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EXPONENTS, , AND, , POWERS, , 193, , CHAPTER, , Exponents and Powers, , 12, , 12.1 Introduction, Do you know?, Mass of earth is 5,970,000,000,000, 000, 000, 000, 000 kg. We have, already learnt in earlier class how to write such large numbers more, conveniently using exponents, as, 5.97 × 1024 kg., We read 1024 as 10 raised to the power 24., We know, , 25 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2, , and, , 2m = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × ... × 2 × 2 ... (m times), Let us now find what is 2– 2 is equal to?, , 12.2 Powers with Negative Exponents, You know that,, , 102 = 10 × 10 = 100, 101 = 10 =, 100 = 1 =, , 100, 10, , 10, 10, , 10– 1 = ?, Continuing the above pattern we get,10– 1 =, Similarly, , Exponent is a, negative integer., , As the exponent decreases by1, the, value becomes one-tenth of the, previous value., , 1, 10, , 10– 2 =, , 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ÷ 10 =, ×, =, = 2, 10, 10 10 100 10, , 10– 3 =, , 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ÷ 10 =, ×, =, = 3, 100, 100 10 1000 10, , What is 10– 10 equal to?, , 2021–22

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194, , MATHEMATICS, , Now consider the following., 33 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27, 27, 32 = 3 × 3 = 9 =, 3, 9, 1, 3 =3=, 3, 3, 3° = 1 =, 3, So looking at the above pattern, we say, , The previous number is, divided by the base 3., , 3– 1 = 1 ÷ 3 =, , 1, 3, , 1, 1, 1, ÷3 =, = 2, 3, 3×3 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3– 3 = 2 ÷ 3 = 2 × = 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, You can now find the value of 2– 2 in a similar manner., 1, 1, We have,, 10– 2 = 2, or, 102 = −2, 10, 10, 1, 1, 10– 3 = 3, or, 103 = −3, 10, 10, 1, 1, 3– 2 = 2, or, 32 = −2 etc., 3, 3, 1, In general, we can say that for any non-zero integer a, a– m = m , where m is a, a, positive integer. a–m is the multiplicative inverse of am., , 3– 2 =, , TRY THESE, Find the multiplicative inverse of the following., (i) 2– 4, (ii) 10– 5, (iii) 7– 2, (iv) 5– 3, , (v) 10– 100, , We learnt how to write numbers like 1425 in expanded form using exponents as, 1 × 103 + 4 × 102 + 2 × 101 + 5 × 10°., Let us see how to express 1425.36 in expanded form in a similar way., 3, 6, +, 10 100, 3, 2, = 1 × 10 + 4 × 10 + 2 × 10 + 5 × 1 + 3 × 10– 1 + 6 × 10– 2, , We have 1425.36 = 1 × 1000 + 4 × 100 + 2 × 10 + 5 × 1 +, , 10– 1 =, , TRY THESE, Expand the following numbers using exponents., (i) 1025.63, (ii) 1256.249, , 2021–22, , 1, 10, , ,, , 10– 2 =, , 1, 1, =, 2, 100, 10

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EXPONENTS, , AND, , POWERS, , 195, , 12.3 Laws of Exponents, We have learnt that for any non-zero integer a, am × an = am + n, where m and n are natural, numbers. Does this law also hold if the exponents are negative? Let us explore., (i) We know that 2 – 3 =, , 1, 1, –2, = 2, 3 and 2, 2, 2, , Therefore, 2−3 × 2 −2 =, , a−m =, , 1 1, 1, 1, × 2 = 3, = 3+ 2 = 2 –5, 3, 2, 2 2, 2 ×2, 2, –5 is the sum of two exponents – 3 and – 2, , (ii) Take (–3)– 4 × (–3)–3, (–3)– 4 ×(–3)–3 =, =, , 1, 1, ×, 4, (−3) ( −3)3, (– 4) + (–3) = – 7, , 1, 1, =, = (–3)–7, 4, 3, (−3) × ( −3), ( −3) 4 + 3, , (iii) Now consider 5–2 × 54, , In Class VII, you have learnt that for any, , (–2) + 4 = 2, , 1, 54, 4, ×, =, = 54 − 2 = 5(2), 5, 5 ×5 = 2, 2, 5, 5, –4, (iv) Now consider (–5) × (–5)2, –2, , 1, for any non-zero integer a., am, , am, m−n, , where, non-zero integer a, n = a, a, , 4, , m and n are natural numbers and m > n., , 1, ( −5)2, 1, 2, ×, (, −, 5), =, =, (–5) × (–5) =, 4, 4, 4, (−5), ( −5), ( −5) × (−5) −2, –4, , 2, , =, , 1, = (–5)– (2), ( −5) 4 − 2, , (– 4) + 2 = –2, , In general, we can say that for any non-zero integer a,, am × an = am + n, where m and n are integers., , TRY THESE, Simplify and write in exponential form., (i) (–2)–3 × (–2)– 4 (ii) p3 × p–10, , (iii) 32 × 3–5 × 36, , On the same lines you can verify the following laws of exponents, where a and b are non, zero integers and m, n are any integers., am, = a m− n, (i), n, a, , am  a , = , (iv), bm  b , , (ii) (am)n = amn, , (iii) am × bm = (ab)m, These laws you have studied, in Class VII for positive, exponents only., , m, , (v) a0 = 1, , Let us solve some examples using the above Laws of Exponents., , 2021–22

