen, alive in a police station in Chauri Chaura in 1922. Gandhiji, considered this seriously., From 1924 to 1929, Gandhiji engaged himself in, popularizing Khadi and uplifting Harijans. The national, movements were continued under the leadership of Swarajya, Party C.R.Dass and Mothilal Nehru., 160

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Gandhiji’s Journals and important Books, My Experiments with Truth, Hind Swaraj, Satyagraha in, South Africa are Gandhiji’s important books. Harijan and, Young India are the journals he edited., , d, , Nehru Report (1927 CE), , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , The British challenged the Indian leadership to form a, constitution that can be acceptable for all the Indians. An, all party was called and a committee was formed under the, leadership of Mothilal Nehru. The report expressed acceptance, of self rule under the British rule and also expressed its desire, for complete independence in the long run., Simon Commission (1928 CE), , No, t, , to, , British Government sent Simon Commission to India, to study 1919s reforms and to give report of its functions in, Indian provinces. All members of commission were English and, there was no representation to Indians in that commission., , Go back Simon Commission scene, 161

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So Indians by proclaiming ‘Simon, Go Back’ boycotted, Simon Commission. The public agitation at Lahore took, a serious turn. Lala Lajapath Roy was injured in police, lathicharge and died later in 1928., The Complete Independence (1929 CE) (Poorna Swaraj), , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , The youth leaders within the Indian National Congress, rejected the Nehru report of self rule under the British and, were led by Jawahar Lal Nehru and Subhaschandra Bose., They tabled the motion for ‘Complete Independence’ (Poorna, Swaraj) in Lahore convention of Indian National Congress of, 1929. It was decided to mark January 26th, 1930 as the Poorna, Swaraj day. In order to keep the memory of this decision, it, was decided to adopt the Constitution of Independent India on, January 26th, 1950. This day is celeberated as The Republic, Day till then., , No, t, , to, , Civil Disobedience Movement, , Dandi March Scene, , 162

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Gandhiji started Civil Disobedience Movement with this, famous Dandi March on March 12th, 1930 CE with chosen 78, followers. He walked about 375 kilometers from Sabaramathi, Ashram to Gujarat’s Dandi. The march aimed at producing, salt on his own and break the law., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Civil Disobedience Movement quickly extended to other, parts of the country. People participated in Harthal, boycotted, foreign goods, advertised Khadi, protested in front of liquor, shops, Forest Sathyagrahas were held and tax refusal was, done. Salt Sathygraha of Ankola achieved fame across India., In the same period, the Frontier Gandhi, Khan Abdul, Gafar Khan established ‘Kudayith Kidmathigar’ (Servants of, the God) association. Rani Gaidinliu, a thirteen year old girl, from Nagaland revolted against the British. This made the, British to provide some political releifs to Indians., Round Table Conference (1930-1932), , to, , After Dandi March British government organized three, Round Table Conferences in London. Gandhiji participated, on behalf of congress in Second Round Table conference., But these conferences failed to find solution for the Indian, political problems., , No, t, , But Britan Viceroy Ramsay Macdonald announced, ‘Communal Award’ after Round Table Conference in 1932., According to it ‘a separate constituency’ was created for the, depressed classes. This judgment was opposed by Gandhiji, as it was aimed at breaking the unity among Indians. So,, he started fast-unto-death at Yervada jail in Pune. Finally,, Ambedkar and Gandhi reached Poona Pact in 1932 and the, problem was solved., 163

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In order to increase the representation of Indians in political, and administrative areas of the government, the ‘Government, of India Act of 1935’ was implemented by the British., Quit India Movement, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , Failure of Cripps Commission made Indians angry., Gandhiji called a Congress meeting in Mumbai on August, 8, 1942 CE. The decision to start ‘Quit India Movement’ was, taken here. The call ‘Do or Die’ was given to Indians. The next, day the government arrested the Gandhiji and other leaders., , Quit India Movement, , No, t, , to, , As the news of arrests spread, people started Harthals and, protests against the British in schools, colleges and factories., The post offices, railway stations and police stations were, raided by the angry mob. This movement was supported by, farmers, students and workers., The ‘Quit India’ movement failed to realize its immediate, political goal. But it proved the desire among the Indians for, independence. This was a major movement in the Ghandhi, phase of freedom struggle., , 164

