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GURUKUL CENTRAL ACADMY, CH.- 11- REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS, WORKSHEET-1, A. 1. pollengrains 2. anther 3. Insects 4. colour 5. anther, 6. stigma 7. female 8. ovary 9. seed 10. fruit, B. 1. stamen 2. sexual 3. fragmentation 4. bisexual, 5. ovules 6. zygote 7. reproduction 8. pistil 9. fruit 10. one, WORKSHEET-2, A. 1. Sepals 2. Stamen 3. Pistil 4. Anther 5. Ovary, , TEXTBOOK EXERCISES, Page 138 Try These, 1. mango, papaya, 2. potato, rose 3. spirogyra, oscillatoria, 4. fern, mose 5. carrot, turnip 6. strawberry, mint, Page 141 Try These, 1. scion 2. layering 3. callus 4. pistil 5. bisexual, Page 144 Try These, 1. False 2. True, 3. False 4. True, 5. False, , EXERCISES, A . 1. c. 2. a. 3. b. 4. d. 5. a. 6. b. 7. a. 8. a., c. 1. Sexual, asexual, 2. Zygote, 3. Stamen, pistil, 4. Maize, grasses, coconut

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GURUKUL CENTRAL ACADMY, 5. Callus, 6. Pea, balsam, d. 1. Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual, organisms (offsprings) are produced by their parents. Though, reproduction is not essential for the survival of an organism, it is, necessary for the continuity of its species., 2., , Flowers turn into fruits and fruits have seeds inside them. New, plants grow from the seeds. So, a flower is a reproductive part of, a plant. The other part such as root, stem, and leaves are, vegetative parts of the plant. They are responsible for growth and, nutrition., , 3., , Sexual Reproduction:, 1. Reproduction in which two parents are involved is called sexual, reproduction., 2. It occurs through the fusion of male and female gametes., 3. Sunflower, coconut and wheat reproduce sexually., , Asexual Reproduction:, 1. Reproduction in which only one parent is involved is called, asexual reproduction., 2. It occurs without seeds., 3. Potato, rose and sugar cane reproduce asexually., 4., , 5., , • A piece of tissue is cut from the growing tip of a plant, and kept in a nutrient medium., • The tissue grows into a mass called callus., • Seeds can be carried anywhere to grow new plants., • New varieties of plants are formed as two parents are, involved, , © Vishv Books, Ph. +91-0120-4698888; www.vishvbook.com, , 72, , 1900/4

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GURUKUL CENTRAL ACADMY, 6., , 7., , 8., , Self Pollination:, 1. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the, same flower or to the stigma of another flower on the same plant,, is called self-pollination., 2. It can be seen in pea, rice, wheat plants, etc., Cross Pollination:, 1. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one flower to the, stigma of another flower of another plant of the same type is, known as cross-pollination., 2. Cross-pollination can be observed in maize, coconut, grasses, etc., • A small stem of a plant is taken. This part contains several buds., It is called scion. Scion is inserted into the cut stem of another, plant fixed into the soil and tied with a thread., • The rooted plant which is fixed in the soil and in which, scion is inserted, is called stock., • The scion and stock are tied together with a thread., • After some days, the tissues of scion and stock join with, each other and develop into a new plant., a. The cotyledons store food for the embryo., b. The plumule develops into the shoot system., c. The radical grows as the root system., , e. 1. The process in which the male gamete fuses with the female, gamete and forms a zygote is called fertilisation. After pollination,, the pollen grain starts developing a tube called pollen tube. The, pollen tube grows downwards into the style. The pollen tube carries, the male gamete through the style into the ovary. The male gamete, then enters into an ovule which contains the female gamete or egg., These male and female gametes fuse together and form the, fertilized egg or the zygote. The other parts of the flower such as, the sepals, petals and stamens fall off. Sometimes, the style and the