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196, , MATHEMATICS, , Example 1: Find the value of, 1, –3, (i) 2, (ii) 3−2, Solution:, −3, (i) 2 =, , 1 1, =, 23 8, , (ii), , 1, = 32 = 3 × 3 = 9, 3−2, , Example 2: Simplify, (i) (– 4)5 × (– 4)–10 (ii) 25 ÷ 2– 6, Solution:, 1, 1, −m, (am × an = am + n, a = m ), 5, ( − 4), a, 5, –6, 5 – (– 6), 11, m, n, m–n, (ii) 2 ÷ 2 = 2, =2, (a ÷ a = a ), –3, Example 3: Express 4 as a power with the base 2., , (i) (– 4)5 × (– 4)–10 = (– 4) (5 – 10) = (– 4)–5 =, , Solution: We have, 4 = 2 × 2 = 22, Therefore, (4)– 3 = (2 × 2)– 3 = (22)– 3 = 22 × (– 3) = 2– 6, [(am)n = amn], Example 4: Simplify and write the answer in the exponential form., (i) (25 ÷ 28)5 × 2– 5, (ii) (– 4)– 3 × (5)– 3 × (–5)– 3, ,  5, 4, (iv) ( −3) ×  , 3, , 1, × (3) −3, (iii), 8, , 4, , Solution:, (i) (25 ÷ 28)5 × 2– 5 = (25 – 8)5 × 2– 5 = (2– 3)5 × 2– 5 = 2– 15 – 5 = 2–20 =, (ii) (– 4)– 3 × (5)– 3 × (–5)–3 = [(– 4) × 5 × (–5)]– 3 = [100]– 3 =, , 1, 220, , 1, 1003, , [using the law am × bm = (ab)m, a–m=, (iii), , 1, ], am, , 1, 1, 1, × (3) −3 = 3 × (3) −3 = 2 −3 × 3−3 = (2 × 3) −3 = 6−3 = 3, 8, 2, 6, 4, , 54, 54,  5, 4, (iv) ( −3) ×   = ( −1 × 3) × 4 = (–1)4 × 34 × 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, = (–1) × 5 = 5, [(–1) = 1], Example 5: Find m so that (–3)m + 1 × (–3)5 = (–3)7, Solution: (–3)m + 1 × (–3)5 = (–3)7, (–3)m + 1+ 5 = (–3)7, (–3)m + 6 = (–3)7, On both the sides powers have the same base different from 1 and – 1, so their exponents, must be equal., 4, , 2021–22