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Subhash Chandra Bose and The Indian National Army, (I.N.A.), , he, , d, , The role of Subhash Chandra Bose is unique in Indian, freedom Movement. He was a talented student of Calcutta, University. He got fourth rank in I.C.S. Exam that took place, in London. Due to inspiration of Chittanrajan Das, Subhas, Chandra Bose was attracted to Freedom Movement. He was, also inspired by the life and works of Swami Vivekananda., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Subhaschandra Bose had a lot of reverence for Gandhi. But, he opposed his political policy. Finally, he resigned from the, Congress party in 1939 due severe differences with Gandhi., He founded ‘Forward Block’ party., By this time, the Second World War had started. The British, put Subhaschandra Bose in house arrest due to his radical, views. But Bose managed to escape from the house arrest, and reached Berlin through Peshawar, Kabul and Moscow., Bose entered to an agreement with Hitler, the enemy of the, British and secured his help to push the British out of India., , No, t, , to, , During this period, Japan had entered the Second World, War. Around forty thousand Indian Soldiers were taken as, prinsoners of war by Japan. They were part of the British, army. These imprisoned soldiers united under the leadership, of Mohan Singh and formed ‘Indian National Army’ or Azad, Hind Fauz. Subhas Chandra Bose arrived at Singapore and, accepted the leadership of INA in 1943. Subhas was called, as Netaji. An Independent Interim Government of India was, founded at Singapore. This government was given recognition, by Italy, Germany and Japan. By declaring ‘Chalo Dilli’ the INA, attacked India from Burma and moved 150 miles into Indian, Territory (the present Manipur) and hoisted the tricoloured, flag. But, Rangoon, the capital of Burma was captured by the, 165

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British. This was a major setback to INA. Meanwhile, Japan, came under Atomic Bomb attack and surrendered in 1945., Netaji who had boarded a place on August 18th disappeared, mysteriously., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , INA failed to achieve its immediate political target. But, it, has a unique place in the annals of Indian history. Netaji had, given a call, “You give me blood, I’ll give you freedom”. INA, stands an example of the extraordinary capacity of Nethaji, Subhas Chandra Bose. His adventurous journey to Moscow, from Culcutta and then to Germany and from Germany to, Japan in those difficult times is extraordinary. His aim was, to free India with the help of enemies of the British. He has, left a tradition of valour, bravery , adventure and a culture, of national pride., Ambedkar and his reforms, , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar brought the, issue of Social Independence to the, forefront while India was fighting for the, political independence. He fought for, the eradication of untouchability having, experienced it in his early life., , No, t, , to, , A mbe dkar was bo rn i n Mho w, of the Central Province (present, Madhyapradesh) on April 14th, 1891., Father was Ramaji Sakpal and mother, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, was Bheemabai. His birth name was, Bheemrao and completed his studies, locally. He completed his education at Elphinstone High, School in Bombay. He completed his higher education at, London School of Economics and earned his P.hd from the, Coloumbia University. He also got LLD and Bar at Law degrees., He cultivated an independent personality through his self, study., 166

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©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , As he was born into an untouchable caste Mahar, he had, experienced the pain of untouchabiltiy. He was convinced, that only through Constitutional measures, the social evil, untouchabiltiy can be eradicated. Hence, he launched various, struggles against the untouchability. Among them Mahad, Movement and Entering the Kalaram temple of Nasik are, important. He created awareness and self identity among, the Dalits. He edited ‘Mookanayak’ and ‘Bahiskruth Bharat’, periodicals to voice the issues of Dalits. He also established, ‘Bahiskruth Hithakarani Sabha’., , to, , Ambekdar took part in all the three round table conferences, that took place in London as a representative of Dalit classes., The British declared ‘Communal Award’ wherein a separate, constituency was allotted for the Dalits in 1932. Gandhiji, opposed this and sat for a hunger strike in Yeravada jail near, Poona. Ambedkar and Gandhi arrived at an agreement and, entered Poona Pact in 1932 that ended the conflict. Later,, Ambedkar became the Chairman of the Drafting Committee, of the Indian Constitution. He is remembered as the ‘Chief, Architect of Indian Constitution’., , No, t, , He was the first law minister of Independent India. He, died on December 6th, 1956. He had accepted Buddhism few, months before his death. ‘Bharath Ratna was awarded to him, posthumously in 1990. Ambedkar had called for ‘Education,, Organisation and Agitation’., Socialists, The Socialist thoughts became popular during 1930s in, and out of Congress party. By 1934, a Socialist Group had, 167

