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Success convent higher secondary School jagdalpur, (history), Chapter -5 Rulers and Buildings, Q.1. How is the "frabeate" principle of architecture different from the "arcuate"?, Ans. Trabeate is a style of architecture in which roofs, doors and windows are made by keeping a horizontal beam across two vertical columns. Arcuate is an architectural form in which the weight of the superstructure is borne by the arches., Q.2. What is a Shikhara?, Ans. Shikhara is the top tower of any temple., Q.3. What is pietra-dura?, Ans. Pietra dura is a term for the inlay technique of using colored stones that are cut, fitted and polished for creating beautiful and decorative images., Q.4. What are the elements of a Mughal chahar bagh garden?, Ans. Chahar bagh garden is a group of four gardens or a formal garden which was made inside four walls in the form of a rectangular shape. They were divided by artificial channels into four quarters., Q.5. How did a temple communicate the importance of a king?, Ans. The temples and mosques communicated the importance of a king, It was so because they were not only places of worship but also these temples and mosques showed the power, wealth and devotion of the patron or king. By building these structures, kings represented their nearness to gods and wanted to created their image as god's representatives on earth in the eyes of their subjects. This was done by the kings to gain respect and devotion as given to gods., Q.6. An inscription in Shah Jahan's diwan-i-khas in Delhi stated, "If there is Paradise on Earth, it is here, it is here, it is here." How was this image created?, Ans. These words were said by Shah Jahan about the beauty of Kashmir. Once Shah Jahan went over there and he was amazed to look at the beauty of Kashmir. Then he spoke these words. It actually tells us about the beauty of architectural buildings which were made during Shah Jahan's reign., Q.7. How did the Mughal court suggest that everyone - the rich and the poor, the powerful and the weak - received justice equally from the emperor?, Ans. Most of the Mughal kings were fond of making buildings of historical importance. For this , Shah Jahan made many buildings and the connection between king's justice and court was highlighted by the newly - constructed court in Delhi's Red Fort The audience hall constructed there was made to communicate C justice to the people in a way that all will be treated as equals without any prejudice by the king . This would , in turn , create an environment of harmony and peace ., Q.8. What role did the Yamuna play in the layout of the new Mughal city at Shahjahanabad ?, Ans. Yamuna played an important role in the layout of the new Mughal city at Shahjahanabad. It was built in such a way that nobles had an easy access to the river. The command of the river front was in the hands of the imperial palace. Only the favored nobles were given access to the river, especially the eldest son of Shah Jahan - Dara Shukoh. All the other people were required to build their homes in a distance from the river ., Q.9 . The rich and powerful construct large houses today . In what ways were the constructions of kings and their courtiers different in the past ?, Ans. Today , a number of large and powerful buildings are constructed as they were built in the past , but there are certain differences in them which are given below :, 1. Today , we cannot find many superstructures on the buildings since they are made in a very simple way by making walls and pillars . But , in earlier times , superstructures were made in innovative ways ., 2. Between 7th and 10th centuries , rooms , doors and windows Q. were added to the buildings . Moreover, the roofs, doors and windows were made in "trabeate" style, i.e. , by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns . This system A is not used at present., 3. In the ancient times , water tanks or baolis were constructed in the buildings , but , today , water tanks of small size are kept on the roofs of the houses or buildings ., Q.10. Look at Figure 4. How could that building be constructed faster today?, Ans. This picture is of Rajarajeshvara Temple of Thanjavur which was made by King Rajarajadeva in the honor of the deity, Rajarajeshvaram. It took a long time in the construction of this temple. This type of temple can be constructed very quickly in modern age due to the following reasons:, (i) In earlier times, there were no architects to make a plan for the construction with which it can be built very quickly. A map or a plan can help a lot in making any building easily., (ii) This temple is made up of several big stones and some of them weighed around 90 tonnes. These stones were lifted to the shikhara manually, which took a long time and a lot of labor force to lift. But today, heavy machines and cranes are available which could lift such heavy stones very easily., (iii) In earlier times, people used to carve the stones manually which was a very time-consuming job but today, machines for carving the stones are also available., Q. 11. Find out whether there is a statue of or a memorial to a great person in your village or town. Why was it placed there? What purpose does it serve?, Ans. Classroom activity., Q. 12. Visit and describe any park or garden in your neighbourhood. In what ways is it similar to or different from the gardens of the Mughals?, Ans. Classroom activity.