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EXPONENTS, , Therefore,, or, , m+6=7, m=7–6 =1, −2, , −2, , =, , 2 −2 32 9, =, =, 3− 2 2 2 4, ,  2,  , 3, , −2, −3, −2,  1 ,  1    1 , Example 7: Simplify (i)   −    ÷  , 2 , 4,  3 , –7, , 5 8, (ii)   ×  , 8 5, , −2, , =, , 2 −2 32  3 , =, = , 3−2 2 2  2 ,  a, , −m, , In general,  ,  b, , –5, , Solution:, ,  1  −2  1  −3   1  −2  1−2 1−3  1−2, (i)   −    ÷   =  −2 − −3  ÷ −2,  2,  4, 2  4, 3,  3 , , , 5, (ii)  ,  8, , −7, , −7, −5,  8 = 5, ×  ,  5, 8− 7, ,  32 2 3  4 2, 1, =  2 − 3  ÷ 2 = {9 − 8} ÷ 16 =, 16, 1  1, 1, 8 − 5 5 − 7 8− 5, × −5 = −5 × −7 = 5( −7) – ( −5) × 8( −5) − ( −7), 5, 5, 8, , 2, −2, = 5 ×8 =, , 82 64, =, 52 25, , EXERCISE 12.1, 1. Evaluate., −5, , (iii)  1 ,  2, 2. Simplify and express the result in power notation with positive exponent., (i) 3–2, , (ii) (– 4)– 2, , (i) (– 4) ÷ (– 4), 5, , 8, ,  5, (iii) (−3) ×  , 3, ,  1, (ii)  3 , 2, , 2, , 4, , 4, , (iv) (3– 7 ÷ 3– 10) × 3– 5, , (v) 2– 3 × (–7)– 3, , (ii) (2 × 4 ) ÷ 2, ,  1, (iii)  , 2, , 3. Find the value of., –1, , 2, , (i) (3° + 4 ) × 2, , –1, , POWERS, , 197, , an = 1 only if n = 0. This will work for any a., For a = 1, 11 = 12 = 13 = 1– 2 = ... = 1 or (1)n =, 1 for infinitely many n., For a = –1,, (–1)0 = (–1)2 = (–1)4 = (–1)–2 = ... = 1 or, (–1) p = 1 for any even integer p., ,  2, Example 6: Find the value of   ., 3, ,  2, Solution:  , 3, , AND, , –1, , –2, , 2021–22, , −2, ,  1, +  ,  3, , −2, ,  1, +  ,  4, , −2, ,  b, = ,  a, , 2, , m

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198, , MATHEMATICS, ,  −2  −2 , (v)   ,   ,  3, , , (iv) (3– 1 + 4– 1 + 5– 1)0, , 2, , 8−1 × 53, 4. Evaluate (i), (ii) (5–1 × 2–1) × 6–1, 2− 4, 5. Find the value of m for which 5m ÷ 5– 3 = 55., −1, ,  1  −1  1  −1 , 6. Evaluate (i)   −    (ii),  4 ,  3 , , 7. Simplify., 25 × t − 4, (i) −3, (t ≠ 0), 5 × 10 × t − 8, , (ii), , 3−5 × 10− 5 × 125, 5−7 × 6 −5, , 12.4 Use of Exponents to Express Small Numbers in, Standard Form, Observe the following facts., 1. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is 149,600,000,000 m., 2. The speed of light is 300,000,000 m/sec., 3. Thickness of Class VII Mathematics book is 20 mm., 4. The average diameter of a Red Blood Cell is 0.000007 mm., 5. The thickness of human hair is in the range of 0.005 cm to 0.01 cm., 6. The distance of moon from the Earth is 384, 467, 000 m (approx)., 7. The size of a plant cell is 0.00001275 m., 8. Average radius of the Sun is 695000 km., 9. Mass of propellant in a space shuttle solid rocket booster is 503600 kg., 10. Thickness of a piece of paper is 0.0016 cm., 11. Diameter of a wire on a computer chip is 0.000003 m., 12. The height of Mount Everest is 8848 m., Observe that there are few numbers which we can read like 2 cm, 8848 m,, 6,95,000 km. There are some large, numbers like 150,000,000,000 m and, some very small numbers like Very large numbers Very small numbers, 0.000007 m., Identify very large and very small, 150,000,000,000 m, 0.000007 m, numbers from the above facts and, ----------------------------write them in the adjacent table:, ----------------------------We have learnt how to express, ----------------------------very large numbers in standard form, ----------------------------in the previous class., For example: 150,000,000,000 = 1.5 × 1011, Now, let us try to express 0.000007 m in standard form., , 2021–22