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GURUKUL CENTRAL ACADMY, stigma also fall off and only the ovary remains there after, fertilisation., The various methods of asexual reproduction in plants are:, fragmentation, spore formation, budding and vegetative, propagation., a. FragmentationThe process of reproduction in which the body of an organism, breaks up into two or more fragments (pieces) and each fragment, grows into a new organism is called fragmentation. Reproduction, by fragmentation occurs in some algae such as spirogyra and, oscillatoria., b. Spore formation, 2., , A spore is a small, thick-walled unicellular structure. It is covered, by a hard protective covering which helps it, to survive in, unfavourable conditions. When favourable conditions such as, availability of food, optimum (most favourable) temperature and, moisture return, the spores grow into new organisms. Mosses and, ferns reproduce by spore formation., c. Budding, The process by which an organism reproduces by producing buds is, called budding. Yeast reproduce by budding., The type of asexual reproduction in which new plants are produced, from the vegetative parts of the plants without the involvement of, the sexual parts is called vegetative propagation. This method of, reproduction includes a single parent. It is commonly used in, agriculture and horticulture for the production of fruit and, vegetables., 3., , The dispersal of seeds is necessary for the growth of new plants. If, all the seeds start germinating near the parent plant—, • there would be competition for food, water, minerals,

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GURUKUL CENTRAL ACADMY, light and space., • seeds may not grow as healthy plants., • they may die due to scarcity of essential conditions for, germination., Seeds are dispersed due to different agents like wind, animals, water, or by self explosion., 4., , The type of asexual reproduction in which new plants are produced, from the vegetative parts of the plants without the involvement of the, sexual parts is called vegetative propagation., Advantages of vegetative propagation:, • The plants produced by this method are identical copies, of their parents as they are produced from a single parent., • It is a useful method for growing plants which do not, produce seeds., • It is a quick and economical method for large scale, production of plants., • Tissue culture method can be done at any time in the year. New, varieties with desired qualities can be produced by this method., , 5., , Modified stems such as tuber, bulb, rhizome and corm help in the, multiplication of plants., • Potato and artichoke are some common examples of tubers. Tubers, have ‘buds’ or ‘eyes’ which develop into new plants. Scales, present on potatoes have buds inside them. These scars are also, called ‘eyes’. Under favourable conditions, these eyes give rise to, new plants., • New plants grow from bulbs in plants like onion, garlic, tulip, lily, and tuberose. Bulbs are underground stems with thick leaves, which store food in them., • Ginger, turmeric and banana are some modified stems known as, rhizomes. Rhizomes have buds which produce outgrowths. These

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GURUKUL CENTRAL ACADMY, •, , outgrowths grow into new plants., Gladiolus, crocus, colocasia, etc., are corms. Corms have many, rhizomes joined together which develop into new plants., Cutting: A small piece of a stem, of a healthy plant, having, some leaf buds is cut. It is planted in the moist soil. Under, favourable conditions it develops roots and gives rise to a new, plant. This method is used to grow plants such as rose, grapes,, sugar cane and bougainvillea., Micropropagation:, • A piece of tissue is cut from the growing tip of a plant, and kept in a nutrient medium., • The tissue grows into a mass called callus., • The small pieces of this callus are kept in different nutrient, mediums containing plant-growth substances. Then callus, multiplies and differentiates into small plantlets., • After adequate growth, these plantlets are transferred to, moist soil for further growth., Layering:, • A young branch is bent towards the ground and covered, with moist soil., • This covered part which is in contact with soil produces, new roots., • The branch is then separated from the parent plant and, allowed to grow into a new plant., 6., , 7 • The anthers, on maturity, burst and release pollen grains., • The pollen grains are transferred from the anther of the, stamen to the stigma of the pistil., • The male and the female gametes fuse to form a zygote., • The ovules develop into seeds, while the ovary matures, into a fruit.

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GURUKUL CENTRAL ACADMY, •, •, , F., , The seeds are dispersed., Seeds are in dormant state. The seeds germinate only, under favourable conditions and give rise to new plants., , 6, 5, 4, 1, 2, 3, , G. 1., , animals; hooked spines, 2. air; winged seed, 3. water; fibrous covering helps to float, 4. air; light and fluffy, 5. water; light and can float, , H. a., , Budding, b. Fragmentation, c. Spore formation, , I., , Refer fig. 11.14., stamen; filament; anther; pistil; stigma; Style; ovary; pollen sac;, pollen; ovule; egg