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©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , clearly emerged in the congress. Most of the socialists were, younger generation. They established ‘Congress Socialist, Party’. Jaya Prakash Narayan became its General Secretary., Acharya Narendra Dev, Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhaschandra, Bose were the other leaders. Though Nehru identified himself, as Socialist, he was with Gandhiji., , Jawaharlal, Nehru, , Jayaprakash, Narayana, , Acharaya Narendra, Dev, , No, t, , to, , The Socialists organized the farmers and workers to attain, social justice in Indian society. Jayaprakash Naryan, Ram, Manohar Lohia and Aruna Asf Ali and other Socialist leaders, took part in Quit India movement and performed major roles, in its success and emerged as popular leaders., Jayaprakash Narayan (J.P.), Jayaprakash Narayan was born in 1902 CE in Bihar. He, completed his higher education in American Universities for, more than seven years. While studying in America, he became, familiar with Socialist philosophy. On returning to India, he, joined Congress as per the guidance of Nehru. He formed, 168

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Congress Socialist Party in 1934. He was arrested in 1941, and escaped from Hazaribagh jail the following year and went, underground. He gave his support for Quit India movement, from there itself. He toured entire Inida in disguise. He was, arrested in 1944 and imprisoned at Lahore Fort. He was, released from there later., , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , He became part of Bhoodhan Movement of Vinobha Bhave., He entered politics in 1974 and called for ‘Total Revolution’., As a result of this movement, the Janatha Party came to, power. When Janatha Party divided into two due to its internal, friction, Jayaprakash Narayan was left disillusioned. He died, in the year 1979. People called him as ‘Loknayak’ out of love., Towards Independence, , Due to public pressure and the after effects of the Second, World War, the British tried to arrive at final solution for the, Indian problem. The British had become weak economically, and militarily., , to, , The Labour Government that came to power in 1945, wanted to enter a definitive political agreement with India., Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, Vallabhabai Patel and Jawaharlal, Nehru took the pivotal decisions regarding the future of India., , No, t, , The British Government sent a Cabinet Commission to, India to work the modalities of handing over the power of, India in 1946. But the Muslim League under the leadership, of Mohammad Ali Jinah wanted the creation of Pakistan and, was adamant in its demand. Hence division of India became, inevitable. On June 3rd, 1947; the Last Viceyroy and the, Governor General of India, Lord Mountbaten declared the, division of India and the handing over of power of India., 169

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d, he, ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , Vallabha Bhai Patel, , Mulana Abdul Kalam Azad, , No, t, , to, , On August 14th, 1947 Pakistan, became separate from India. India, became independent on August 15th,, 1947. Jawaharlal Nehru became the, first Prime Minister. The British who, had arrived in India for trade had ruled, India for two hundred years and, leaving it economically and politically, weak. The freedom struggle of the, Indians finally forced the British to, Lord Mount Batten, leave India. The day August 15th,, 1947 when the foreign occupation ended, is an unforgettable, memory in the annals of the Indian history., , 170

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Important years, -, , October 2, 1869,, , Non-cooperation Movement , , -, , 1920-1922., , Chauri Chaura Tragedy , , -, , 1922, , Poorna Swaray Declaration , , -, , 1929., , Poorna Swaraj Day , , -, , January 26,1930, , Salt Sathygraha , , -, , he, , d, , Gandhiji’s Birth , , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , April, 1930, , Poona Pact -, , 1932., , Second World War , , -, , 1939-1945., , Quit India Movement , , -, , 1942, , Independence to India , , -, , August 15th, 1947, , EXERCISES, , I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words, , Gandhiji’s political guru was ______________, , 2., , ___________ Ashram was established by Gandhiji hear, Ahmedabad., , to, , 1., , Chauri Chaura incident happened in the year________, , 4., , “Poorna Swaraj” declaration was adopted in __________, , 5., , General Secretary of the Congress Socialist Party was, _______________, , 6., , ‘Total Revolution’ agitation was started by ___________, , 7., , _______________ was the first Prime Minister of, Independent India., , No, t, , 3., , 171

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II., , Answer the following questions in one sentence., Where and when was Gandhiji born?, , 2., , Who was the political Guru of Gandhiji?, , 3., , Between whom the Poona Pact took place?, , 4., , Who started ‘Forward Black’?, , 5., , Expand I.N.A., , 6., , In which movement did Gandhiji give a call ‘Quit, India’?, , 7., , Who gave the declared ‘Give me blood, I will give you, freedom’?, , 8., , When was Ambedkar born?, , 9., , Who was called ‘Architect of the Constitution’ of, India?, , ©, K, be T, B, re S, pu, bl, is, , he, , d, , 1., , 10. Who was called “Lokanayaka’?, , III. Answer the following questions after discussing in, your groups., Write about Gandhiji’s Civil Disobedience Movement., , 2., , Explain Quit India Movement., , Explain briefly the freedom struggle of Subhash, Chandra Bose., , No, t, , 3., , to, , 1., , 4., , Explain Ambedkar’s struggle for Social Independence., , Activity, , Collect more information about “Dandi March’ and, “Quit India Movement’ struggles.,   , , 172