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EXPONENTS, , AND, , POWERS, , 7, 7, = 6 = 7 × 10– 6, 1000000 10, 0.000007 m = 7 × 10– 6 m, Similarly, consider the thickness of a piece of paper, which is 0.0016 cm., 16, 1.6 × 10, =, = 1.6 × 10 × 10− 4, 0.0016 =, 10000, 104, = 1.6 × 10– 3, Therefore, we can say thickness of paper is 1.6 × 10– 3 cm., , 0.000007 =, , TRY THESE, 1. Write the following numbers in standard form., (i) 0.000000564 (ii) 0.0000021 (iii) 21600000, 2. Write all the facts given in the standard form., , (iv) 15240000, , 12.4.1 Comparing very large and very small numbers, The diameter of the Sun is 1.4 × 109 m and the diameter of the Earth is 1.2756 × 107 m., Suppose you want to compare the diameter of the Earth, with the diameter of the Sun., Diameter of the Sun = 1.4 × 109 m, Diameter of the earth = 1.2756 × 107 m, , 1.4 × 109, 1.4 ×109–7 1.4 × 100, Therefore, =, =, which is approximately 100, 1.2756 × 107, 1.2756, 1.2756, So, the diameter of the Sun is about 100 times the diameter of the earth., Let us compare the size of a Red Blood cell which is 0.000007 m to that of a plant cell which, is 0.00001275 m., Size of Red Blood cell = 0.000007 m = 7 × 10– 6 m, Size of plant cell = 0.00001275 = 1.275 × 10– 5 m, 0.7 0.7 1, 7 × 10 − 6, 7 × 10− 6 − (–5) 7 ×10 –1, =, = (approx.), =, =, =, −5, 1.275 × 10, 1.275, 1.275 1.275 1.3 2, So a red blood cell is half of plant cell in size., Mass of earth is 5.97 × 1024 kg and mass of moon is 7.35 × 1022 kg. What is the, total mass?, Total mass = 5.97 × 1024 kg + 7.35 × 1022 kg., When we have to add numbers in, = 5.97 × 100 × 1022 + 7.35 × 1022, standard form, we convert them into, = 597 × 1022 + 7.35 × 1022, numbers with the same exponents., = (597 + 7.35) × 1022, = 604.35 × 1022 kg., The distance between Sun and Earth is 1.496 × 1011m and the distance between, Earth and Moon is 3.84 × 108m., During solar eclipse moon comes in between Earth and Sun., At that time what is the distance between Moon and Sun., , Therefore,, , 2021–22, , 199

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200, , MATHEMATICS, , Distance between Sun and Earth = 1.496 × 1011m, Distance between Earth and Moon = 3.84 × 108m, Distance between Sun and Moon = 1.496 × 1011 – 3.84 × 108, = 1.496 × 1000 × 108 – 3.84 × 108, = (1496 – 3.84) × 108 m = 1492.16 × 108 m, Example 8: Express the following numbers in standard form., (i) 0.000035, (ii) 4050000, Solution: (i) 0.000035 = 3.5 × 10– 5, (ii) 4050000 = 4.05 × 106, Example 9: Express the following numbers in usual form., (i) 3.52 × 105, (ii) 7.54 × 10– 4, (iii) 3 × 10– 5, Solution:, (i) 3.52 × 105 = 3.52 × 100000 = 352000, Again we need to convert, 7.54, 7.54, numbers, in standard form into, =, (ii) 7.54 × 10– 4 =, = 0.000754, 4, a, numbers, with the same, 10000, 10, exponents., 3, 3, (iii) 3 × 10– 5 = 5 =, = 0.00003, 10 100000, , EXERCISE 12.2, 1. Express the following numbers in standard form., (i) 0.0000000000085, (ii) 0.00000000000942, (iii) 6020000000000000, (iv) 0.00000000837, (v) 31860000000, 2. Express the following numbers in usual form., (i) 3.02 × 10– 6, (ii) 4.5 × 104, (iii) 3 × 10– 8, (iv) 1.0001 × 109 (v) 5.8 × 1012, (vi) 3.61492 × 106, 3. Express the number appearing in the following statements in standard form., 1, (i) 1 micron is equal to, m., 1000000, (ii) Charge of an electron is 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,16 coulomb., (iii) Size of a bacteria is 0.0000005 m, (iv) Size of a plant cell is 0.00001275 m, (v) Thickness of a thick paper is 0.07 mm, 4. In a stack there are 5 books each of thickness 20mm and 5 paper sheets each of, thickness 0.016 mm. What is the total thickness of the stack., , WHAT HAVE WE DISCUSSED?, 1. Numbers with negative exponents obey the following laws of exponents., (a) am × an = am+n, (b) am ÷ an = am–n, (c) (am)n = amn, m, , am  a , (d) a × b = (ab), (e) a = 1, (f) m =  , b b, 2. Very small numbers can be expressed in standard form using negative exponents., m, , m, , m, , 0, , 2021–22